Language/Egyptian-arabic/Culture/Egypt-Timeline

Historical Timeline for Egypt - A chronology of key events

Ancient Egypt and Byzantine

The division of the history of Egypt into major periods and into thirty-one dynasties is inherited from the priest-historian Manetho who lived in Egypt in the third century BC, then under Macedonian domination. The ancient Egyptians did not make this distinction: for them the monarchy was continuous.

• Until the 13th century BC: settlement along the Nile and the Predynastic Period. Gradually two rival kingdoms were formed: the North (Lower Egypt) and the South (Upper Egypt).
• From ~ 3100 to 2650 BCE: Thinite period. The kings of the South invade the Nile Delta and unify the country. They founded the 1st Dynasty and settled in Thinis, near Abydos.
• From 2650 to 2150 BC: the Old Kingdom, Egypt's “golden age”. A very long period (~ 500 years!) In which the foundations of Egyptian civilization were laid: arts, philosophy, religion, political institutions… This was the time when gigantic projects were set up to build the first pyramids.
• From 2150 to 2060 BCE: First Intermediate Period; challenge to royal authority and uprising of provincial governors (nomarchs). The political crisis results in a civil war between North and South. Montouhotep II ends up imposing the Theban dynasty of the South.
• From 2060 to 1785 before our era: during the Middle Kingdom the country found a certain serenity conducive to new military engagements and to the flowering of a sober and elegant art. Reign of the Senouseret (Sésostris) from which the famous Tale of Sinouhé will be inspired.
• From 1785 to 1580 BC: Second Intermediate Period; Little by little, a people of invaders from the East settled in the Nile delta to finally found their own state. Benefiting from a certain technological advance (they introduced horses and the war chariot), the Hyksos occupied the North, founded their own dynasty and subjugated the southern provinces.
• From 1580 to 1085 BCE: New Kingdom. The combined efforts of three Theban kings (Séqénenrê Taâ, Kamose and Ahmôsis Ier are necessary to drive the Hyksôs out of Egypt. The revival which follows gives rise to the apogee of the Egyptian power. Its influence extends and its influence. Culture radiates to the borders of Mesopotamia. The arts become extremely refined, the temples of Karnak and Luxor are enlarged; thus are born the sumptuous tombs of the Valley of the Kings, the temples of Abu Simbel ... 18th and 19th dynasties: the Amenhotep (Amenophis), Thotmès (Thoutmôsis), Ramses (from I to IX), as well as Hatshepsut, Akhenaton and Toutânkhamon ...
• From 1080 to 332 BC: Third Intermediate Period and Late Period. The Egypt of the pharaohs begins to decline. Weakened by external threats, power is grabbed by a few princes and priests who proclaim themselves kings. The Libyans and then the Ethiopians temporarily succeed in restoring a semblance of order that does not last. Constant turf wars plunge the country into semi-anarchy. Libyan, Kushite and Sais dynasties… The Assyrians plunder Thebes and its great temples. Art, under foreign influence, becomes coarse and degenerates. Egypt becomes a satrapy of the Achaemenid empire after the conquest of the latter by Cambyses II, who becomes pharaoh. After a difficult revolt, Nectanebo II is the last Egyptian pharaoh.
• From 332 to 30 BC: the Hellenistic (or Ptolemaic) Period begins with the liberation of the country by Alexander the Great. This pushes back the Persians, founded a new capital - Alexandria - in -331 and launched a series of projects. Upon his death, General Ptolemy with whom he was closely linked took possession of Egypt and created the Lagides dynasty. The Macedonians understand that they govern a people with millennial traditions and take advantage of it: they promote the cult of Isis and Sarapis whose fame will reach Rome. In -48, to attract the good graces of Caesar whose glory continues to grow, King Ptolemy XIII had his rival, the consul Pompey, assassinated. This dishonorable murder produces the opposite effect: Caesar occupies the capital and becomes the lover of the king's sister-wife, Cleopatra VII Philopator, whom he installs on the throne. On the death of the dictator, the Queen of Egypt sided with Marc-Antoine against Octave for power in Rome. She was finally defeated in Actium in -30 and returned to Alexandria where she killed herself on August 15.
• From 30 before our era to 395: the Roman period extends until the division of the Roman Empire in 395. In 30 before our era, Octavian, nephew of Caesar, is proclaimed Emperor in Rome under the name of Augustus . He doesdisappear the son of Cleopatra, Ptolemy XV Caesarion, last legitimate heir to the throne. From now on Egypt will only be a province of the new Roman Empire. Christianity developed during the first century, in Egypt as in the whole of the Mediterranean basin.
• From 395 to 642: the Byzantine period goes from 395 to the capture of Alexandria by the Arabs in 642.

642-1798

After a Christian period, the country passes from the 7th century under the domination of the Arab caliphs before they were overthrown by the Turks (the Mamluks).

969

July 6: The Fatimids settle in Egypt and establish their capital in Cairo. The route of the city is made north of the suburbs of the country's former Muslim capital, Fûstat. The new city takes the name of al-Qahira, due to the horoscope. Construction of the al-Azhar mosque will begin a year later.

1174

November 25: The Kurdish sultan Saladin (Salah al-Din in Arabic), enters Damascus and seizes Syria. He connects the two Arab countries and therefore becomes Sultan of Syria. Saladin will continue his conquest of the Middle East as far as Kurdistan and the conquest of Jerusalem.

1250

February 8: On the road to the 7th Crusade, the King of France Louis IX (known as “Saint Louis”) is taken prisoner at the end of the battle of Mansûrah in Egypt. After paying a ransom to Sultan Turanshah of 400,000 pounds, it will be issued on May 6.

1798-1801

Bonaparte's expedition and French rout. Egypt is finding the foundations of a modern state by opening up to the West.

1798

• July 21: General Napoleon Bonaparte, who leads the Egyptian campaign, defeats the Mamluk horsemen not far from the pyramids of Giza. Mourad Bey's troops surprised by the infantry fire quickly withdrew and the confrontation did not last more than two hours. Victorious, Bonaparte will reign over Egypt like a vizier until the intervention of the British fleet in 1801 which will drive him out of the region for good.
• August 1: In Aboukir harbor, the French fleet commanded by Admiral Brueys d'Aigaïlliers is defeated by the British fleet under the orders of Admiral Nelson. Only four ships out of twenty managed to escape. The French fleet had just landed in Alexandria in Egypt the expeditionary force of General Napoleon Bonaparte who wanted to undermine the authority of the British in the eastern Mediterranean and control the route to India. Napoleon Bonaparte was then stranded in Egypt and returned secretly a year later. Nelson, having no other orders than to neutralize this fleet, had returned to Great Britain with his prizes of war as soon as his mission was accomplished.

1799

October 8: Four frigates (the Muiron, the Carrère, the Alert and the Independent) anchor in front of Fréjus: on board, General Bonaparte returning from Egypt with Generals Duroc, Lannes, Marmont, Murat and Berthier. The four ships had left Alexandria on August 22 and made a long detour to avoid British ships. The difficulties encountered by the Directory and the stagnation of the French armies in Egypt prompted the ambitious general to hasten his return to France. He leaves the command of operations in Egypt to General Kléber, who will be assassinated in Cairo less than a year later.

1801

August 31: End of the Egyptian expedition. General Ménou, head of the French troops in Egypt, signs an evacuation agreement with the British in Alexandria. On October 9, 1 the Treaty of Paris between France and the Ottoman Empire returned Egypt to the latter. If the Egyptian campaign ends in military failure, it will allow Egyptology to develop.

1805-1876

The different Pashas who succeed one another modernize the country, destroy the power of the Mamluks and undertake conquests. Little by little French influence diminished in favor of that of the British.

1805

Sultan Selim III appoints Mehemet-Ali pasha of Egypt. He began by breaking the power of the local feudal lords, the Mameluks: having invited their leaders to a banquet in the citadel of Cairo, he had them all massacred: deprived of their leaders, their troops easily submitted.

Méhémet-Ali launches a series of military and political reforms with a view to modernizing the country, making itself de facto independent of the Ottoman Empire. He will even attack this one, perhaps to become sultan in his turn. In fact the Egyptian armies, under the leadership of his son Ibrahim, will go from victory to victory against the Turkish army. It is only a diplomatic intervention of the European powers (and the threat of military intervention), which will put an end to the Egyptian offensive.

Frustrated with his victory in the north, Méhémet-Ali then turned to the south and began to conquer Sudan, which became an Egyptian colony.

1828

July 31: French Egyptologist Jean-François Champollion, 38, who has never set foot in the land of the pharaohs, fulfills his dream by setting off at the head of a scientific expedition to Egypt. For two years, he will not stop reading and translating ancient texts. On his return, he will publish Monuments of Egypt and Nubia which will become a reference work for Egyptologists. Champollion acquired his worldwide fame in 1822 by deciphering the hieroglyphics appearing on the Rosetta Stone discovered 23 years earlier.

1869

November 17: The Suez Canal, built by the company of Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps, is inaugurated in the presence of Empress Eugenie, wife of Napoleon III, and Emperor of Austria Franz Joseph. It is 162 kilometers long, 54 meters wide and eight meters deep. It connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea and allows London to reach Bombay without going around the African continent. However, five years later, the British are the main shareholders of the work. Thus, the British took control of the canal and kept it until the nationalization imposed by Nasser in 1956.

1879-1952

British rule, followed by a protectorate from 1914. End of the protectorate over Egypt in 1922, which becomes a kingdom with relative autonomy. In 1936, the country gained almost complete independence.

1882

July-September: Anglo-Egyptian war, victory for the United Kingdom, which now occupies Egypt, whose independence is only theoretical.

1912

December 7: In Tell el-Amarna in Egypt, German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt discovers a polychrome sandstone bust of the Egyptian queen Nefertiti. It will be kept at the Dahlem Museum in Berlin (and currently on display at the Neues Museum in Berlin). Nefertiti, wife of the pharaoh Amenhotep IV Akhenaton reigned in the fourteenth century before our era, her name means "the beautiful one has come" in Egyptian.

1922

• February 28: under pressure from the Egyptian independence movement, in particular from the Wafd party ("the delegation", the party of lawyer Saad Zaghloul) 2, the British government proclaims the end of the protectorate that it had officially established in 1914 on the Egypt. The autonomy of the kingdom of Egypt remains relative, because certain areas remain reserved for the British crown such as security on the Suez Canal, defense and protection of foreign interests. After the abolition of the protectorate, Sultan Fouad I will proclaim himself king of Egypt.
• November 4: discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb. British archaeologist Howard Carter and his team succeed in clearing a stone staircase leading down to the tomb of the Egyptian sovereign. Carter will wait several days before reaching the tomb. The smallest of the tombs in the whole valley of the kings, Tutankhamun's tomb has remained famous because all the treasures it contained have been fully preserved.

1936

August 26: by the Treaty of London, the United Kingdom grants the Kingdom of Egypt its independence, but keeps the monopoly of the protection of the Suez Canal for twenty years.

1942

October 23: the British, led by General Bernard Montgomery, launch a vast counter-offensive against the Germans present since June 30 west of Alexandria. Marshal Rommel is forced to retreat in the face of the breakthrough of the British Eighth Army. This battle of El-Alamein marks a halt to the progress of the Afrikakorps in North Africa. From November the German and Italian troops will withdraw from Egypt and Libya.

1943

May 13: the sudden and complete defeat of the Afrikakorps completes the liberation of North Africa. Between 1941 and 1943, the Afrikakorps, a German expeditionary force under the command of Marshal Rommel, faced Allied forces in Libya, Egypt and Tunisia. After this victory, the Allies began to consider a landing in Italy.

1945

March 22: Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Yemen and present-day Jordan create a common organization in Cairo: the Arab League. The association wants to affirm the union of the Arab Nation and the independence of each of its members. As they gain independence, the other states of the Arab world will join this organization, which now has 22 countries. The Arab League will openly oppose the creation of the State of Israel and will host the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) in 1964.

1948

March 27: Egyptian King Farouk lays the foundation stone for the Aswan High Dam. The financial and technical assistance provided by the Soviets will be considerable in the realization of this project. The future dam, 3,600 m long and 111 m high, will divert the Nile from its bed by a canal of 1.6 km. But the water retention will cause the displacement of treasures from ancient Egypt such as the temples of Nubia in Abu Simbel. The grand Aswan Dam will be inaugurated on January 15, 1971.

1948-1949: war lost against Israel by King Farouk in power since 1936.

The modern republic

1952

July 23: overnight, the underground organization of free officers seizes power and overthrows King Farouk I. The Republic is proclaimed and General Muhammad Naguib is brought to the head of power. Egypt has been going through a major crisis since the end of the first Israeli-Arab war (1948-1949): the king is held responsible for the defeat against Israel and his submission to the British, installed on the Suez Canal, shocks the different political currents of the country. The progressive movement which ousted him was founded by the young Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser who would soon become Deputy Prime Minister. King Farouk abdicated on the 26th and went into exile in Monaco.

1953

June 18: following the coup d'état of the underground organization of "free officers" which overthrew King Farouk a year earlier, the Republic is proclaimed in Egypt. General Muhammad Naguib combines the functions of President and Prime Minister. But in disagreement with his deputy prime minister, Lieutenant-Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, he was dismissed.

1954

November: Nasser then receives full powers. It will end the British presence in Egypt (which began in 1882) with the treaty to evacuate the Suez Canal area.

1956

• June 23: At the end of a referendum in which 99.84% of the voters voted on his name, Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected President of the Republic. Since the ousting of Mohammed Naguib in 1954, Nasser has become the leader of the Egyptian revolution and has established himself as one of the leaders of the third world at the Bandung conference in 1955. Le Raïs (president) will rule Egypt until his death in 1970.
• July 26: Visiting Alexandria to celebrate the fifth anniversary of the revolution, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser announces his intention to nationalize the Suez Canal and freeze all the assets of the Universal Suez Canal Company. His decision comes after the UK and US refused to help fund the construction of the Aswan Dam. The reaction of the Raïs provokes an international crisis because France and the United Kingdom collect tolls on this seaway which connects the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
• October 29: The response will come first from Israel which attacks Egypt and invades the Sinai, then from France and the United Kingdom who will send troops.
• October 31: Franco-British intervention against Egypt. The British and the French, unhappy with the decision of the Egyptian head of state, Nasser, occupy the Suez Canal area. The United Kingdom and France therefore attacked Egypt to ensure free passage through the Suez Canal. The conflict ended on November 7 under pressure from the United States and the USSR and the UN obtained the withdrawal of Western troops from the banks of the canal. Nasser grew up from this political crisis.
• 1958-1961: for a time, Egypt forms the United Arab Republic with Syria and then Yemen. The country turns to the USSR.

1967

• May: withdrawal of UN troops, Egypt remilitarizes Sinai and closes the Straits of Tiran, a key passage for Israeli maritime transport.
• June 5: Faced with the imminence of a prepared Arab attack and the regular Syrian bombardments from the Golan Heights since early 1967, Israel launched the third Arab-Israeli war ("Six Day War") by launching a lightning preemptive offensive against Egypt and occupies Sinai, offensive led by General Moshe Dayan. Israel calls on Jordan to remain neutral. Jordan refuses and attacks Israel with heavy artillery on West Jerusalem and the Tel Aviv area.
• June 8: Israel defeats the Jordanian army and conquers Judea and Samaria. Syrians continue to bomb Israeli homes, orchards and farm silos from the Golan Heights; in response on June 9, Israel attacked the Syrians in the Golan Heights. The Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian airplanes are destroyed in a day. Closure (until 1975) of the war damaged Suez Canal.

1969

• February 4: The Palestinian National Council meeting in Cairo elects Yasser Arafat president of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Arafat founded Fatah in Kuwait in 1959, a Palestinian nationalist movement that coordinates action against Israel. But the most left wing of the Palestinian movement, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) refuses to see Arafat as a leader, which will cause a split from the group from 1983. In 1988, the National Council will proclaim the existence of a Palestinian state and in 1989 will appoint Yasser Arafat as head of this state., after having obtained in extremis the end of the fighting between the Palestinians and the troops of King Hussein of Jordan during this "black September". Exhausted by his role as mediator, the Raïs (the leader) died at the age of 52. Nasser had already been alerted by a heart attack a few months earlier. He then declared: "People who live as I live do not make old bones."
• October 5: Vice-President Anouar el-Sadat is appointed sole candidate for the Presidency of the Republic by the Arab Socialist Union, after the sudden death of President Nasser. His nomination is approved by referendum with 90% of "yes". Sadat, a very close friend of Nasser, in turn becomes President of Egypt. He goes back in part on the policy of his predecessor.
• 1971: end of construction of the Aswan High Dam, the largest in the world.

1973

October 6: 4th conflict with Israel (“Yom Kippur War”). During the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur (Hebrew "day of forgiveness"), Egypt and Syria surprise Israel attack. The Israeli army will launch a successful counteroffensive from October 11 to 15, and a US-Soviet ceasefire resolution will be urgently adopted by the UN on October 22. In 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty that ended more than thirty years of war.

1977

November 19: In order to peacefully settle the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat travels to Jerusalem to meet with Prime Minister Menachem Begin. Sadat puts an end to thirty years of hostilities with Israel and delivers a speech to the Knesset in which he proposes a "just and lasting" peace. His peace plan includes the creation of a Palestinian state and the withdrawal of the Israelis from the territories occupied since June 1967. This visit is the first ever made by an Arab head of state to Israel since its creation in 1948.

1978

September 1978: US President Jimmy Carter invites President Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to Camp David to negotiate peace agreements. Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin receive the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts in favor of it.

1979

• March 26: Anouar el-Sadat and Menachem Begin sign the Camp David agreements which provide for the Israeli withdrawal from Sinai and the recognition of the State of Israel by Egypt. In accordance with the treaty, Israel will withdraw from Sinai in April 1982.
• nineteen eighty one
• October 6: While attending a military parade in Cairo on the occasion of the national holiday, the Egyptian president, the "raïs" Anouar el-Sadat, 63, is assassinated by Islamist extremist soldiers. His death raises fears for the peace process with Israel, but General Hosni Mubarak, who succeeds him, will continue on this path.

1982

• April 25: three years after the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty and fifteen years after its occupation by Israel during the Six Day War, the mountainous Sinai peninsula returns to the Egyptians. The soldiers had to forcibly evacuate the Jewish settlers from the area. At the same time, the establishment of settlements in the other Arab territories occupied by Israel since 1967 is intensifying.
• 1989: return of Egypt in the Arab League which had distanced itself after the agreements with Israel.
• 1991: Egypt in the coalition against Iraq during the Gulf War.
• 1991-1992: beginning of the attacks against the tourist interests of the country.
• 1992: several hundred dead in Cairo following an earthquake.

1997

November 17: Fundamental anti-tourist attack on the Deir el-Bahari site, near Luxor. Gamaa al-Islamiya extremists open fire on tourists outside the temple of Hatshepsut, killing 67 people. The six terrorists will be arrested by Egyptian police. The consequences of this action on the country's economy will prove to be dramatic since tourism supports nearly a third of Egyptians.

1999

March 21: First round the world balloon flight nonstop. The Swiss Bertrand Piccard and his British teammate Brian Jones cover 46,759 km non-stop in record time: 19 days, 21 hours and 55 minutes. Departing from Château-d'Ox in Switzerland, the Breitling Orbiter 3 landed in the Egyptian desert 500 km from Cairo.

2001

The Egyptian pound is pegged to the US dollar.

2004

• November 11: Yasser Arafat, head of the PLO (born August 24, 1929 in Cairo, Egypt) dies at the Percy military hospital in Clamart (France).
• 2005: talks between Arab countries and Israel, following the death of Arafat replaced by the new president of the Palestinian Authority Mahmoud Abbas (in political conflict with Hamas activists).
• March: Israel plans to give Egypt control of a Gaza buffer zone in the occupied Palestinian territories. "An agreement in principle" on the deployment of an Egyptian force of 750 men along the eight kilometers of the buffer zone.

1970

• September 29: Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser dies of heart attack in Cairoof the “Philadelphia Corridor”, was concluded in Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt between Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz.
• May: Terrorist attacks against Western tourists (French, Israelis, Americans…) in Cairo. Egyptian police arrest activists.
• September: Presidential election. President Mubarak is reelected with 88.6% of the vote. The rest was divided mainly between his two main rivals, Aymane Nour and Noamane Gomaa. The first, leader of the Al-Ghad party, thus obtained 7.6% of the vote, while the president of the prestigious neo-Wafd party, the oldest in the country, did not obtain, to the surprise of its supporters, that 2.9%.

2006

February 8: Discovery by the team of archaeologists from the University of Memphis (United States) led by Otto Schaden of a tomb from the 18th dynasty. The previous discovery dated back to 1922, the untouched tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun.

2011

January 25: After the Tunisian revolution, the revolutionary contagion reaches Egypt.

February 11: Resignation of President Hosni Mubarak under pressure from the streets.

2012

June 30: Mohamed Morsi, candidate of the Muslim Brotherhood, is elected president.

2013

June 30: Removal of President Mohamed Morsi by the army.

Source

• https://fr.wikipedia.org/

World Timelines

• 🇦🇫 Afghanistan
• 🇦🇽 Åland Islands
• 🇦🇱 Albania
• 🇩🇿 Algeria
• 🇦🇸 American Samoa
• 🇦🇩 Andorra
• 🇦🇴 Angola
• 🇦🇮 Anguilla
• 🇦🇶 Antarctica
• 🇦🇬 Antigua & Barbuda
• 🇦🇷 Argentina
• 🇦🇲 Armenia
• 🇦🇼 Aruba
• 🇦🇨 Ascension Island
• 🇦🇺 Australia
• 🇦🇹 Austria
• 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan
• 🇧🇸 Bahamas
• 🇧🇭 Bahrain
• 🇧🇩 Bangladesh
• 🇧🇧 Barbados
• 🇧🇾 Belarus
• 🇧🇪 Belgium
• 🇧🇿 Belize
• 🇧🇯 Benin
• 🇧🇲 Bermuda
• 🇧🇹 Bhutan
• 🇧🇴 Bolivia
• 🇧🇦 Bosnia & Herzegovina
• 🇧🇼 Botswana
• 🇧🇻 Bouvet Island
• 🇧🇷 Brazil
• 🇮🇴 British Indian Ocean Territory
• 🇻🇬 British Virgin Islands
• 🇧🇳 Brunei
• 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
• 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
• 🇧🇮 Burundi
• 🇰🇭 Cambodia
• 🇨🇲 Cameroon
• 🇨🇦 Canada
• 🇮🇨 Canary Islands
• 🇨🇻 Cape Verde
• 🇧🇶 Caribbean Netherlands
• 🇰🇾 Cayman Islands
• 🇨🇫 Central African Republic
• 🇪🇦 Ceuta & Melilla
• 🇹🇩 Chad
• 🇨🇱 Chile
• 🇨🇳 China
• 🇨🇽 Christmas Island
• 🇨🇵 Clipperton Island
• 🇨🇨 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
• 🇨🇴 Colombia
• 🇰🇲 Comoros
• 🇨🇬 Congo – Brazzaville
• 🇨🇩 Congo – Kinshasa
• 🇨🇰 Cook Islands
• 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
• 🇨🇮 Ivory Coast
• 🇭🇷 Croatia
• 🇨🇺 Cuba
• 🇨🇼 Curaçao
• 🇨🇾 Cyprus
• 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
• 🇩🇰 Denmark
• 🇩🇬 Diego Garcia
• 🇩🇯 Djibouti
• 🇩🇲 Dominica
• 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
• 🇪🇨 Ecuador
• 🇪🇬 Egypt
• 🇸🇻 El Salvador
• 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea
• 🇪🇷 Eritrea
• 🇪🇪 Estonia
• 🇸🇿 Eswatini
• 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
• 🇫🇰 Falkland Islands
• 🇫🇴 Faroe Islands
• 🇫🇯 Fiji
• 🇫🇮 Finland
• 🇫🇷 France
• 🇬🇫 French Guiana
• 🇵🇫 French Polynesia
• 🇹🇫 French Southern Territories
• 🇬🇦 Gabon
• 🇬🇲 Gambia
• 🇬🇪 Georgia
• 🇩🇪 Germany
• 🇬🇭 Ghana
• 🇬🇮 Gibraltar
• 🇬🇷 Greece
• 🇬🇱 Greenland
• 🇬🇩 Grenada
• 🇬🇵 Guadeloupe
• 🇬🇺 Guam
• 🇬🇹 Guatemala
• 🇬🇬 Guernsey
• 🇬🇳 Guinea
• 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau
• 🇬🇾 Guyana
• 🇭🇹 Haiti
• 🇭🇲 Heard & McDonald Islands
• 🇭🇳 Honduras
• 🇭🇰 Hong Kong
• 🇭🇺 Hungary
• 🇮🇸 Iceland
• 🇮🇳 India
• 🇮🇩 Indonesia
• 🇮🇷 Iran
• 🇮🇶 Iraq
• 🇮🇪 Ireland
• 🇮🇲 Isle of Man
• 🇮🇱 Israel
• 🇮🇹 Italy
• 🇯🇲 Jamaica
• 🇯🇵 Japan
• 🇯🇪 Jersey
• 🇯🇴 Jordan
• 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
• 🇰🇪 Kenya
• 🇰🇮 Kiribati
• 🇽🇰 Kosovo
• 🇰🇼 Kuwait
• 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
• 🇱🇦 Laos
• 🇱🇻 Latvia
• 🇱🇧 Lebanon
• 🇱🇸 Lesotho
• 🇱🇷 Liberia
• 🇱🇾 Libya
• 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein
• 🇱🇹 Lithuania
• 🇱🇺 Luxembourg
• 🇲🇴 Macau
• 🇲🇬 Madagascar
• 🇲🇼 Malawi
• 🇲🇾 Malaysia
• 🇲🇻 Maldives
• 🇲🇱 Mali
• 🇲🇹 Malta
• 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands
• 🇲🇶 Martinique
• 🇲🇷 Mauritania
• 🇲🇺 Mauritius
• 🇾🇹 Mayotte
• 🇲🇽 Mexico
• 🇫🇲 Micronesia
• 🇲🇩 Moldova
• 🇲🇨 Monaco
• 🇲🇳 Mongolia
• 🇲🇪 Montenegro
• 🇲🇸 Montserrat
• 🇲🇦 Morocco
• 🇲🇿 Mozambique
• 🇲🇲 Myanmar
• 🇳🇦 Namibia
• 🇳🇷 Nauru
• 🇳🇵 Nepal
• 🇳🇱 Netherlands
• 🇳🇨 New Caledonia
• 🇳🇿 New Zealand
• 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
• 🇳🇪 Niger
• 🇳🇬 Nigeria
• 🇳🇺 Niue
• 🇳🇫 Norfolk Island
• 🇰🇵 North Korea
• 🇲🇰 North Macedonia
• 🇲🇵 Northern Mariana Islands
• 🇳🇴 Norway
• 🇴🇲 Oman
• 🇵🇰 Pakistan
• 🇵🇼 Palau
• 🇵🇸 Palestine
• 🇵🇦 Panama
• 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea
• 🇵🇾 Paraguay
• 🇵🇪 Peru
• 🇵🇭 Philippines
• 🇵🇳 Pitcairn Islands
• 🇵🇱 Poland
• 🇵🇹 Portugal
• 🇵🇷 Puerto Rico
• 🇶🇦 Qatar
• 🇷🇪 Réunion
• 🇷🇴 Romania
• 🇷🇺 Russia
• 🇷🇼 Rwanda
• 🇼🇸 Samoa
• 🇸🇲 San Marino
• 🇸🇹 São Tomé & Príncipe
• 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
• 🇬🇧 Scotland
• 🇸🇳 Senegal
• 🇷🇸 Serbia
• 🇸🇨 Seychelles
• 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone
• 🇸🇬 Singapore
• 🇸🇽 Sint Maarten
• 🇸🇰 Slovakia
• 🇸🇮 Slovenia
• 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands
• 🇸🇴 Somalia
• 🇿🇦 South Africa
• 🇬🇸 South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands
• 🇰🇷 South Korea
• 🇸🇸 South Sudan
• 🇪🇸 Spain
• 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
• 🇧🇱 St. Barthélemy
• 🇸🇭 St. Helena
• 🇰🇳 St. Kitts & Nevis
• 🇱🇨 St. Lucia
• 🇲🇫 St. Martin
• 🇵🇲 St. Pierre & Miquelon
• 🇻🇨 St. Vincent & Grenadines
• 🇸🇩 Sudan
• 🇸🇷 Suriname
• 🇸🇯 Svalbard & Jan Mayen
• 🇨🇭 Switzerland
• 🇸🇾 Syria
• 🇹🇼 Taiwan
• 🇹🇯 Tajikistan
• 🇹🇿 Tanzania
• 🇹🇭 Thailand
• Tibet
• 🇹🇱 Timor-Leste
• 🇹🇬 Togo
• 🇹🇰 Tokelau
• 🇹🇴 Tonga
• 🇹🇹 Trinidad & Tobago
• 🇹🇦 Tristan da Cunha
• 🇹🇳 Tunisia
• 🇹🇷 Turkey
• 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan
• 🇹🇨 Turks & Caicos Islands
• 🇹🇻 Tuvalu
• 🇺🇲 U.S. Outlying Islands
• 🇻🇮 U.S. Virgin Islands
• 🇺🇬 Uganda
• 🇺🇦 Ukraine
• 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates
• 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
• 🇺🇸 United States
• 🇺🇾 Uruguay
• 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan
• 🇻🇺 Vanuatu
• 🇻🇦 Vatican City
• 🇻🇪 Venezuela
• 🇻🇳 Vietnam
• 🇬🇧 Wales
• 🇼🇫 Wallis & Futuna
• 🇪🇭 Western Sahara
• 🇾🇪 Yemen
• 🇿🇲 Zambia
• 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe