Language/Baoule/Culture/Ivory-Coast-Timeline

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Historical Timeline for Ivory Coast - A chronology of key events
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Ivory-Coast-Timeline-PolyglotClub.jpg

From discovery to independence[edit | edit source]

  • 15th century ➡ discovery of Côte d'Ivoire by Portuguese explorers. The country is called in turn "Côte des males gens", "Côte des grains et de la malaguette", "Côte des dents", "Côte du Morphil" to finally take its name of "Ivory Coast".
  • 18th century ➡ establishment of France in Ivory Coast.
  • 1886-1898 ➡ during its conquest of the interior, the French army is confronted with the Mandingo chief Samory Touré, who waged a merciless war on it, until his capture in September 1898.
  • 1904 ➡ Côte d'Ivoire joins the French colonial empire.
  • 1934 ➡ Abidjan succeeds Bingerville as the administrative capital of the colony.
  • 1946 ➡ appointment of Félix Houphouët-Boigny as deputy for Côte d'Ivoire in the French National Assembly.
  • 1946 ➡ accession of Côte d'Ivoire to the status of overseas territory.
  • August 7, 1960 ➡ independence of Côte d'Ivoire. Félix Houphouët-Boigny becomes its first president.

The Houphouët years[edit | edit source]

  • 1960-1970 ➡ period known as the "Ivorian miracle", which ensures all the peasants a regular income.
  • 1982 ➡ formation of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) led by Laurent Gbagbo.
  • 1983 ➡ Yamoussoukro, birthplace of Félix Houphouët-Boigny, becomes the new capital of Côte d'Ivoire.
  • 1990 ➡ end of the "Ivorian miracle". Following violent demonstrations, Félix Houphouët-Boigny established a multiparty system and won the elections. On September 10, Pope John Paul II consecrates the Notre-Dame de la Paix basilica.
  • January 26, 1992 ➡ Côte d'Ivoire wins the African Cup of Nations (CAN) for the first time.
  • December 7, 1993 ➡ death of Félix Houphouët-Boigny.

The race for succession[edit | edit source]

  • 1993 ➡ Henri Konan Bédié, constitutional successor of Félix Houphouët-Boigny and president of the National Assembly, succeeds his elder as president. He will be (re) elected in 1995 with 95.25% of the votes.
  • 1994 ➡ adoption by the Parliament of a new nationality code, which excludes from the presidential race Alassane Ouattara, former Prime Minister and candidate of ethnic groups from the north of the country.
  • 1999 ➡ on December 24, a military mutiny dismisses Henri Konan Bédié. General Robert Gueï takes power and sets up a National Committee for Public Safety (CNSP) which will be responsible for organizing the presidential elections.
  • October 22, 2000> ➡ Laurent Gbagbo was elected president following a controversial election marred by violence from which Bédié and Ouattara were excluded. Third president of Côte d'Ivoire, he is the first in the country's history not to belong to the PDCI, the historic party of Félix Houphouët-Boigny.
  • October 9-December 18, 2001 ➡ Forum for National Reconciliation.

The years of embers[edit | edit source]

  • On the night of September 18-19, 2002, an attempted coup broke out. A fringe of the army led by Sergeant Ibrahim Coulibaly, known as IB, is rising against Laurent Gbagbo's regime. General Gueï is assassinated. The rebels seize the northern half of the country. In October, a ceasefire agreement was signed under the auspices of ECOWAS. The French force Licorne, which arrived as reinforcements on September 22, began in October a mission to secure the ceasefire between rebels and loyalist forces and, with the UN peacekeepers, occupied a zone of confidence (ZDC), a demilitarized band of 12,000. km² which stretches from east to west, cutting the country in two and consecrating the partition of Côte d'Ivoire.
  • January 24, 2003 ➡ signature of the Linas-Marcoussis agreements providing for the maintenance of Laurent Gbagbo in power and a government of "national reconciliation" including the rebellion. On April 7, 2003, the first Council of Ministers, extended to include the rebels, was held.
  • July 4, 2003 ➡ official proclamation of the end of the war.
  • 3-8 February 2004 ➡ Laurent Gbagbo's "reconciliation" visit to Paris.
  • February 7, 2004 ➡ adoption of UN resolution 1528 establishing the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) to replace MINUCI (United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire) and designating Licorne as force in support of UNOCI.
  • April 4, 2004 ➡ start of the deployment of UNOCI, which must number more than 6,000 troops.
  • October 15, 2004 ➡ the rebels refuse to disarm.
  • November 4, 2004 ➡ launch by the Abidjan regime of Operation "Dignity", a military counter-offensive intended to allow loyalist troops to regain control of the whole of the territory from the rebels of the Forces Nouvelles.
  • November 6, 2004 ➡ an Ivorian air force raid on a camp of French soldiers deployed in the zone of confidence (Lycée Descartes de Bouaké) results in the deaths of nine French soldiers and an American civilian. On orders from Paris, the French army responded by destroying part of the Ivorian air force. The violent anti-French riots which ensued led to more than 8,000 evacuations. In chaos, the armyFrenchwoman will open fire on the hostile and uncontrollable crowd (shooting at the Hôtel Ivoire) and will kill between 7 and 16 people on the Ivorian side.
  • November 9, 2004 ➡ Mandated by the African Union, Thabo Mbeki goes to Abidjan.
  • November 15, 2004 ➡ The UN decrees a total arms embargo for Côte d'Ivoire.
  • April 6, 2005 ➡ Pretoria agreements. Signed under the aegis of the African Union, they provide for the end of hostilities, the dismantling of militias and the resumption of the disarmament process.
  • April 26, 2005 ➡ Laurent Gbagbo accepts Alassane Ouattara's candidacy for the presidential election.
  • June 24, 2005 ➡ adoption of UN resolution 1609, which strengthens UNOCI's military personnel in anticipation of the elections and extends Licorne's mandate until January 24, 2006.
  • October 21, 2005 ➡ adoption of resolution 1633 which extends Laurent Gbagbo's term as head of the country pending new elections.
  • August 19, 2006 ➡ the Greek vessel flying the Panamanian flag named Probo Koala unloads a large quantity of toxic waste in the port of Abidjan. This case will have serious repercussions on the political, environmental and economic landscape and on the populations living near the places where the contents of the ship were dumped.
  • March 4, 2007 ➡ following the inter-Ivorian peace agreement in Ouagadougou, Guillaume Soro, leader of the Forces Nouvelles rebellion, is appointed Prime Minister.
  • April 16, 2007 ➡ start of the process of dismantling the zone of confidence.
  • June 29, 2007 ➡ Guillaume Soro narrowly escapes an attack at Bouaké airport.
  • July 30, 2007 ➡ "flame of peace" ceremony in Bouaké marking the official end of the war and the start of the disarmament process.
  • 2008 ➡ The presidential elections are scheduled for the end of November. In April, several cities across the country are the scene of protests against the high cost of living.

The 2010 elections and the post-election crisis[edit | edit source]

  • March 31, 2009 ➡ Côte d'Ivoire reached the decision point of the initiative in favor of heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) reinforced by the World Bank and the IMF.
  • November 2009 ➡ the presidential election scheduled to be held on November 29 is postponed to "end of February, beginning of March 2010".
  • January 2010 ➡ Robert Beugré Mambé, the president of the Independent Electoral Commission (CEI), is accused of having attempted to fraudulently introduce thousands of people onto the provisional electoral list.
  • February 12, 2010 ➡ Laurent Gbagbo dissolves the government and the CEI and reappoints Guillaume Soro as Prime Minister. Violent protests are taking place in several cities across the country. The police open fire. There are 5 dead.
  • March 2010 ➡ the CEI is re-established in its initial form, but with a new president from the PDCI. The opposition agrees to enter the new government.
  • July 2010 ➡ after having been postponed 6 times, the presidential election is set for October 31, 2010.
  • October 31, 2010 ➡ Laurent Gbagbo leads the first round with 38% of the votes (80% participation rate). Bédié eliminated, the second round will oppose him to Alassane Ouattara.
  • November 28, 2010 ➡ second round of the presidential election.
  • December 2, 2010 ➡ the CEI proclaims the victory of Alassane Ouattara (54.1%) but these provisional results are rejected by the Constitutional Council.
  • December 3, 2010 ➡ Laurent Gbagbo is proclaimed winner with 51.45% of the vote by the Constitutional Council, invalidating the results of the CEI. From that date, Côte d'Ivoire found itself with two presidents and two governments, and was going to experience an unprecedented crisis, punctuated by the closure of most banks, an embargo on coffee-cocoa, drugs, etc. ., which will lead to an armed confrontation which will kill more than 3,000 people.
  • January 24, 2011 ➡ The European Union sanctions the Gbagbo camp.
  • March 12, 2011 ➡ The African Union recognizes the victory of Alassane Ouattara.
  • March 28, 2011 ➡ start of the offensive by pro-Ouattara troops who take control of almost the entire country in four days.
  • April 11, 2011 ➡ Under the UN banner, the French forces bombard the residence of Laurent and Simone Gbagbo who are arrested and then taken to the Hôtel du Golf where they are made prisoners.
  • May 6, 2011 ➡ Alassane Ouattara swearing in.
  • May 21, 2011 ➡ investiture of Alassane Ouattara in Yamoussoukro.
  • August 18, 2011 ➡ Laurent and Simone Gbagbo are indicted and placed in preventive detention for "economic crimes".
  • November 30, 2011 ➡ Laurent Gbagbo is transferred and imprisoned at the detention center of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague.
  • December 11, 2011 ➡ the RDR, party of Alassane Ouattara, obtains the majority of seats in the legislative elections.

Côte d'Ivoire under the Ouattara presidency[edit | edit source]

  • February 29, 2012 ➡ The ICC issues an arrest warrant against Simone Gbagbo, detained in Odienné in the north of the country. The Ivorian authorities refusethe transfer of the former first lady to The Hague.
  • March 8, 2012 ➡ Prime Minister Guillaume Soro submits his resignation and that of his government to President Alassane Ouattara. On March 12, he was unanimously elected President of the National Assembly.
  • July 3, 2012 ➡ Côte d'Ivoire reaches the completion point of the HIPC Initiative under the 2012-2014 economic and financial program.
  • August 2012 ➡ between August and December, wave of attacks targeting the Ivorian security forces. The authorities incriminate Laurent Gbagbo's supporters. Arrest of several senior officials of the Gbagbo camp.
  • October 2, 2012 ➡ Bruno Dogbo Blé, former head of the Republican Guard, opens the first of the major trials of the post-electoral crisis, which concerns some forty pro-Gbagbo soldiers tried for their alleged participation in crimes committed during the post-electoral crisis - Ivorian election.
  • November 2012 ➡ November 14, following a political disagreement between the PDCI and the RDR, Ouattara dissolved the government. A week later, Daniel Kablan Duncan was appointed Prime Minister and formed a new government the next day.
  • January 17, 2013 ➡ arrest of Charles Blé Goudé in Ghana. Transferred to Côte d'Ivoire and imprisoned for war crimes, he will be transferred on March 23, 2014 to the ICC, which is prosecuting him for crimes against humanity.
  • April 26, 2014 ➡ creation of the Alliance of Democratic Forces (AFD) by 12 opposition parties, including the FPI.
  • April 10, 2014 ➡ reform of the CEI, strongly criticized by the opposition.
  • June 12, 2014 ➡ the ICC decides to try ex-president Laurent Gbagbo for crimes against humanity committed during the post-electoral crisis of 2010-2011, a decision finally ratified in September.
  • September 1, 2014 ➡ the government announces "the opening of humanitarian corridors" with Guinea and Liberia, while maintaining the closure of its borders with these two neighboring countries following the Ebola epidemic.
  • September 8, 2014 ➡ start of the public hearings of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission. AfDB returns to Abidjan after more than 10 years of absence.
  • December 16, 2014 ➡ inauguration of the third Abidjan bridge.
  • December 26, 2014 ➡ opening at the Abidjan Assize Court of the trial of the former first lady Simone Gbagbo, accused of "endangering state security".
  • February 8, 2015 ➡ Victory for the Ivory Coast Elephant national team in the 2015 African Cup of Nations (CAN) final by 9-8 in a penalty shoot-out.
  • March 10, 2015 ➡ Simone Gbagbo is sentenced to 20 years in prison. Michel Gbagbo, the son of the former president born from a first marriage to a French woman, is sentenced to 5 years in prison.
  • October 25, 2015 ➡ First presidential election since the post-electoral crisis. Alassane Ouattara was re-elected for 5 years from the 1st round with 83.66% of the vote, and invested on November 3, 2015.
  • January 6, 2016 ➡ Daniel Kablan Duncan presents the resignation of his ministerial team. A new team is presented on January 12, without major changes.
  • January 28, 2016 ➡ opening of the trial for crimes against humanity of Laurent Gbagbo in The Hague. The former president pleads not guilty, just like Charles Blé Goudé, who appears at his side. The estimated duration of the trial is 3 to 4 years.
  • March 13, 2016 ➡ the terrorist attack in Grand-Bassam, claimed by Aqmi / Al-Mourabitoune, killed 19 people. The government decrees 3 days of national mourning and announces a series of measures aimed at strengthening security throughout the territory. On March 21, four people suspected of complicity with the terrorists who attacked Grand-Bassam were arrested in two communes of Abidjan. Kounta Dallah, the main suspect, is being actively sought.
  • April 7, 2016 ➡ announcement of the reform of the Constitution, long promised by President Alassane Ouattara.
  • April 28, 2016 ➡ The UN Security Council lifts the last sanctions that weighed on Abidjan, including the arms embargo declared in 2004, and announces its final departure from the ONUCI mission by the end of June 2017.
  • May 26, 2016 ➡ arrest in Abidjan of one of the members of the commando who carried out the attack on Grand-Bassam in March 2016.
  • 25 June 2016 ➡ start of the revision of the electoral list in view of the constitutional referendum and the legislative elections scheduled before the end of the year.
  • June 30, 2016 ➡ in the name of reconciliation, several personalities of the Gbagbo regime returned from exile.
  • July 21, 2016 ➡ demonstrations against the rise in electricity prices in Daloa, Yamoussoukro and Bouaké. We deplore one death and dozens of injured. The Ivorian Electricity Company (CIE) apologizes to the people and announces measures.
  • August 20, 2016 ➡ Ruth Gbagbi and Cheick Cissé win bronze and gold in taekwondo at the Rio Olympics.
  • October 5, 2016 ➡ Alassane Ouattara presents the preliminary draft Constitution for a Third Republic to the National Assemblye and confirms the creation of a Senate and a post of vice-president. Strongly criticized by the opposition, which denounces a "monarchical drift of power", it will be validated by the deputies on October 11.
  • October 30, 2016 ➡ the draft new Constitution is adopted at 93.42% by the voters, with a participation rate of 42.42%.
  • December 18, 2016 ➡ the Rassemblement des houphouëtistes pour la democratie en Côte d'Ivoire (RHDP), a coalition supporting President Ouattara, obtains an absolute majority in the legislative elections, marked by a low turnout (34.1%).
  • January 5-6, 2017 ➡ several garrison towns are blocked by the armed forces. In Bouaké, Korhogo, Daloa and Daoukro, soldiers are demanding salary increases and the improvement of their living and working conditions. Two days later, President Alassane Ouattara promises to satisfy the demands of the military, particularly those of a material nature.
  • January 9, 2017 ➡ Resignation of Daniel Kablan Duncan and his government. Re-election of Guillaume Soro as head of the National Assembly. Dismissal of the heads of the security forces by presidential decree. The Intersyndicale des Civil Servants de Côte d'Ivoire (IF-CI) is calling for a strike across the country. Social movements involving different trades are taking place in several cities of the country. The strike slogan will be lifted at the end of January, leaving room for negotiations between authorities and officials.
  • January 10, 2017 ➡ Secretary General of the Presidency Amadou Gon Coulibaly is appointed Prime Minister. Daniel Kablan Duncan becomes vice-president.
  • January 17, 2017 ➡ new mutinies, this time concerning the gendarmes, broke out in Bouaké and Yamoussoukro, where gunfire killed four people. The Yamoussoukro mutineers demand that all the army corps (gendarmes, police and soldiers) be taken into account in the payment of bonuses. The next day, the government announces an emergency plan.
  • May 8, 2017 ➡ new mood swings among the demobilized ex-rebels who are blocking access to the town of Bouaké. An agreement will finally be reached with the mutineers on May 16.
  • June 29, 2017 ➡ end of the UNOCI peacekeeping mission, after 13 years of presence in the country.
  • July 21-30, 2017 ➡ Côte d'Ivoire is hosting the eighth edition of the Francophonie Games.
  • November 29-30, 2017 ➡ the fifth edition of the African Union / European Union Summit is held in Abidjan.

Sources[edit | edit source]

  • petitfute.com
  • rfi.fr
  • lemonde.fr
  • La Crise ivoirienne, Thomas Hofnung, Éditions La Découverte, Paris, 2011

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