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<div class="pg_page_title">THE MAJOR DATES IN THE WORLD HISTORY</div>
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== FROM THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE TO THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE: ==
{{Timeline-world}}
 
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=== FROM THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE AND WRITING. ===
<div style="font-size:300%">THE MAJOR DATES IN THE WORLD HISTORY</div>
* Around 8000 BC: Beginning of the Neolithic period, men cultivate plants and domesticate animals, birth of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, men become sedentary. This is called: the Neolithic revolution.
=== FROM THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE TO THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE: ===
* Around 3000 BC: Men invented writing, it is the end of the Neolithic period.
 
=== EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION. ===
* Around 3000 BC: Egypt is unified by a king named Pharaoh, the hieroglyphics and the great pyramids appear like that of Cheops towards 2600 BC.
* Around 1590 BC: The mummified pharaohs are buried in the Valley of the Kings located on the left bank of the Nile facing Thebes.


==== FROM THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE AND WRITING. ====
=== THE PEOPLE OF THE BIBLE: THE HEBREWS. ===
* Around     8000 BC: Beginning of the Neolithic period, men cultivate plants and domesticate    animals, birth of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, men become    sedentary. This is called: the Neolithic revolution.
* Around 1200 BC: The Hebrews settle in the land of Canaan, between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, after years of exodus.
* Around    3000 BC: Men invented writing, it is the end of the Neolithic period.
* Around 1010 BC: The kingdom of Israel is founded.
* 587 BC: The temple of Jerusalem is destroyed, it is the end of the kingdoms of Israel.


==== EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION. ====
=== GREEK CIVILIZATION. ===
* Around     3000 BC: Egypt is unified by a king named Pharaoh, the hieroglyphics and    the great pyramids appear like that of Cheops towards 2600 BC.
* Around 2000 BC: The Greeks settle in Greece.
* Around     1590 BC: The mummified pharaohs are buried in the Valley of the Kings    located on the left bank of the Nile facing Thebes.
* Around 1600 BC until the invasion of the Dorians: Mycenaean period.
* Around 1100 BC: Beginning of the archaic period.
* Around 800 BC: Birth of cities.
* 776 BC: First Olympic Games at Olympia.
* Around 500 BC to -479: Medic Wars between the Persians and the Greeks.
* -479: Beginning of the classical period and the height of Athens.
* -334: Beginning of the expedition of Alexander the Great.
* -168: Beginning of the Roman conquest.


==== THE PEOPLE OF THE BIBLE: THE HEBREWS. ====
=== ROMAN CIVILIZATION. ===
* Around    1200 BC: The Hebrews settle in the land of Canaan, between the Jordan    River and the Mediterranean Sea, after years of exodus.
* -753: Foundation of Rome.
* Around    1010 BC: The kingdom of Israel is founded.
* -509: Foundation of the republic.
* 587    BC: The temple of Jerusalem is destroyed, it is the end of the kingdoms of     Israel.
* -300: Beginning of the Roman conquests.
* -52: Gallic War and Roman victory at Alésia.
* -27: Beginning of the Empire and end of the Roman conquests.
* 64 AD: Burning of Rome, beginning of persecutions against Christians.
* 313: Edict of Constantine authorizing the Christian religion.
* 392: Edict of Theodosius authorizing only the Christian religion in the Roman Empire.
* 395: Partition of the Empire, Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire.
* 410: Capture of Rome by the Goths.
* 476: Fall of the Western Roman Empire and end of Antiquity.


==== GREEK CIVILIZATION. ====
== FROM THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE BIRTH OF MODERN TIMES: ==
* Around    2000 BC: The Greeks settle in Greece.
* Around    1600 BC until the invasion of the Dorians: Mycenaean period.
* Around    1100 BC: Beginning of the archaic period.
* Around    800 BC: Birth of cities.
* 776    BC: First Olympic Games at Olympia.
* Around    500 BC to -479: Medic Wars between the Persians and the Greeks.
* -479:    Beginning of the classical period and the height of Athens.
* -334:    Beginning of the expedition of Alexander the Great.
* -168:    Beginning of the Roman conquest.


==== ROMAN CIVILIZATION. ====
=== THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE: ===
* -753:     Foundation of Rome.
* 476: The Eastern Roman Empire remains under the name of Byzantine Empire with the capital: Constantinople.
* -509:    Foundation of the republic.
* 1054: Eastern Schism between the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
* -300:    Beginning of the Roman conquests.
* IXth century: Distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet.
* -52:     Gallic War and Roman victory at Alésia.
* 1204: The Crusaders seize Constantinople.
* -27:     Beginning of the Empire and end of the Roman conquests.
* 1453: The Turks seize Constantinople and end of the Byzantine Empire.
* 64    AD: Burning of Rome, beginning of persecutions against Christians.
* 313:     Edict of Constantine authorizing the Christian religion.
* 392:     Edict of Theodosius authorizing only the Christian religion in the Roman    Empire.
* 395:     Partition of the Empire, Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire.
* 410:    Capture of Rome by the Goths.
* 476:    Fall of the Western Roman Empire and end of Antiquity.


=== FROM THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE BIRTH OF MODERN TIMES: ===
=== THE MUSLIM WORLD: ===
* 622: The Hegira, Mahomet takes refuge in Medina. Beginning of the Muslim religious calendar.
* 632: Death of Muhammad. Islam is present throughout Arabia.
* 632 to 750: Arab conquests.
* 969 to 1170: Fatimid dynasty and prosperity of the Muslim world.
* 1492: End of the Catholic Reconquest and end of the Muslim kingdom in Granada.


==== THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE: ====
=== THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE: ===
* 476:     The Eastern Roman Empire remains under the name of Byzantine Empire with    the capital: Constantinople.
* 496: Baptism of Clovis and beginning of the dynastiemérovingienne.
* 1054:     Eastern Schism between the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern    Orthodox Church.
* 751: Pépin le Bref becomes king of the Franks: the Carolingian dynasty is founded.
* IXth    century: Distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet.
* 800: Coronation of Emperor Charlemagne and Aix-la-Chapelle becomes capital of the kingdom.
* 1204:     The Crusaders seize Constantinople.
* 814: Death of Charlemagne.
* 1453:     The Turks seize Constantinople and end of the Byzantine Empire.
* 843: Partition of the empire in Verdun.


==== THE MUSLIM WORLD: ====
=== WESTERN CHRISTENDOM: ===
* 622:     The Hegira, Mahomet takes refuge in Medina. Beginning of the Muslim    religious calendar.
* 987: The last Carolingian king Louis V dies without descendants. Hugues Capet succeeded him and founded the Capetian dynasty.
* 632:     Death of Muhammad. Islam is present throughout Arabia.
* From the 10th century: Construction of houses fortified by the lords.
* 632    to 750: Arab conquests.
* End of the 10th century: The Christian West is covered with churches. Development of Romanesque art.
* 969    to 1170: Fatimid dynasty and prosperity of the Muslim world.
* 1095: Call for the crusade by Pope Urban II.
* 1492:     End of the Catholic Reconquest and end of the Muslim kingdom in Granada.
* 1099: Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders.
* Mid-12th century: Gothic art succeeds Romanesque art. Economic prosperity.
* 1291: Retreat of the Crusaders.
* XIII th century: Beginning of a period of unrest.
* 1328: Charles IV le Bel dies without a direct heir; Philippe VI becomes king and establishes the Valois dynasty.
* 1337-1453: Hundred Years War.
* 1347-1350: Black Plagues.
* 1429-1431: Ride of Joan of Arc.
* 1453: Charles VII, King of France wins the battle of Castillon. It is the end of the Hundred Years War.


==== THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE: ====
=== THE BIRTH OF MODERN TIMES: ===
* 496:     Baptism of Clovis and beginning of the dynastiemérovingienne.
* 1455: The Bible is the first book printed by Gutenberg.
* 751:     Pépin le Bref becomes king of the Franks: the Carolingian dynasty is    founded.
* 1492: Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.
* 800:     Coronation of Emperor Charlemagne and Aix-la-Chapelle becomes capital of     the kingdom.
* 1498: Vasco da Gama bypasses Africa to reach India.
* 814:     Death of Charlemagne.
* XVIth century: Genocide of the Indians of the New World. Humanist movement in Europe.
* 843:     Partition of the empire in Verdun.
* 1517: The 95 theses of Luther. Protestant reform.
* 1519: Magellan goes around the world in three years.
* 1520-1550: The kings of France have castles built in Ile de France and the Loire Valley, thus spreading the Italian Renaissance.
* 1539: Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts.
* 1540: Calvin founds the Reformed Church in Geneva.
* 1545-1563: The Council of Trent organizes the Catholic reform.
* 1562-1598: Wars of religion.
* 1572: Massacre of Saint Barthélémy.
* 1589: Assassination of King Henry III, without an heir, it is the end of the Valois dynasty. Henri de Navarre became the first Protestant king and founded the Bourbon dynasty. It is the beginning of absolutism.
* 1593: Henri IV abjures Protestantism.
* 1598: Edit of Nantes which tolerates Protestant religion.
* End of the 16th century: Blooming of baroque art in Rome.


==== WESTERN CHRISTENDOM: ====
== FROM MODERN TIMES TO EUROPEAN EXPANSION: ==
* 987:    The last Carolingian king Louis V dies without descendants. Hugues    Capet succeeded him and founded the Capetian dynasty.
* From    the 10th century: Construction of houses fortified by the lords.
* End    of the 10th century: The Christian West is covered with churches. Development    of Romanesque art.
* 1095:    Call for the crusade by Pope Urban II.
* 1099:    Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders.
* Mid-12th    century: Gothic art succeeds Romanesque art. Economic prosperity.
* 1291:    Retreat of the Crusaders.
* XIII    th century: Beginning of a period of unrest.
* 1328:    Charles IV le Bel dies without a direct heir; Philippe VI becomes king and    establishes the Valois dynasty.
* 1337-1453:    Hundred Years War.
* 1347-1350:    Black Plagues.
* 1429-1431:    Ride of Joan of Arc.
* 1453:    Charles VII, King of France wins the battle of Castillon. It is the    end of the Hundred Years War.


==== THE BIRTH OF MODERN TIMES: ====
=== THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY: ===
* 1455:    The Bible is the first book printed by Gutenberg.
====Modern Europe and the absolute monarchy in France====
* 1492:     Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.
* 1602: Foundation of the Dutch East India Company.
* 1498:    Vasco da Gama bypasses Africa to reach India.
* 1610: Death of Henri IV and start of reign of Louis XIII.
* XVIth    century: Genocide of the Indians of the New World. Humanist movement    in Europe.
* 1618-1648: Thirty Years' War between the Catholics and Protestants of the Holy Empire.
* 1517:     The 95 theses of Luther. Protestant reform.
* 1643: Louis XIV becomes king at the age of four.
* 1519:     Magellan goes around the world in three years.
* 1648-1653: The Fronde
* 1520-1550:     The kings of France have castles built in Ile de France and the Loire    Valley, thus spreading the Italian Renaissance.
* After 1650: Classical art develops.
* 1539:     Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts.
* 1661-1715: Beginning of the personal reign of Louis XIV.
* 1540:    Calvin founds the Reformed Church in Geneva.
* 1682: Installation of the court in Versailles. France is the first power in Europe.
* 1545-1563:     The Council of Trent organizes the Catholic reform.
* 1715: Death of Louis XIV.
* 1562-1598:    Wars of religion.
====The questioning of absolutism====
* 1572:     Massacre of Saint Barthélémy.
* 1589:    Assassination of King Henry III, without an heir, it is the end of the    Valois dynasty. Henri de Navarre became the first Protestant king and    founded the Bourbon dynasty. It is the beginning of absolutism.
* 1593:    Henri IV abjures Protestantism.
* 1598:     Edit of Nantes which tolerates Protestant religion.
* End    of the 16th century: Blooming of baroque art in Rome.


=== FROM MODERN TIMES TO EUROPEAN EXPANSION: ===
====In England: the "century of revolutions"====
* 1642-1649: Civil war.
* 1649: Execution of Charles I king of England.
* 1649-1660: Commonwealth (republic).
* 1660: Restoration of the Stuarts.
* 1670: Reign of Charles II.
* 1679: Habeas Corpus.
* 1685-1688: Reign of Jacques II.
* 1688-1689: Glorious Revolution.
* 1689 : Bill of Rights.
* 1690: Reign of GuillaumeII.
====In the United States: independence====
* 1776: July 4, declaration of independence.
* 1781: Capitulation of the English before the American and French armies.
* 1787: Constitution of the United States.
====The crisis of absolute monarchy in France====
* 1751-1772: Elaboration of the Encyclopedia.
* 1789: French Revolution.


==== THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY: ====
=== THE REVOLUTION, THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE IN FRANCE: ===
'''Modern Europe and the absolute monarchy in France:'''
* May 5, 1789: Convocation of the States General.
* 1602:     Foundation of the Dutch East India Company.
* July 14, 1789: Capture of the Bastille.
* 1610:     Death of Henri IV and start of reign of Louis XIII.
* August 4, 1789: Abolition of privileges and end of the Ancien Régime.
* 1618-1648:     Thirty Years' War between the Catholics and Protestants of the Holy    Empire.
* August 26, 1789: Declaration of the rights of man.
* 1643:     Louis XIV becomes king at the age of four.
* 1789-1792: Constitutional monarchy.
* 1648-1653:     The Fronde
* August 10, 1792: Fall of the monarchy and start of the republic on September 22.
* After    1650: Classical art develops.
* 1792-1794: Republic of the Sans-Culottes. Convention regime.
* 1661-1715:     Beginning of the personal reign of Louis XIV.
* February 14, 1794: The Convention abolishes slavery.
* 1682:     Installation of the court in Versailles. France is the first power in    Europe.
* July 27, 1794: Fall of Robespierre.
* 1715:     Death of Louis XIV.
* 1794-1799: Failure of the bourgeois Republic and therefore of the Directory.
'''The questioning of absolutism:'''
* November 10, 1799: Bonaparte, First Consul and start of the Consulate.
* 1802: Restoration of slavery by Bonaparte.
* December 2, 1804: Coronation of Napoleon and start of the Empire.
* 1804-1815: The Empire with its Napoleonic wars. The Empire collapsed in the face of the European coalition.
* June 9, 1815: Final act of the Congress of Vienna which restores the old order of princes over Europe.


In England: the "century of revolutions":
=== EUROPE AND ITS EXPANSION IN THE 19TH CENTURY (1815-1914): ===
* 1642-1649:     Civil war.
====During the first industrial revolution====
* 1649:     Execution of Charles I king of England.
* 1769: Watt's steam engine.
* 1649-1660:     Commonwealth (republic).
* 1814: Steam engine. Stephenson locomotive.
* 1660:     Restoration of the Stuarts.
* 1855: Bessemer converter.
* 1670:     Reign of Charles II.
====During the second industrial revolution====
* 1679:     Habeas Corpus.
* 1869: Inauguration of the Suez Canal.
* 1685-1688:     Reign of Jacques II.
* 1885: Pasteur discovers the vaccine against rabies.
* 1688-1689:     Glorious Revolution.
* 1886: Internal combustion engine.
* 1689    : Bill of Rights.
* 1900: Universal Exhibition in Paris.
* 1690:     Reign of GuillaumeII.
====Liberal and national movements====
In the United States: independence:
* 1815: Congress of Vienna.
* 1776:     July 4, declaration of independence.
* 1830: Revolutions in Europe.
* 1781:     Capitulation of the English before the American and French armies.
* 1848: People's Spring
* 1787:     Constitution of the United States.
* 1870: Italian unity.
The crisis of absolute monarchy in France:
* 1871: Proclamation of the German Empire.
* 1751-1772:     Elaboration of the Encyclopedia.
====Sharing the world====
* 1789:     French Revolution.
* 1830: Conquest of Algeria by France.
* 1876: Victoria, Empress of India.
* 1885: French Indochina.
* 1898: Fachoda: Franco-British crisis.
* 1911: Morocco: Franco-German crisis.
====France from 1815 to 1914====
* 1815-1830: Restoration completed by the revolution.
* 1830-1848: July Monarchy.
* 1848-1852: Second republic. Abolition of slavery.
* 1852-1870: Second Empire established by Napoleon III.
* September 4, 1870: Proclamation of the Third Republic.
* March-May 1871: The Paris Commune.
* 1898: Dreyfus affair.
* 1905: Law of separation of church and state.


==== THE REVOLUTION, THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE IN FRANCE: ====
== FROM WORLD WAR I TO TODAY'S WORLD: ==
* May    5, 1789: Convocation of the States General.
* July    14, 1789: Capture of the Bastille.
* August    4, 1789: Abolition of privileges and end of the Ancien Régime.
* August    26, 1789: Declaration of the rights of man.
* 1789-1792:    Constitutional monarchy.
* August    10, 1792: Fall of the monarchy and start of the republic on September 22.
* 1792-1794:    Republic of the Sans-Culottes. Convention regime.
* February    14, 1794: The Convention abolishes slavery.
* July    27, 1794: Fall of Robespierre.
* 1794-1799:    Failure of the bourgeois Republic and therefore of the Directory.
* November    10, 1799: Bonaparte, First Consul and start of the Consulate.
* 1802:    Restoration of slavery by Bonaparte.
* December    2, 1804: Coronation of Napoleon and start of the Empire.
* 1804-1815:    The Empire with its Napoleonic wars. The Empire collapsed in the face    of the European coalition.
* June    9, 1815: Final act of the Congress of Vienna which restores the old order    of princes over Europe.


==== EUROPE AND ITS EXPANSION IN THE 19TH CENTURY (1815-1914): ====
=== WARS, DEMOCRACY, TOTALITARIANISM FROM 1914 TO 1945: ===
During the first industrial revolution:
====The outbreak of war and the game of alliances====
* 1769:     Watt's steam engine.
* June 28, 1914: Attack in Sarajevo.
* 1814:     Steam engine. Stephenson locomotive.
* July 23, 1914: Austria issues an ultimatum to Serbia.
* 1855:     Bessemer converter.
* July 25, 1914: Russia supports Serbia.
During the second industrial revolution:
* July 28: Austria declares war on Serbia.
* 1869:     Inauguration of the Suez Canal.
* July 30: Russia mobilizes.
* 1885:     Pasteur discovers the vaccine against rabies.
* July 31: Germany issues an ultimatum to Russia.
* 1886:     Internal combustion engine.
* August 1: Germany declares war on Russia.
* 1900:     Universal Exhibition in Paris.
* August 2: France mobilizes.
Liberal and national movements:
* August 3: Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium and Luxembourg.
* 1815:     Congress of Vienna.
* August 4: The United Kingdom declares war on Germany.
* 1830:     Revolutions in Europe.
====The fights====
* 1848:     People's Spring
* 1914-1915: War of movement.
* 1870:     Italian unity.
* 1915-1918: War of position. Then at the beginning of 1918, return to the war of movement until the armistice.
* 1871:     Proclamation of the German Empire.
* 1916: Battle of Verdun.
Sharing the world:
* April 1917: The United States enters the war.
* 1830:     Conquest of Algeria by France.
* November 11, 1918: Armistice. Victory of the Allies.
* 1876:     Victoria, Empress of India.
====The results====
* 1885:     French Indochina.
* 1919: Peace Conference. Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28 creating the League of Nations, the ancestor of the UN.
* 1898:     Fachoda: Franco-British crisis.
====Stalin's USSR====
* 1911:     Morocco: Franco-German crisis.
* February-October 1917: Russian revolutions.
France from 1815 to 1914:
* 1921: Great famine.
* 1815-1830:    Restoration completed by the revolution.
* 1922: Foundation of the USSR
* 1830-1848:     July Monarchy.
* January 21, 1921: Death of Lenin.
* 1848-1852:     Second republic. Abolition of slavery.
* 1928: Trotsky is exiled. Stalin controls the Communist Party and becomes the master of the country.
* 1852-1870:     Second Empire established by Napoleon III.
* 1929: Collectivization of land. Planning policy.
* September     4, 1870: Proclamation of the Third Republic.
* 1933: Great famine.
* March-May     1871: The Paris Commune.
* 1936-1938: Moscow trial.
* 1898:     Dreyfus affair.
====The crisis of the 1930s====
* 1905:     Law of separation of church and state.
* 1929: Beginning of the economic crisis in the United States.
* January 30, 1933: Election of Hitler as Chancellor in Germany who receives the plains powers and the first concentration camps. Beginning of the Nazi dictatorship.
* January 29-30, 1934: Night of the Long Knives in Germany.
* February 6, 1934: Riot in France.
* 1935: Nuremberg Laws.
* 1936: Strikes in France. Rome-Berlin axis.
* 1936-1938: Government of the Popular Front in France and creation of social laws.
* 1939: Beginning of the Second World War. Signing of the non-aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin.
====The Second World War====
* September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland.
* September 3, 1939: The United Kingdom and then France react and declare war on Germany.
* May 10, 1940: German attack in the west.
* June 18, 1940: Appeal from General de Gaulle in London.
* June 22, 1940: German attack on the USSR
* December 7, 1942: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
* November 1942-February 1943: Stalingrad.
* June 6, 1944: Normandy landings.
* February 1945: Yalta Conference.
* May 8, 1945: German surrender.
* August 1945: Hiroshima.
* September 2, 1945: Japanese surrender.
* November 1945-October 1946: Nuremberg trial.


=== FROM WORLD WAR I TO TODAY'S WORLD: ===
=== ELABORATION AND ORGANIZATION OF TODAY'S WORLD: ===
====The Cold War====
* 1947- end of the 1980s: United States and USSR clash, it is the cold war.
* 1947: Marshall Plan, aid from the United States for the reconstruction of Western Europe. Zhdanov Plan, USSR aid for Eastern Europe.
* 1948-1949: Berlin: theater of confrontation between the USSR and the United States.
* 1949: Birth of NATO, a military alliance of the Western camp under the leadership of the United States.
* 1950-1953: Korean War opposing Americans to Chinese Communists.
* 1955: The USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe form a military alliance: the Warsaw Pact.
* 1960-1970: Relaxation in the Cold War.
* 1962: Cuba Crisis.
* 1968: Prague Spring, Russian tanks crush the revolt.
* 1975: Helsinki Accords mark the height of Relaxation.
* 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall.
* 1991: Fall of the USSR and end of the Cold War.
====Decolonization====
* 1947: Decolonization of India.
* 1954: France renounces Indochina.
* 1955: Bandung Conference in Indonesia.
* Mid-1950s: France grants the peaceful emancipation of the colonies of Black Africa.
* 1954-1962: Colonial war in Algeria.
* 1962: Evian Accords.
====European construction====
* 1945: Franco-German rapprochement.
* 1951: European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) bringing together Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. It is the nucleus of the new Europe.
* 1957: Treaty of Rome which creates the European Economic Community (EEC).
* 1986: Single act which gives birth to a single market, without internal customs barriers.
* 1992: Treaty of Maastricht.
* 2002: Application of the Maastricht Treaty with the adoption of the single currency, the Euro.


==== WARS, DEMOCRACY, TOTALITARIANISM FROM 1914 TO 1945: ====
{{Timeline-world}}
The outbreak of war and the game of alliances:
* June    28, 1914: Attack in Sarajevo.
* July    23, 1914: Austria issues an ultimatum to Serbia.
* July    25, 1914: Russia supports Serbia.
* July    28: Austria declares war on Serbia.
* July    30: Russia mobilizes.
* July    31: Germany issues an ultimatum to Russia.
* August    1: Germany declares war on Russia.
* August    2: France mobilizes.
* August    3: Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium and Luxembourg.
* August    4: The United Kingdom declares war on Germany.
The fights :
* 1914-1915:    War of movement.
* 1915-1918:    War of position. Then at the beginning of 1918, return to the war of    movement until the armistice.
* 1916:    Battle of Verdun.
* April    1917: The United States enters the war.
* November    11, 1918: Armistice. Victory of the Allies.
The results :
* 1919:    Peace Conference. Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28 creating the    League of Nations, the ancestor of the UN.
Stalin's USSR:
* February-October    1917: Russian revolutions.
* 1921:    Great famine.
* 1922:    Foundation of the USSR
* January    21, 1921: Death of Lenin.
* 1928: Trotsky is exiled. Stalin    controls the Communist Party and becomes the master of the country.
* 1929: Collectivization of land. Planning    policy.
* 1933:    Great famine.
* 1936-1938:    Moscow trial.
The crisis of the 1930s:
* 1929: Beginning of the economic    crisis in the United States.
* January 30, 1933: Election of    Hitler as Chancellor in Germany who receives the plains powers and the    first concentration camps. Beginning of the Nazi dictatorship.
* January 29-30, 1934: Night of    the Long Knives in Germany.
* February    6, 1934: Riot in France.
* 1935:    Nuremberg Laws.
* 1936:    Strikes in France. Rome-Berlin axis.
* 1936-1938:    Government of the Popular Front in France and creation of social laws.
* 1939:    Beginning of the Second World War. Signing of the non-aggression pact    between Hitler and Stalin.
The Second World War :
* September    1, 1939: Germany invades Poland.
* September    3, 1939: The United Kingdom and then France react and declare war on    Germany.
* May    10, 1940: German attack in the west.
* June    18, 1940: Appeal from General de Gaulle in London.
* June    22, 1940: German attack on the USSR
* December    7, 1942: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
* November    1942-February 1943: Stalingrad.
* June    6, 1944: Normandy landings.
* February    1945: Yalta Conference.
* May    8, 1945: German surrender.
* August    1945: Hiroshima.
* September    2, 1945: Japanese surrender.
* November    1945-October 1946: Nuremberg trial.


==== ELABORATION AND ORGANIZATION OF TODAY'S WORLD: ====
==Other Lessons==
The Cold War :
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Wiki-Notice-Board|Wiki Notice Board]]
* 1947-     end of the 1980s: United States and USSR clash, it is the cold war.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Videos-of-Everyday-Life|Videos of Everyday Life]]
* 1947:    Marshall Plan, aid from the United States for the reconstruction of     Western Europe. Zhdanov Plan, USSR aid for Eastern Europe.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/The-Polyglot-Club-Team|The Polyglot Club Team]]
* 1948-1949:    Berlin: theater of confrontation between the USSR and the United States.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Meanings-of-Country-Names|Meanings of Country Names]]
* 1949:    Birth of NATO, a military alliance of the Western camp under the    leadership of the United States.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Most-Popular-Sports|Most Popular Sports]]
* 1950-1953:    Korean War opposing Americans to Chinese Communists.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Websites-of-DIY-Procedures|Websites of DIY Procedures]]
* 1955:    The USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe form a military alliance: the    Warsaw Pact.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Major-Political-Parties-and-Religions|Major Political Parties and Religions]]
* 1960-1970:    Relaxation in the Cold War.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Ordering-with-Letters|Ordering with Letters]]
* 1962:    Cuba Crisis.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/IRFP-in-brief|IRFP in brief]]
* 1968:    Prague Spring, Russian tanks crush the revolt.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Unrealistic-War-Films-and-TV-Series|Unrealistic War Films and TV Series]]
* 1975:    Helsinki Accords mark the height of Relaxation.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/How-to-contribute-to-wiki-lessons-(FAQ)|How to contribute to wiki lessons (FAQ)]]
* 1989:    Fall of the Berlin Wall.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Most-Famous-Non–Contemporary-Artists|Most Famous Non–Contemporary Artists]]
* 1991:    Fall of the USSR and end of the Cold War.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Listening-material-with-transcript|Listening material with transcript]]
Decolonization:
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Texts-and-Audios-under-a-Public-License|Texts and Audios under a Public License]]
* 1947:    Decolonization of India.
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Countries-and-Flag-Emoji-by-Languages|Countries and Flag Emoji by Languages]]
* 1954:    France renounces Indochina.
<span links></span>
* 1955:    Bandung Conference in Indonesia.
* Mid-1950s:    France grants the peaceful emancipation of the colonies of Black Africa.
* 1954-1962:    Colonial war in Algeria.
* 1962:    Evian Accords.
European construction:
* 1945:    Franco-German rapprochement.
* 1951:    European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) bringing together Italy, Belgium,    the Netherlands and Luxembourg. It is the nucleus of the new Europe.
* 1957:    Treaty of Rome which creates the European Economic Community (EEC).
* 1986:    Single act which gives birth to a single market, without internal customs    barriers.
* 1992:    Treaty of Maastricht.
* 2002: Application of the Maastricht Treaty with the    adoption of the single currency, the Euro.

Latest revision as of 14:02, 27 March 2023

THE MAJOR DATES IN THE WORLD HISTORY
World-history-multiple-languages-culture-polyglotclub.png

FROM THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE TO THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE:[edit | edit source]

FROM THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE AND WRITING.[edit | edit source]

  • Around 8000 BC: Beginning of the Neolithic period, men cultivate plants and domesticate animals, birth of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, men become sedentary. This is called: the Neolithic revolution.
  • Around 3000 BC: Men invented writing, it is the end of the Neolithic period.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION.[edit | edit source]

  • Around 3000 BC: Egypt is unified by a king named Pharaoh, the hieroglyphics and the great pyramids appear like that of Cheops towards 2600 BC.
  • Around 1590 BC: The mummified pharaohs are buried in the Valley of the Kings located on the left bank of the Nile facing Thebes.

THE PEOPLE OF THE BIBLE: THE HEBREWS.[edit | edit source]

  • Around 1200 BC: The Hebrews settle in the land of Canaan, between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, after years of exodus.
  • Around 1010 BC: The kingdom of Israel is founded.
  • 587 BC: The temple of Jerusalem is destroyed, it is the end of the kingdoms of Israel.

GREEK CIVILIZATION.[edit | edit source]

  • Around 2000 BC: The Greeks settle in Greece.
  • Around 1600 BC until the invasion of the Dorians: Mycenaean period.
  • Around 1100 BC: Beginning of the archaic period.
  • Around 800 BC: Birth of cities.
  • 776 BC: First Olympic Games at Olympia.
  • Around 500 BC to -479: Medic Wars between the Persians and the Greeks.
  • -479: Beginning of the classical period and the height of Athens.
  • -334: Beginning of the expedition of Alexander the Great.
  • -168: Beginning of the Roman conquest.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION.[edit | edit source]

  • -753: Foundation of Rome.
  • -509: Foundation of the republic.
  • -300: Beginning of the Roman conquests.
  • -52: Gallic War and Roman victory at Alésia.
  • -27: Beginning of the Empire and end of the Roman conquests.
  • 64 AD: Burning of Rome, beginning of persecutions against Christians.
  • 313: Edict of Constantine authorizing the Christian religion.
  • 392: Edict of Theodosius authorizing only the Christian religion in the Roman Empire.
  • 395: Partition of the Empire, Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire.
  • 410: Capture of Rome by the Goths.
  • 476: Fall of the Western Roman Empire and end of Antiquity.

FROM THE ROMAN EMPIRE TO THE BIRTH OF MODERN TIMES:[edit | edit source]

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE:[edit | edit source]

  • 476: The Eastern Roman Empire remains under the name of Byzantine Empire with the capital: Constantinople.
  • 1054: Eastern Schism between the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
  • IXth century: Distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet.
  • 1204: The Crusaders seize Constantinople.
  • 1453: The Turks seize Constantinople and end of the Byzantine Empire.

THE MUSLIM WORLD:[edit | edit source]

  • 622: The Hegira, Mahomet takes refuge in Medina. Beginning of the Muslim religious calendar.
  • 632: Death of Muhammad. Islam is present throughout Arabia.
  • 632 to 750: Arab conquests.
  • 969 to 1170: Fatimid dynasty and prosperity of the Muslim world.
  • 1492: End of the Catholic Reconquest and end of the Muslim kingdom in Granada.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE:[edit | edit source]

  • 496: Baptism of Clovis and beginning of the dynastiemérovingienne.
  • 751: Pépin le Bref becomes king of the Franks: the Carolingian dynasty is founded.
  • 800: Coronation of Emperor Charlemagne and Aix-la-Chapelle becomes capital of the kingdom.
  • 814: Death of Charlemagne.
  • 843: Partition of the empire in Verdun.

WESTERN CHRISTENDOM:[edit | edit source]

  • 987: The last Carolingian king Louis V dies without descendants. Hugues Capet succeeded him and founded the Capetian dynasty.
  • From the 10th century: Construction of houses fortified by the lords.
  • End of the 10th century: The Christian West is covered with churches. Development of Romanesque art.
  • 1095: Call for the crusade by Pope Urban II.
  • 1099: Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders.
  • Mid-12th century: Gothic art succeeds Romanesque art. Economic prosperity.
  • 1291: Retreat of the Crusaders.
  • XIII th century: Beginning of a period of unrest.
  • 1328: Charles IV le Bel dies without a direct heir; Philippe VI becomes king and establishes the Valois dynasty.
  • 1337-1453: Hundred Years War.
  • 1347-1350: Black Plagues.
  • 1429-1431: Ride of Joan of Arc.
  • 1453: Charles VII, King of France wins the battle of Castillon. It is the end of the Hundred Years War.

THE BIRTH OF MODERN TIMES:[edit | edit source]

  • 1455: The Bible is the first book printed by Gutenberg.
  • 1492: Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.
  • 1498: Vasco da Gama bypasses Africa to reach India.
  • XVIth century: Genocide of the Indians of the New World. Humanist movement in Europe.
  • 1517: The 95 theses of Luther. Protestant reform.
  • 1519: Magellan goes around the world in three years.
  • 1520-1550: The kings of France have castles built in Ile de France and the Loire Valley, thus spreading the Italian Renaissance.
  • 1539: Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts.
  • 1540: Calvin founds the Reformed Church in Geneva.
  • 1545-1563: The Council of Trent organizes the Catholic reform.
  • 1562-1598: Wars of religion.
  • 1572: Massacre of Saint Barthélémy.
  • 1589: Assassination of King Henry III, without an heir, it is the end of the Valois dynasty. Henri de Navarre became the first Protestant king and founded the Bourbon dynasty. It is the beginning of absolutism.
  • 1593: Henri IV abjures Protestantism.
  • 1598: Edit of Nantes which tolerates Protestant religion.
  • End of the 16th century: Blooming of baroque art in Rome.

FROM MODERN TIMES TO EUROPEAN EXPANSION:[edit | edit source]

THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY:[edit | edit source]

Modern Europe and the absolute monarchy in France[edit | edit source]

  • 1602: Foundation of the Dutch East India Company.
  • 1610: Death of Henri IV and start of reign of Louis XIII.
  • 1618-1648: Thirty Years' War between the Catholics and Protestants of the Holy Empire.
  • 1643: Louis XIV becomes king at the age of four.
  • 1648-1653: The Fronde
  • After 1650: Classical art develops.
  • 1661-1715: Beginning of the personal reign of Louis XIV.
  • 1682: Installation of the court in Versailles. France is the first power in Europe.
  • 1715: Death of Louis XIV.

The questioning of absolutism[edit | edit source]

In England: the "century of revolutions"[edit | edit source]

  • 1642-1649: Civil war.
  • 1649: Execution of Charles I king of England.
  • 1649-1660: Commonwealth (republic).
  • 1660: Restoration of the Stuarts.
  • 1670: Reign of Charles II.
  • 1679: Habeas Corpus.
  • 1685-1688: Reign of Jacques II.
  • 1688-1689: Glorious Revolution.
  • 1689 : Bill of Rights.
  • 1690: Reign of GuillaumeII.

In the United States: independence[edit | edit source]

  • 1776: July 4, declaration of independence.
  • 1781: Capitulation of the English before the American and French armies.
  • 1787: Constitution of the United States.

The crisis of absolute monarchy in France[edit | edit source]

  • 1751-1772: Elaboration of the Encyclopedia.
  • 1789: French Revolution.

THE REVOLUTION, THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE IN FRANCE:[edit | edit source]

  • May 5, 1789: Convocation of the States General.
  • July 14, 1789: Capture of the Bastille.
  • August 4, 1789: Abolition of privileges and end of the Ancien Régime.
  • August 26, 1789: Declaration of the rights of man.
  • 1789-1792: Constitutional monarchy.
  • August 10, 1792: Fall of the monarchy and start of the republic on September 22.
  • 1792-1794: Republic of the Sans-Culottes. Convention regime.
  • February 14, 1794: The Convention abolishes slavery.
  • July 27, 1794: Fall of Robespierre.
  • 1794-1799: Failure of the bourgeois Republic and therefore of the Directory.
  • November 10, 1799: Bonaparte, First Consul and start of the Consulate.
  • 1802: Restoration of slavery by Bonaparte.
  • December 2, 1804: Coronation of Napoleon and start of the Empire.
  • 1804-1815: The Empire with its Napoleonic wars. The Empire collapsed in the face of the European coalition.
  • June 9, 1815: Final act of the Congress of Vienna which restores the old order of princes over Europe.

EUROPE AND ITS EXPANSION IN THE 19TH CENTURY (1815-1914):[edit | edit source]

During the first industrial revolution[edit | edit source]

  • 1769: Watt's steam engine.
  • 1814: Steam engine. Stephenson locomotive.
  • 1855: Bessemer converter.

During the second industrial revolution[edit | edit source]

  • 1869: Inauguration of the Suez Canal.
  • 1885: Pasteur discovers the vaccine against rabies.
  • 1886: Internal combustion engine.
  • 1900: Universal Exhibition in Paris.

Liberal and national movements[edit | edit source]

  • 1815: Congress of Vienna.
  • 1830: Revolutions in Europe.
  • 1848: People's Spring
  • 1870: Italian unity.
  • 1871: Proclamation of the German Empire.

Sharing the world[edit | edit source]

  • 1830: Conquest of Algeria by France.
  • 1876: Victoria, Empress of India.
  • 1885: French Indochina.
  • 1898: Fachoda: Franco-British crisis.
  • 1911: Morocco: Franco-German crisis.

France from 1815 to 1914[edit | edit source]

  • 1815-1830: Restoration completed by the revolution.
  • 1830-1848: July Monarchy.
  • 1848-1852: Second republic. Abolition of slavery.
  • 1852-1870: Second Empire established by Napoleon III.
  • September 4, 1870: Proclamation of the Third Republic.
  • March-May 1871: The Paris Commune.
  • 1898: Dreyfus affair.
  • 1905: Law of separation of church and state.

FROM WORLD WAR I TO TODAY'S WORLD:[edit | edit source]

WARS, DEMOCRACY, TOTALITARIANISM FROM 1914 TO 1945:[edit | edit source]

The outbreak of war and the game of alliances[edit | edit source]

  • June 28, 1914: Attack in Sarajevo.
  • July 23, 1914: Austria issues an ultimatum to Serbia.
  • July 25, 1914: Russia supports Serbia.
  • July 28: Austria declares war on Serbia.
  • July 30: Russia mobilizes.
  • July 31: Germany issues an ultimatum to Russia.
  • August 1: Germany declares war on Russia.
  • August 2: France mobilizes.
  • August 3: Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium and Luxembourg.
  • August 4: The United Kingdom declares war on Germany.

The fights[edit | edit source]

  • 1914-1915: War of movement.
  • 1915-1918: War of position. Then at the beginning of 1918, return to the war of movement until the armistice.
  • 1916: Battle of Verdun.
  • April 1917: The United States enters the war.
  • November 11, 1918: Armistice. Victory of the Allies.

The results[edit | edit source]

  • 1919: Peace Conference. Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28 creating the League of Nations, the ancestor of the UN.

Stalin's USSR[edit | edit source]

  • February-October 1917: Russian revolutions.
  • 1921: Great famine.
  • 1922: Foundation of the USSR
  • January 21, 1921: Death of Lenin.
  • 1928: Trotsky is exiled. Stalin controls the Communist Party and becomes the master of the country.
  • 1929: Collectivization of land. Planning policy.
  • 1933: Great famine.
  • 1936-1938: Moscow trial.

The crisis of the 1930s[edit | edit source]

  • 1929: Beginning of the economic crisis in the United States.
  • January 30, 1933: Election of Hitler as Chancellor in Germany who receives the plains powers and the first concentration camps. Beginning of the Nazi dictatorship.
  • January 29-30, 1934: Night of the Long Knives in Germany.
  • February 6, 1934: Riot in France.
  • 1935: Nuremberg Laws.
  • 1936: Strikes in France. Rome-Berlin axis.
  • 1936-1938: Government of the Popular Front in France and creation of social laws.
  • 1939: Beginning of the Second World War. Signing of the non-aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin.

The Second World War[edit | edit source]

  • September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland.
  • September 3, 1939: The United Kingdom and then France react and declare war on Germany.
  • May 10, 1940: German attack in the west.
  • June 18, 1940: Appeal from General de Gaulle in London.
  • June 22, 1940: German attack on the USSR
  • December 7, 1942: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
  • November 1942-February 1943: Stalingrad.
  • June 6, 1944: Normandy landings.
  • February 1945: Yalta Conference.
  • May 8, 1945: German surrender.
  • August 1945: Hiroshima.
  • September 2, 1945: Japanese surrender.
  • November 1945-October 1946: Nuremberg trial.

ELABORATION AND ORGANIZATION OF TODAY'S WORLD:[edit | edit source]

The Cold War[edit | edit source]

  • 1947- end of the 1980s: United States and USSR clash, it is the cold war.
  • 1947: Marshall Plan, aid from the United States for the reconstruction of Western Europe. Zhdanov Plan, USSR aid for Eastern Europe.
  • 1948-1949: Berlin: theater of confrontation between the USSR and the United States.
  • 1949: Birth of NATO, a military alliance of the Western camp under the leadership of the United States.
  • 1950-1953: Korean War opposing Americans to Chinese Communists.
  • 1955: The USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe form a military alliance: the Warsaw Pact.
  • 1960-1970: Relaxation in the Cold War.
  • 1962: Cuba Crisis.
  • 1968: Prague Spring, Russian tanks crush the revolt.
  • 1975: Helsinki Accords mark the height of Relaxation.
  • 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall.
  • 1991: Fall of the USSR and end of the Cold War.

Decolonization[edit | edit source]

  • 1947: Decolonization of India.
  • 1954: France renounces Indochina.
  • 1955: Bandung Conference in Indonesia.
  • Mid-1950s: France grants the peaceful emancipation of the colonies of Black Africa.
  • 1954-1962: Colonial war in Algeria.
  • 1962: Evian Accords.

European construction[edit | edit source]

  • 1945: Franco-German rapprochement.
  • 1951: European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) bringing together Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. It is the nucleus of the new Europe.
  • 1957: Treaty of Rome which creates the European Economic Community (EEC).
  • 1986: Single act which gives birth to a single market, without internal customs barriers.
  • 1992: Treaty of Maastricht.
  • 2002: Application of the Maastricht Treaty with the adoption of the single currency, the Euro.

World Timelines[edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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