Language/Georgian/Culture/Georgia-Timeline

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Historical Timeline for Georgia - A chronology of key events
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Tbilisi-Georgia-Timeline-PolyglotClub.jpg


Georgia Timeline[edit | edit source]

BC.[edit | edit source]

Genesis of Georgian territories[edit | edit source]

- 1.8 million years Man of Dmanissi (Between Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus).
Around - 2000 Advent of the Hittite Empire in the south of Transcaucasia. Bronze Age in Georgia.
Between 1800 and 700 Culture known as "Colchidian" in western Georgia. In eastern Georgia, culture of the Kurgans.
13th century Fall of the Hittite Empire. Assyrian Empire; first mention of Protogeorgian tribes: Kachkaïs, Mouchkis and Tibals.
8th century War between the Confederation of Diaouéhis de Colchide and Ourartou.

Between Persians and Greco-Romans[edit | edit source]

6th century Formation of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
6th-4th century Georgian tribes mentioned by the Greeks in the Persian wars.
3rd century Victories of Alexander the Great over the Persians. Independent kingdom of Kartlie-Iberia under King Parnavazi.
2nd century Foundation of the Hellenic Kingdom of Pontus.
1st century Mithridates du Pont seizes Colchis (western Georgia).
65 Pompey becomes master of Colchis and Iberia (eastern Georgia).

A.D.[edit | edit source]

1st-3rd centuries Roman West Georgia; in eastern Georgia, kingdom of Kartlie-Iberia under Roman protectorate.
337 Conversion of Kartlie-Iberia to Christianity by Nino of Cappadocia.
368 The Sassanid Persians take Tbilissi. Beginning of Persian hegemony in eastern Georgia. Byzantium dominates western Georgia.
451 Council of Chalcedon which consecrates duophysism and condemns monophysism. The Georgian clergy became Duophysite (Orthodox), the Armenian Monophysite.
485 King Vakhtang Gorgasali drives out the Persians from Kartlie.
458 Vakhtang moves the capital of Kartlie-Iberia from Mtskheta to Tbilisi.
473-493 Construction of the Church of Sion in Bolnissi.
518 Return of Persian hegemony.
6th century Intensive evangelization of Georgia by the thirteen Syrian fathers. Construction of the Church of the Cross in Mtskheta, foundation of the Garedja monasteries. Laz kingdom in Western Georgia.
637 End of the Persian Empire of the Sassanids.
643-645 Beginning of the Arab incursions. Arab domination of eastern Georgia; Western Georgia remains under Byzantine hegemony.
7th century Emergence in the west of the principality of Abkhazia.
8th century Arab-Byzantine wars for the control of Transcaucasia. In eastern Georgia, Kakheti retains a high degree of independence from the Arabs.
9th century Emergence of the Bagrationi house in Kartlie-Iberia. Prosperity of the kingdom of Abkhazia with Kutaisi as its capital.

The kingdom of the Bagratids[edit | edit source]

888 Coronation of Adarnase IV Bagrationi in Kartlie-Iberia; first king in eastern Georgia for 3 centuries.
1008 Bagrat III crowned king of Abkhazia-Kartlie: first king of eastern and western Georgia.
1065 Invasion of the Seljuk Turks.
1089-1125 Reign of David Aghmachénébéli (the Reconstructor) who drives the Turks out of Georgia. Mighty kingdom of a united Georgia.
1122 Capture of Tbilisi by David. It is in the hands of a Georgian monarch for the first time in 4 centuries.
12th century Georgia's "Golden Age".
1184-1213 Reign of Queen Tamar.

Dislocation[edit | edit source]

1225 Genghis Khan's troops enter Georgia. The Mongol yoke begins.
1300 Capture of Jerusalem by the Mongols.
1341-1346 Kingdom unified under George V the Brilliant who liberates the country from the Mongols.
1386 Invasion of Tamerlan. Georgia devastated.
1412-1442 Reign of Alexander known as "the Great": last king of a united Georgia. Dislocation of the kingdom into small principalities until its abdication.

Between Ottoman Turks and Safavid Persians[edit | edit source]

1453 Capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks.
1461 Capture of Trebizond by the Ottomans. Western Georgia will be dominated by the Turks continuously for 3 centuries.
1478 Tbilisi falls into the hands of the Persians.
15th-18th century Safavid Persian domination in eastern Georgia.
1554 Tbilissi is plundered by the Persians.
1555 Peace of Amassa: in western Georgia, Ottoman Turks, in the east, the Safavid Persians.
1587 Shah Abbas the Great on the throne of Iran: he devastates Kakheti and deportes its inhabitants, ancestors of the Georgians of Iran. Eastern Georgia is back in the Persian fold.
17th century Turkish domination in the west, Persian in the east.
1624 King Teimouraz, vassal of Iran, unites the two crowns of Kartlie and Kakheti.
1628 Creation of Akhaltsikhé's pachalik: southern Georgia becomes part of the Ottoman Empire.

Seeking Christian protection[edit | edit source]

1709-1722 The king of Kartlie, Vakhtang VI, tries to mobilize Europe against Persians and Turks, without success.
1722-1735 Osmanoloba, "Turkish domination" in eastern Georgia.
Second half of the 18th century Kizilbachoba, "Safavid Persian domination" in eastern Georgia.
1748-1798 Reign of Irakli II in Kartlie-Kakheti. He seeks Russian protection to drive PErers and Turks out of Georgia and manages to ally his kingdom to the empire of Catherine II.
1783 Treaty of Gueorguievsk: Kartlie-Kakheti becomes Russian protectorate. Russian troops are stationed there to protect the kingdom.
1787-1791 Russo-Turkish war of seven years. Russia withdraws its troops.
1795 The Iran of Shah Agah-Mohammed Khan invades Kartlie-Kakheti; Tbilisi is sacked.

Under the Russian Empire[edit | edit source]

1801 Annexation of Kartlie-Kakheti by the Russians. King Guiorgui XII is deposed, creation of the viceroyalty of the Caucasus, with Tiflis for capital.
1802 Revolt in Kakheti (eastern Georgia) and massacre of Russian officials. Suppression of the revolt.
1810 Annexation of Imeretia.
1828 Campaign of General Erevanski-Paskevich against the Turks. Poti is taken, Samtskhé-Djavakhétie annexed to Russia.
Second part of the 19th century Tiflis thrives as the cultural and political capital of the Caucasus. Development of a strong Georgian and Armenian intelligentsia.
1858 Annexation of Svaneti.
1859 Imam Chamil of the North Caucasus is defeated by the Russians.
1864 The last Circassian mountain tribe is defeated by the Russians
1866 Annexation of Mingrélie.
1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War. Treaty of San Stefano: Ajaria is annexed. All of Georgia is Russian.
1879 Birth in Gori of Iossif Vissarionovitch Djougachvili, known as Stalin.
1890 Russian is declared the official language; intensification of the Russification of Transcaucasia.
1902 Stalin imprisoned in Batumi after leading the workers' revolt there.
1905 Revolt throughout the harshly suppressed Russian Empire. The Georgian Social Democratic Party becomes active in the Tiflis Duma.

Soviet independence and annexation[edit | edit source]

1917 Creation of the Tiflis Soviet after the revolution in Saint Petersburg.
November 22, 1917 Creation of the National Council of Georgia; the Mensheviks remain dominant against the Bolsheviks.
1917 Restoration of autocephaly in the Church.
May 26, 1918 Promulgation of the act of independence. Noé Jordania Prime Minister.
1918 War without a future with Armenia.
February 11, 1921 The Red Army invades Georgia.
1922 Creation of the RFSS of .
1932 Lavrenti Béria at the head of the PC of Transcaucasia. Stalinist purges.
1929-1933 Collectivization of land.

Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic[edit | edit source]

1936 Creation of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
1941-45 Great Patriotic War of the USSR against Nazi Germany.
1943 Recognition of autocephaly by the Georgian Church.
1956 Destalinization.
1972 Edouard Chevardnadzé First secretary of the Georgian Communist Party.
1977 Election of Patriarch Ilia II.
April 14, 1978 Demonstration in defense of the Georgian language. Moscow's initiative to suppress it as a national language is withdrawn.
1985 Shevardnadze leaves for Moscow to become USSR Minister of Foreign Affairs. Under Gorbachev, the start of perestroika.
April 9, 1990 The Soviet army fires at the crowd during a demonstration in Tbilisi.

Independence and chaos[edit | edit source]

April 9, 1991 Georgia's declaration of independence.
May 26, 1991 Zviad Gamsakhourdia is elected President of Georgia.
November 28, 1991 South Ossetia proclaims itself independent.
December 1991-January 1992 Civil war in Georgia. President Zviad Gamsakhourdia is stepping down from power. Kitovani and Iosseliani call on Edouard Chevardnadzé to join power. They form the triumvirate.
1992-1993 War with the secessionist republic of Abkhazia which proclaims itself independent in July 1992. Georgia joins the CIS (October).
October 11, 1992 Edouard Chevardnadzé is elected President of Parliament.
January 1993 Suicide of Zviad Gamsakhourdia (murder for some).

Stabilization and reconstruction: Shevardnadze and Saakashvili[edit | edit source]

November 5, 1995 Presidential elections. Edouard Chevardnadzé is elected president for four years.
1997 (June) Georgia joins the Council of Europe.
Spring 2000 Presidential elections. Edouard Chevarnadzé is re-elected.
October 2001 Mikheïl Saakachvili joins the opposition and founds the National Movement.
June 2002 Municipal elections. Saakashvili becomes mayor of Tbilisi.
November 2003 Legislative elections with massive fraud which will be followed by the Rose Revolution. Edouard Chevardnadzé resigns.
January 4, 2004 Mikhaïl Saakachvili is elected President of the Republic with 97% of the votes cast. At 36, he is the youngest head of state in Europe.
May 2004 Adjara's dictator Aslan Abachidzé fled to Russia. Ajaria returns to Georgian control.
September 2006 "Spy crisis" between Tbilissi and Moscow. Russian embargo on Georgian products.
November 12, 2006 Referendum in South Ossetia. The separatist authorities are popular on their territory; in the territory held by the army GéOrgian, Tbilisi establishes an alternative authority, a "second" South Ossetia Progéorgienne. Dimitri Sanakoev is elected president.
November 1-7, 2007 Opposition demonstrations in Tbilisi. Brutal dispersal on November 7 by the police, followed by the declaration of a state of emergency and early elections.
November 16, 2007 State of emergency lifted, start of the electoral campaign.
January 5, 2008 Restless re-election of Mikheïl Saakachvili.
May 21, 2008 Victory for Saakachvili's party in the legislative elections, suspicion of fraud.
8-20 August 2008 "War of August 2008" between Georgia, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Russia.
August 26, 2008 Russia recognizes the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Georgia lost the war.
April 2009 Opposition demonstrations paralyze Tbilisi.
March 13, 2010 Hoax on Imedi television, staging a new Russian invasion.
March 30, 2010 Guigui Ougoulava re-elected mayor of Tbilissi.
October 15, 2010 A new constitution is adopted, which will come into force at the next presidential election, in October 2013.
November 20, 2010 Mikheïl Saakachvili and Barack Obama meet for the first time.
February-April 2011 Tensions between Israel and Georgia over Israeli businessmen arrested for attempting to bribe officials.
March 2011 Georgia reiterates its opposition to Russia's entry into the WTO. Intense diplomatic work by Georgia in the West and multiplication of meetings with Western partners.

Towards a normal democracy?[edit | edit source]

October 1, 2012 Victory of the "Georgian Dream" in the legislative elections. Bidzina Ivanichvili Prime Minister of cohabitation.
June 2013 Russia reopens its Georgian wine and mineral water market.
October 27, 2013 Le Rêve Géorgien wins the presidential race. Guiorgui Margvélachvili President, Irakli Garibachvili Prime Minister.
May 2014 Russia opens its market to almost all Georgian agricultural products.
July 7, 2014 Death of Edouard Chévardnadzé in Tbilissi, the longest-lived politician in contemporary Georgia.
December 23, 2015 resignation of Prime Minister Irakli Garibachvili, succeeded by Guiorgui Kvirikachvili.
October 2016 The legislative elections give Rêve Géorgien a large majority. Saakashvili, who has tried many times to destabilize power throughout the year, gives up his ambitions and prolongs his exile in Ukraine.

Source[edit | edit source]

World Timelines[edit source]

Videos[edit | edit source]

GEORGIA (SAKARTVELO): What was the Georgian "golden age ...[edit | edit source]

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