Difference between revisions of "Language/Spanish/Culture/Peru-Timeline"

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==Peru Timeline==
==Peru Timeline==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!Date
!Event
!Event
|-
|-
|21,000 BC AD
|Pre-Columbian period
|First settlement near Ayacucho.
|
|-
|9000 years BC
|First settlements in the isthmus.
|-
|1500 years BC
|Beginning of slash-and-burn agriculture.
|-
|-
|20,000-10,000 BC AD
| colspan="2" |
|Three waves of immigration of Asian peoples on the way to  Bering. Most plausible hypothesis.
=== The first Spanish expeditions in search of a strait to the Indies ===
|-
|-
|10,000-7500 BC 
|1501
|Cave paintings from the Toquepala and Lauricocha caves.
|Bastidas explores the coasts of Darién.
|-
|-
|1000-300 BC 
|1502
|Chavín culture, a very advanced and hierarchical society. Beginning of water control.
|Christopher Columbus explores the regions of Bocas, Veraguas and Portobelo. Ephemeral foundation of Nuestra Señora la Antigua de Belén.
|-
|-
|700-400 BC 
| colspan="2" |
|Paracas culture, Andean civilization still marked by chavín.
=== The conquest of the Isthmus and the discovery of the South Sea ===
|-
|-
|100 BC J.-C.-800 AD AD
|1510
|Nazca culture. Very advanced knowledge of hydrography.
|Diego de Nicuesa founds Nombre de Dios and then Santa María la Antigua del Darién.
|-
|-
|100 BC J.-C.-800 AD 
|1513
|Mochica culture, one of the most remarkable in ancient Peru in  terms of architecture, ceramics and goldsmithing.
|Discovery of the South Sea (Pacific) by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.
|-
|-
|400 BC AD-400
|1519
|Culture vicús, somewhat eclipsed by the one with whom it has  shared, for centuries, a corner of the Pacific coast: the Mochica culture.
|Foundation of the city of Panamá la Vieja and first transits through the isthmus by the Camino Real to Nombre de Dios.
|-
|-
|200-1000
|1519-24
|Tiahuanaco  culture, one of the most remarkable of the pre-Inca period.
|Exploration of the Pacific coasts from Panama.
|-
|-
|600-1200
|1524-35
|Huari culture, whose ceramics and stone sculptures are  strongly marked by the Tiahuanaco influence.
|Expeditions to Peru and the first looting of the Inca Empire.
|-
|-
|1200-1400
|1519-end of the 16th century
|Chimú culture. Its capital, Chan Chán, is one of the architectural jewels of ancient Peru.
|Continuous increase in inter-oceanic transit via the isthmus between Panamá and Nombre de Dios then Portobelo. Development of piracy in the region.
|-
|-
|1200-1438
|1596
|Empire of the Incas.
|Destruction of Nombre de Dios by Francis Drake.
|-
|-
|1438-1532
|17th-mid-18th century
|Dazzling conquests of the Incas.
|Portobelo trade fairs and privateer attacks.
|-
|-
|1532
|1671
|In the name of the King of Spain, Francisco Pizarro arrives at  Tumbes.
|Destruction of the city of Panamá ("Panamá la Vieja") by the pirate Henry Morgan.
|-
|-
|1535
|1673
|Foundation of Lima.
|Foundation of "Panamá la Nueva".
|-
|-
|1538-1541
|1739
|Rivalries oppose the conquistadors. Many are assassinated,  like Pizarro in 1541.
|Destruction of Portobelo by Edward Vernon. End of fairs.
|-
|-
|1572
| colspan="2" |
|Túpac Amaru I, the last Inca, is executed.
=== Independence from Spain and attachment to Greater Colombia ===
|-
|-
|1742
|1821
|Insurrection, led by Juan Santos Atahualpa, in Tarma.
|Independence of the isthmus on November 28.
|-
|-
|1781
|1840
|Important revolt of Túpac Amaru II in Cusco.
|Separatist movement led by Tomás Herrera.
|-
|-
|
| colspan="2" |
|Proclamation of the independence of Peru, an independence in  which the main actors are Simón Bolívar and the Argentine General San Martín.
=== Major works and independence of Panama ===
|-
|-
|1824
|1850-1855
|Independence  becomes effective after Ayacucho's victory.
|Construction of the first transcontinental railway line.
|-
|-
|1850-1875
|1880-1889 / 1894-1898
|100,000 Chinese immigrate and are employed in place of  emancipated slaves.
|French attempt to build the canal.
|-
|-
|1879-1883
|1999-1902
|War in the Pacific: although allied with Bolivia, Peru is  defeated by Chile.
|Thousand Day War across Colombia.
|-
|-
|1919-1930
|1903
|The Civil Party brings to the presidency of the country  Augusto Leguía, who had been president a few years before.
|Independence of Panama from Colombia. Treaty of Hay-Bunau-Varilla.
|-
|-
|1929
|1904-1914
|Restitution of the Tacna region in Peru.
|Construction of the canal resumes by the United States.
|-
|-
|1932
| colspan="2" |
|The uprising of the APRA (American Revolutionary Popular  Alliance) leads to fierce repression. This hatred between APRA and the army  marks a common thread throughout the contemporary history of Peru.
=== Political instability and nationalist pushes until 1968 ===
|-
|-
|1941
|1914-1940
|War with Ecuador for territorial questions.
|Emergence of nationalist demands concerning the canal and the Canal Zone.
|-
|-
|1942
|1940-45
|The signing of the Treaty of Rio de Janeiro puts an end to the  war, but does not resolve the territorial problem.
|Prosperous period and major works by the American army.
|-
|-
|1948-1956
|1950-60
|Dictatorship of Manuel Odría.
|Political instability. The United States makes some concessions regarding the canal.
|-
|-
|1963-1969
|1964
|Dictatorship of Fernando Belaúnde Terry, from Popular Action  (AP).
|Breakdown of diplomatic relations with the United States following the bloody repression of a student demonstration in the Canal Zone.
|-
|-
|
| colspan="2" |
|
=== Authoritarian regime of General Omar Torrijos ===
|-
|-
|1968-1980
|1968-1981
|Military dictatorship led by General Velasco Alvarado known  for the agrarian reform put in place. He will be replaced in 1975 by General  Francisco Morales Bermudez.
|Coup d'Etat against Arnulfo Arias and establishment of a progressive military regime.
|-
|-
|
|1977
|In Chushi, in the Ayacucho region, a small group burns  electoral lists and ballot boxes. The Shining Path has just entered the political arena.
|Signature of the Torrijos-Carter treaties for the gradual return to Panama of the territory of the Canal Zone.
|-
|-
|1980
|1981
|Year of violence due to Shining Path terrorism. General elections: for the second time, Fernando Belaúnde Terry takes the presidency.
|Death of General Torrijos in a suspicious plane crash.
|-
|-
|
| colspan="2" |
|Alan García Peréz becomes president of the country: APRA is  finally in power. His mandate ended with the most serious economic and  financial crisis in the country.
=== Dictatorship of General Noriega ===
|-
|-
|1990
|1984-1989
|Alberto Fujimori, a son of Japanese emigrants, becomes  president and creates a huge surprise by beating the writer Vargas Llosa.
|Military regime and puppet presidents. Institutionalization of trafficking and money laundering. Attempts to destabilize the regime by the United States.
|-
|-
|April 1992
|1989
|Civil coup and dissolution of Congress. Fujimori gives himself  full powers.
|Operation "Juste Cause". The bombings cause considerable human and financial damage. Arrest of the dictator sentenced in the United States to 40 years in prison for drug trafficking.
|-
|-
|September 1992
| colspan="2" |
|Arrest of Abimael Guzmán, number 1 of the Shining Path.
=== Back to democracy ===
|-
|-
|1995
|1990-1998
|Alberto Fujimori beats a heavyweight in world politics: Javier  Peréz de Cuellar, ex-secretary of the UN.
|Return to democracy and implementation of neoliberal economic policies. Election of presidents Endara and Balladares in transparency. Return of foreign investment and tourism.
|-
|-
|1999
|1999
|Signature of a treaty between Ecuador and Peru concerning  their territorial dispute.
|Election of Mireya Moscoso, first woman President of the Republic.
|-
|
|Transfer of ownership of the canal and the inter-oceanic region to Panama on December 31, 1999.
|-
|-
|September 2000
|2004
|Fujimori announces his resignation in exile from Japan after  his contested re-election as head of the country and accusations of fraud  (Montesinos affair).
|Electoral victory of the PRD (Partido Revolucionario Democrático). Martín Torrijos, the son of the late general, is elected President of the Republic.
|-
|-
|2000-2001
|2006
|Transitional government chaired by Valentín Paniagua.
|Referendum on the canal expansion works.
|-
|-
|June 2001
|2007
|Election of the first indigenous president, Alejandro Toledo.
|Beginning of the canal expansion project.
|-
|-
|November 2005
|2009
|Arrest in Chile of former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori.
|Elections of President Martinelli in May.
|-
|-
|June 2006
|2010
|Presidential election won by Alan García.
|Manuel Noriega is extradited to France and then sentenced to 7 years in prison for money laundering.
|-
|-
|
|2011
|Fujimori is extradited from Chile and returns to Peru under  close surveillance (a first in the history of Latin America); seven trials  await the former Peruvian president.
|Open conflict between President Martinelli and his Vice-President Juan Carlos Varela, both accusing each other of corruption. Varela is removed from his chair as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
|-
|-
|
|
|Fujimori is found guilty of human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years in prison by the Lima court, plus 7.5 years for  embezzlement.
|On December 11, Noriega was extradited and imprisoned in Panama.
|-
|-
|
|2012
|Fujimori is sentenced for an additional 6 years in the case of  wiretapping and corruption of opposition MPs and journalists.
|New corruption scandal involving the Martinelli government.
|-
|-
|June 2011
|2014
|Socialist President Ollanta Humala largely wins in the second  round of the presidential election against Keiko Fujimori (the daughter of the deposed dictator).
|Juan Carlos Varela is elected President of the Republic.
|-
|-
|February 2012
|2016
|"March for water" between Cajamarca and Lima to protest against the Conga project ($ 4.8 billion investment) which would  sacrifice four high-altitude reservoir lakes.
|The Panama Papers scandal comes to light.
|-
|-
|September 2013
|June 2016
|With 2 years in advance, Peru has reached the objectives set  by the United Nations concerning the reduction of the infant mortality rate  and that of the poverty line in the country.
|Inauguration of the new locks, Cocoli on the Pacific side and Agua Clara on the Atlantic side, after nine years of work.
|-
|-
|September 2015
|2017
|The Humala couple are at their lowest in popularity. Changes  of government have multiplied without results. Suspicious business and  friendships (Lopez Meneses, Belaunde Lossio) corner the couple and  particularly Nadine (reckless spending, suspicion on campaign accounts), which was thought to be able to run in the next elections.
|Died in Manuel Antonio Noriega prison on May 29, aged 83.
|-
|-
|
|June 2017
|In the first round of the presidential elections, Keiko  Fujimori came out ahead with 39.7% of the vote. Another surprise the 3rd  place of Veronika Mendoza who represents the Frente Amplio, a kind of left  front. From a French mother and Peruvian father, this convinced Cusquénienne  has shaken up a frozen political landscape.
|Former Panamanian President Ricardo Martinelli is arrested in Miami following the placing under telephone and electronic surveillance of some 150 political opponents.
|-
|-
|
|2018, May 14
|Pedro Pablo Kuzcinsky, a wise politician and former Wall  Street banker, wins the presidential election by a hair but finds himself  quickly blocked by a Congress with a large Fujimorist majority.
|Norwegian Bliss becomes the largest cruise ship to use the Panama Canal.
|-
|-
|July 2017
|June 2018
|The Odebrecht scandal, a Brazilian construction company that  paid bribes in exchange for public contracts in many Latin American  countries, shakes the country. The scandal earned ex-President Lula in Brazil  a nine-and-a-half-year prison sentence. Ollanta Humala and Nadine Heredia  have been in preventive detention since July 14, 2017. The same sentence was  imposed on Alejandro Toledo who fled before the decision and now lives in the  United States. Kuzcinsky was Minister of Economy and Finance under the Toledo  government, difficult to stay the course as an anti-corruption figure.
|Martinelli is extradited by the United States to Panama and imprisoned.
|}
|}


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{{Timeline-world}}
{{Timeline-world}}
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Countries-with-Spanish-as-an-official-language|Countries with Spanish as an official language]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/El-Salvador-Timeline|El Salvador Timeline]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Literatura|Literatura]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Dominican-Republic-Timeline|Dominican Republic Timeline]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Ceuta-and-Melilla-Timeline|Ceuta and Melilla Timeline]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/History|History]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Canary-Islands-Timeline|Canary Islands Timeline]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Bolivia-Timeline|Bolivia Timeline]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Chile-Timeline|Chile Timeline]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Why-Learn-Spanish|Why Learn Spanish]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Start-Reading-in-Spanish|Start Reading in Spanish]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Costa-Rica-Timeline|Costa Rica Timeline]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Equatorial-Guinea-Timeline|Equatorial Guinea Timeline]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Timeline-of-Spain|Timeline of Spain]]
* [[Language/Spanish/Culture/Mexico-Timeline|Mexico Timeline]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 19:28, 27 March 2023

Historical Timeline for Peru - A chronology of key events
Peru-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png

Peru-Timeline-PolyglotClub.jpg

Peru Timeline[edit | edit source]

Date Event
Pre-Columbian period
9000 years BC First settlements in the isthmus.
1500 years BC Beginning of slash-and-burn agriculture.

The first Spanish expeditions in search of a strait to the Indies[edit | edit source]

1501 Bastidas explores the coasts of Darién.
1502 Christopher Columbus explores the regions of Bocas, Veraguas and Portobelo. Ephemeral foundation of Nuestra Señora la Antigua de Belén.

The conquest of the Isthmus and the discovery of the South Sea[edit | edit source]

1510 Diego de Nicuesa founds Nombre de Dios and then Santa María la Antigua del Darién.
1513 Discovery of the South Sea (Pacific) by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.
1519 Foundation of the city of Panamá la Vieja and first transits through the isthmus by the Camino Real to Nombre de Dios.
1519-24 Exploration of the Pacific coasts from Panama.
1524-35 Expeditions to Peru and the first looting of the Inca Empire.
1519-end of the 16th century Continuous increase in inter-oceanic transit via the isthmus between Panamá and Nombre de Dios then Portobelo. Development of piracy in the region.
1596 Destruction of Nombre de Dios by Francis Drake.
17th-mid-18th century Portobelo trade fairs and privateer attacks.
1671 Destruction of the city of Panamá ("Panamá la Vieja") by the pirate Henry Morgan.
1673 Foundation of "Panamá la Nueva".
1739 Destruction of Portobelo by Edward Vernon. End of fairs.

Independence from Spain and attachment to Greater Colombia[edit | edit source]

1821 Independence of the isthmus on November 28.
1840 Separatist movement led by Tomás Herrera.

Major works and independence of Panama[edit | edit source]

1850-1855 Construction of the first transcontinental railway line.
1880-1889 / 1894-1898 French attempt to build the canal.
1999-1902 Thousand Day War across Colombia.
1903 Independence of Panama from Colombia. Treaty of Hay-Bunau-Varilla.
1904-1914 Construction of the canal resumes by the United States.

Political instability and nationalist pushes until 1968[edit | edit source]

1914-1940 Emergence of nationalist demands concerning the canal and the Canal Zone.
1940-45 Prosperous period and major works by the American army.
1950-60 Political instability. The United States makes some concessions regarding the canal.
1964 Breakdown of diplomatic relations with the United States following the bloody repression of a student demonstration in the Canal Zone.

Authoritarian regime of General Omar Torrijos[edit | edit source]

1968-1981 Coup d'Etat against Arnulfo Arias and establishment of a progressive military regime.
1977 Signature of the Torrijos-Carter treaties for the gradual return to Panama of the territory of the Canal Zone.
1981 Death of General Torrijos in a suspicious plane crash.

Dictatorship of General Noriega[edit | edit source]

1984-1989 Military regime and puppet presidents. Institutionalization of trafficking and money laundering. Attempts to destabilize the regime by the United States.
1989 Operation "Juste Cause". The bombings cause considerable human and financial damage. Arrest of the dictator sentenced in the United States to 40 years in prison for drug trafficking.

Back to democracy[edit | edit source]

1990-1998 Return to democracy and implementation of neoliberal economic policies. Election of presidents Endara and Balladares in transparency. Return of foreign investment and tourism.
1999 Election of Mireya Moscoso, first woman President of the Republic.
Transfer of ownership of the canal and the inter-oceanic region to Panama on December 31, 1999.
2004 Electoral victory of the PRD (Partido Revolucionario Democrático). Martín Torrijos, the son of the late general, is elected President of the Republic.
2006 Referendum on the canal expansion works.
2007 Beginning of the canal expansion project.
2009 Elections of President Martinelli in May.
2010 Manuel Noriega is extradited to France and then sentenced to 7 years in prison for money laundering.
2011 Open conflict between President Martinelli and his Vice-President Juan Carlos Varela, both accusing each other of corruption. Varela is removed from his chair as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
On December 11, Noriega was extradited and imprisoned in Panama.
2012 New corruption scandal involving the Martinelli government.
2014 Juan Carlos Varela is elected President of the Republic.
2016 The Panama Papers scandal comes to light.
June 2016 Inauguration of the new locks, Cocoli on the Pacific side and Agua Clara on the Atlantic side, after nine years of work.
2017 Died in Manuel Antonio Noriega prison on May 29, aged 83.
June 2017 Former Panamanian President Ricardo Martinelli is arrested in Miami following the placing under telephone and electronic surveillance of some 150 political opponents.
2018, May 14 Norwegian Bliss becomes the largest cruise ship to use the Panama Canal.
June 2018 Martinelli is extradited by the United States to Panama and imprisoned.

Source[edit | edit source]

World Timelines[edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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