Language/Georgian/Culture/Georgia-Timeline
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Historical Timeline for Georgia - A chronology of key events
Georgia Timeline[edit | edit source]
BC.[edit | edit source] | |
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Genesis of Georgian territories[edit | edit source] | |
- 1.8 million years | Man of Dmanissi (Between Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus). |
Around - 2000 | Advent of the Hittite Empire in the south of Transcaucasia. Bronze Age in Georgia. |
Between 1800 and 700 | Culture known as "Colchidian" in western Georgia. In eastern Georgia, culture of the Kurgans. |
13th century | Fall of the Hittite Empire. Assyrian Empire; first mention of Protogeorgian tribes: Kachkaïs, Mouchkis and Tibals. |
8th century | War between the Confederation of Diaouéhis de Colchide and Ourartou. |
Between Persians and Greco-Romans[edit | edit source] | |
6th century | Formation of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. |
6th-4th century | Georgian tribes mentioned by the Greeks in the Persian wars. |
3rd century | Victories of Alexander the Great over the Persians. Independent kingdom of Kartlie-Iberia under King Parnavazi. |
2nd century | Foundation of the Hellenic Kingdom of Pontus. |
1st century | Mithridates du Pont seizes Colchis (western Georgia). |
65 | Pompey becomes master of Colchis and Iberia (eastern Georgia). |
A.D.[edit | edit source] | |
1st-3rd centuries | Roman West Georgia; in eastern Georgia, kingdom of Kartlie-Iberia under Roman protectorate. |
337 | Conversion of Kartlie-Iberia to Christianity by Nino of Cappadocia. |
368 | The Sassanid Persians take Tbilissi. Beginning of Persian hegemony in eastern Georgia. Byzantium dominates western Georgia. |
451 | Council of Chalcedon which consecrates duophysism and condemns monophysism. The Georgian clergy became Duophysite (Orthodox), the Armenian Monophysite. |
485 | King Vakhtang Gorgasali drives out the Persians from Kartlie. |
458 | Vakhtang moves the capital of Kartlie-Iberia from Mtskheta to Tbilisi. |
473-493 | Construction of the Church of Sion in Bolnissi. |
518 | Return of Persian hegemony. |
6th century | Intensive evangelization of Georgia by the thirteen Syrian fathers. Construction of the Church of the Cross in Mtskheta, foundation of the Garedja monasteries. Laz kingdom in Western Georgia. |
637 | End of the Persian Empire of the Sassanids. |
643-645 | Beginning of the Arab incursions. Arab domination of eastern Georgia; Western Georgia remains under Byzantine hegemony. |
7th century | Emergence in the west of the principality of Abkhazia. |
8th century | Arab-Byzantine wars for the control of Transcaucasia. In eastern Georgia, Kakheti retains a high degree of independence from the Arabs. |
9th century | Emergence of the Bagrationi house in Kartlie-Iberia. Prosperity of the kingdom of Abkhazia with Kutaisi as its capital. |
The kingdom of the Bagratids[edit | edit source] | |
888 | Coronation of Adarnase IV Bagrationi in Kartlie-Iberia; first king in eastern Georgia for 3 centuries. |
1008 | Bagrat III crowned king of Abkhazia-Kartlie: first king of eastern and western Georgia. |
1065 | Invasion of the Seljuk Turks. |
1089-1125 | Reign of David Aghmachénébéli (the Reconstructor) who drives the Turks out of Georgia. Mighty kingdom of a united Georgia. |
1122 | Capture of Tbilisi by David. It is in the hands of a Georgian monarch for the first time in 4 centuries. |
12th century | Georgia's "Golden Age". |
1184-1213 | Reign of Queen Tamar. |
Dislocation[edit | edit source] | |
1225 | Genghis Khan's troops enter Georgia. The Mongol yoke begins. |
1300 | Capture of Jerusalem by the Mongols. |
1341-1346 | Kingdom unified under George V the Brilliant who liberates the country from the Mongols. |
1386 | Invasion of Tamerlan. Georgia devastated. |
1412-1442 | Reign of Alexander known as "the Great": last king of a united Georgia. Dislocation of the kingdom into small principalities until its abdication. |
Between Ottoman Turks and Safavid Persians[edit | edit source] | |
1453 | Capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks. |
1461 | Capture of Trebizond by the Ottomans. Western Georgia will be dominated by the Turks continuously for 3 centuries. |
1478 | Tbilisi falls into the hands of the Persians. |
15th-18th century | Safavid Persian domination in eastern Georgia. |
1554 | Tbilissi is plundered by the Persians. |
1555 | Peace of Amassa: in western Georgia, Ottoman Turks, in the east, the Safavid Persians. |
1587 | Shah Abbas the Great on the throne of Iran: he devastates Kakheti and deportes its inhabitants, ancestors of the Georgians of Iran. Eastern Georgia is back in the Persian fold. |
17th century | Turkish domination in the west, Persian in the east. |
1624 | King Teimouraz, vassal of Iran, unites the two crowns of Kartlie and Kakheti. |
1628 | Creation of Akhaltsikhé's pachalik: southern Georgia becomes part of the Ottoman Empire. |
Seeking Christian protection[edit | edit source] | |
1709-1722 | The king of Kartlie, Vakhtang VI, tries to mobilize Europe against Persians and Turks, without success. |
1722-1735 | Osmanoloba, "Turkish domination" in eastern Georgia. |
Second half of the 18th century | Kizilbachoba, "Safavid Persian domination" in eastern Georgia. |
1748-1798 | Reign of Irakli II in Kartlie-Kakheti. He seeks Russian protection to drive PErers and Turks out of Georgia and manages to ally his kingdom to the empire of Catherine II. |
1783 | Treaty of Gueorguievsk: Kartlie-Kakheti becomes Russian protectorate. Russian troops are stationed there to protect the kingdom. |
1787-1791 | Russo-Turkish war of seven years. Russia withdraws its troops. |
1795 | The Iran of Shah Agah-Mohammed Khan invades Kartlie-Kakheti; Tbilisi is sacked. |
Under the Russian Empire[edit | edit source] | |
1801 | Annexation of Kartlie-Kakheti by the Russians. King Guiorgui XII is deposed, creation of the viceroyalty of the Caucasus, with Tiflis for capital. |
1802 | Revolt in Kakheti (eastern Georgia) and massacre of Russian officials. Suppression of the revolt. |
1810 | Annexation of Imeretia. |
1828 | Campaign of General Erevanski-Paskevich against the Turks. Poti is taken, Samtskhé-Djavakhétie annexed to Russia. |
Second part of the 19th century | Tiflis thrives as the cultural and political capital of the Caucasus. Development of a strong Georgian and Armenian intelligentsia. |
1858 | Annexation of Svaneti. |
1859 | Imam Chamil of the North Caucasus is defeated by the Russians. |
1864 | The last Circassian mountain tribe is defeated by the Russians |
1866 | Annexation of Mingrélie. |
1877-1878 | Russo-Turkish War. Treaty of San Stefano: Ajaria is annexed. All of Georgia is Russian. |
1879 | Birth in Gori of Iossif Vissarionovitch Djougachvili, known as Stalin. |
1890 | Russian is declared the official language; intensification of the Russification of Transcaucasia. |
1902 | Stalin imprisoned in Batumi after leading the workers' revolt there. |
1905 | Revolt throughout the harshly suppressed Russian Empire. The Georgian Social Democratic Party becomes active in the Tiflis Duma. |
Soviet independence and annexation[edit | edit source] | |
1917 | Creation of the Tiflis Soviet after the revolution in Saint Petersburg. |
November 22, 1917 | Creation of the National Council of Georgia; the Mensheviks remain dominant against the Bolsheviks. |
1917 | Restoration of autocephaly in the Church. |
May 26, 1918 | Promulgation of the act of independence. Noé Jordania Prime Minister. |
1918 | War without a future with Armenia. |
February 11, 1921 | The Red Army invades Georgia. |
1922 | Creation of the RFSS of . |
1932 | Lavrenti Béria at the head of the PC of Transcaucasia. Stalinist purges. |
1929-1933 | Collectivization of land. |
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic[edit | edit source] | |
1936 | Creation of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. |
1941-45 | Great Patriotic War of the USSR against Nazi Germany. |
1943 | Recognition of autocephaly by the Georgian Church. |
1956 | Destalinization. |
1972 | Edouard Chevardnadzé First secretary of the Georgian Communist Party. |
1977 | Election of Patriarch Ilia II. |
April 14, 1978 | Demonstration in defense of the Georgian language. Moscow's initiative to suppress it as a national language is withdrawn. |
1985 | Shevardnadze leaves for Moscow to become USSR Minister of Foreign Affairs. Under Gorbachev, the start of perestroika. |
April 9, 1990 | The Soviet army fires at the crowd during a demonstration in Tbilisi. |
Independence and chaos[edit | edit source] | |
April 9, 1991 | Georgia's declaration of independence. |
May 26, 1991 | Zviad Gamsakhourdia is elected President of Georgia. |
November 28, 1991 | South Ossetia proclaims itself independent. |
December 1991-January 1992 | Civil war in Georgia. President Zviad Gamsakhourdia is stepping down from power. Kitovani and Iosseliani call on Edouard Chevardnadzé to join power. They form the triumvirate. |
1992-1993 | War with the secessionist republic of Abkhazia which proclaims itself independent in July 1992. Georgia joins the CIS (October). |
October 11, 1992 | Edouard Chevardnadzé is elected President of Parliament. |
January 1993 | Suicide of Zviad Gamsakhourdia (murder for some). |
Stabilization and reconstruction: Shevardnadze and Saakashvili[edit | edit source] | |
November 5, 1995 | Presidential elections. Edouard Chevardnadzé is elected president for four years. |
1997 (June) | Georgia joins the Council of Europe. |
Spring 2000 | Presidential elections. Edouard Chevarnadzé is re-elected. |
October 2001 | Mikheïl Saakachvili joins the opposition and founds the National Movement. |
June 2002 | Municipal elections. Saakashvili becomes mayor of Tbilisi. |
November 2003 | Legislative elections with massive fraud which will be followed by the Rose Revolution. Edouard Chevardnadzé resigns. |
January 4, 2004 | Mikhaïl Saakachvili is elected President of the Republic with 97% of the votes cast. At 36, he is the youngest head of state in Europe. |
May 2004 | Adjara's dictator Aslan Abachidzé fled to Russia. Ajaria returns to Georgian control. |
September 2006 | "Spy crisis" between Tbilissi and Moscow. Russian embargo on Georgian products. |
November 12, 2006 | Referendum in South Ossetia. The separatist authorities are popular on their territory; in the territory held by the army GéOrgian, Tbilisi establishes an alternative authority, a "second" South Ossetia Progéorgienne. Dimitri Sanakoev is elected president. |
November 1-7, 2007 | Opposition demonstrations in Tbilisi. Brutal dispersal on November 7 by the police, followed by the declaration of a state of emergency and early elections. |
November 16, 2007 | State of emergency lifted, start of the electoral campaign. |
January 5, 2008 | Restless re-election of Mikheïl Saakachvili. |
May 21, 2008 | Victory for Saakachvili's party in the legislative elections, suspicion of fraud. |
8-20 August 2008 | "War of August 2008" between Georgia, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Russia. |
August 26, 2008 | Russia recognizes the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Georgia lost the war. |
April 2009 | Opposition demonstrations paralyze Tbilisi. |
March 13, 2010 | Hoax on Imedi television, staging a new Russian invasion. |
March 30, 2010 | Guigui Ougoulava re-elected mayor of Tbilissi. |
October 15, 2010 | A new constitution is adopted, which will come into force at the next presidential election, in October 2013. |
November 20, 2010 | Mikheïl Saakachvili and Barack Obama meet for the first time. |
February-April 2011 | Tensions between Israel and Georgia over Israeli businessmen arrested for attempting to bribe officials. |
March 2011 | Georgia reiterates its opposition to Russia's entry into the WTO. Intense diplomatic work by Georgia in the West and multiplication of meetings with Western partners. |
Towards a normal democracy?[edit | edit source] | |
October 1, 2012 | Victory of the "Georgian Dream" in the legislative elections. Bidzina Ivanichvili Prime Minister of cohabitation. |
June 2013 | Russia reopens its Georgian wine and mineral water market. |
October 27, 2013 | Le Rêve Géorgien wins the presidential race. Guiorgui Margvélachvili President, Irakli Garibachvili Prime Minister. |
May 2014 | Russia opens its market to almost all Georgian agricultural products. |
July 7, 2014 | Death of Edouard Chévardnadzé in Tbilissi, the longest-lived politician in contemporary Georgia. |
December 23, 2015 | resignation of Prime Minister Irakli Garibachvili, succeeded by Guiorgui Kvirikachvili. |
October 2016 | The legislative elections give Rêve Géorgien a large majority. Saakashvili, who has tried many times to destabilize power throughout the year, gives up his ambitions and prolongs his exile in Ukraine. |
Source[edit | edit source]
- https://www.petitfute.com/p134-georgie/guide-touristique/c8847-histoire.html
- https://fr.wikipedia.org/
World Timelines[edit source]
Videos[edit | edit source]
GEORGIA (SAKARTVELO): What was the Georgian "golden age ...[edit | edit source]