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CHRONOLOGY OF APRIL 25 AND OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE PORTUGUESE COLONIES IN AFRICA1415-1961: From the conquest of Ceuta to the beginning of the armed struggle1961-1969: Beginning of the Colonial War and the turning point of the colonies' destiny 1970-1974: From the intensification of the armed struggle to the Carnation Revolution 1974 -2002: From independence to the end of civil warsSpecial: 40 years April 25 and independence
The history of Portuguese colonization in Africa began to be written almost 600 years ago with the conquest of Ceuta. Join us on this “chronological journey” for a long period that left deep marks on the continent.
1415: Portuguese maritime expansion
1415: Portuguese maritime expansion


Revision as of 13:09, 9 December 2021

Chronology 1415-1961: From the conquest of Ceuta to the beginning of the armed struggle against colonization
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CHRONOLOGY OF APRIL 25 AND OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE PORTUGUESE COLONIES IN AFRICA1415-1961: From the conquest of Ceuta to the beginning of the armed struggle1961-1969: Beginning of the Colonial War and the turning point of the colonies' destiny 1970-1974: From the intensification of the armed struggle to the Carnation Revolution 1974 -2002: From independence to the end of civil warsSpecial: 40 years April 25 and independence The history of Portuguese colonization in Africa began to be written almost 600 years ago with the conquest of Ceuta. Join us on this “chronological journey” for a long period that left deep marks on the continent.


1415: Portuguese maritime expansion

The conquest of the city of Ceuta, today a Spanish enclave in North Africa, by Portuguese troops, on August 22, 1415, marks the beginning of Portuguese maritime expansion. The occupation of this important commercial and communications center would thus pave the way for the consolidation process of the Portuguese colonies on the African coast.

1434: Recognition of the African coast

The navigator Gil Eanes goes beyond Cape Bojador, on the coast of what is now Western Sahara, which until then was the southernmost point known on the coast of Africa. The start of reconnaissance expeditions along the African coast had the protection of Infante D. Henrique. In 1487, Bartolomeu Dias surpasses Cabo das Tormentas, which would later be renamed Cabo da Boa Esperança (South Africa).

Denkmal der Entdeckungen in Lissabon

The Padrão dos Descobrimentos, in Lisbon, the Portuguese capital, pays tribute to those involved in the Portuguese discoveries, which began with the conquest of Ceuta

1446: Portuguese arrive at the coast of Guinea

The Portuguese arrived on the coast of Guinea, present-day Guinea-Bissau, in 1446. In 1479 a factory was founded in Cacheu (photo). Portugal established a series of enclaves and trading posts on the African coast to try to maintain control of an extensive sea route. The Portuguese presence in Africa was also motivated by the capture of slaves and the search for precious metals.

40 Jahre Nelkenrevolution – 40 Jahre Unabhängigkeit

Cacheu was the first Portuguese factory in Guinea

1460: Discovery of Cape Verde

Diogo Gomes and António de Nola discover the uninhabited archipelago of Cape Verde in 1460, when they were returning from Guinea. Two years later, the first Portuguese settlers settled on Santiago Island. In the future, the archipelago would serve, above all, as a storage center for slaves that were sent from Africa to plantations on the American continent.

Kap Verde - Royal Fort of São Filipe

The Real Fortress of São Filipe, in the "Old City", Santiago island, is the oldest fortress in Cape Verde

1471-1472: Arrival in São Tomé

Navigators João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar discover the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, until then uninhabited. The colony would become one of the first cocoa producers in the world. These islands in the Gulf of Guinea would also become an important trading post for slaves.

Bildergalerie Lederschildkröte

The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe would become an important entrepot for slaves for the Portuguese Crown

1479: Signature of the Treaty of Alcáçovas

The Treaty of Alcáçovas, which ended the war of Succession in Castile (Spain), attributes to Portugal the lordship of Guinea, Cape Verde (photo), Azores and Madeira, in addition to the conquest of Fez (Morocco). Spain is granted the lordship of the Canaries and the conquest of the kingdom of Granada. The division between Portuguese and Castilian expansion becomes the parallel of the Canary Islands.

Kap Verde - Royal Fort of São Filipe

The Fortress Real de São Filipe (also known as Fort Real de São Filipe or Citadel) was built to defend the Portuguese colony from British and French attacks.

1482: Discovery of Angola

Portuguese caravels commanded by the navigator Diogo Cão reached the estuary of the Congo River in 1482. Six years later, they reached the then kingdom of Ngola. The colonial economic system in Angola would be based, above all, on the lucrative slave trade. Most of the slave labor went to Brazil, Madeira and São Tomé. In addition to evangelization purposes, during the several centuries of colonization Portugal tried to take commercial advantage of Angolan territory, extremely rich in natural resources (oil, diamonds, gold, lead, tungsten, iron, copper, etc.).

Diogo Cão - Stein von Lelala

Diogo Cão advanced through the interior of the Congo River and left an inscription to prove his arrival at Ielala Falls

1498: Vasco da Gama in Mozambique

The fleet of Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama arrived in Mozambique in 1498, on its way to India. Starting from Sofala and Ilha de Moçambique, Portuguese explorers began to establish the first trading posts and to grant land to settlers. In 1537 the factory of Tete is established and, in 1544, the factory of Quelimane, place of concentration of slaves. Gold, silver, pearls, ivory, spices and skins are some of the resources that the Portuguese come to control. In 1898, Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) becomes the capital, replacing Ilha de Moçambique, thus serving to sell products from neighboring South Africa.

Vasco da Gama

One of the most important results of the maritime exploration of Vasco da Gama was the colonization of Mozambique by the Portuguese Crown.

1500: Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives in Brazil

A fleet commanded by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral arrives in the territory where Brazil is currently located. In the letter he later sends to King Manuel, Pero Vaz de Caminhamakes a detailed description of the place, which they call “Land of Vera Cruz”. Brazil would be the largest and richest of the Portuguese colonies and the first to become independent, in 1822. Still in 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet continued its journey to India, thus contributing to the establishment of the bases of the “Portuguese Empire”. Two years later, Vasco da Gama makes his second trip to India. He then conquered Calicut and established a factory in Cochin.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

Portuguese explorer and navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral, official discoverer of Brazil

1884: “Pink Map” presented in Berlin

The Portuguese project to unite Angola and Mozambique, called “Mapa Cor-de-Rosa”, was presented at the historic Berlin Conference. Portugal's objective was to control a vast geographic range that stretched from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. England, which intended to link Cairo with the Cape of Good Hope by rail, disagrees with the plan. The conference divided Africa among European countries and established local presence as a requirement for maintaining dominance. Great Britain and France were left with the greatest number of territories. After the meeting, the effective occupation of the Portuguese colonies Angola (1885) and Mozambique (1887) began. Also in 1884, Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens crossed Africa, from Luanda to Tete.

Originalversion der Pinke Landkarte Pink Map

The so-called “Pink Map” represented Portugal's claim to sovereignty over the territories between Angola and Mozambique

1933: Formation of the "New State"

Under the leadership of General Costa Gomes, the founding coup d'état of the military dictatorship in Portugal took place in Braga. It is from this authoritarian regime that the so-called “Estado Novo” is structured, led by António de Oliveira Salazar (photo), in force in Portugal until the revolution of April 25, 1974. Based on the pillars of “God, Fatherland and Family” , the doctrine of the dictatorial regime, inspired by the Italian fascism of Benito Mussolini, is based on nationalism and the cult of the nation. In October, the “Political, Civil and Criminal Statute of the Indigenous Peoples of Angola and Mozambique” is promulgated, which redefines the status of the inhabitants of the main colonies. “The organic essence of the Portuguese nation is to perform the historical function of owning and colonizing overseas domains and civilizing indigenous populations” is read in the Colonial Act, a kind of “Constitution for overseas territories”, in the words of the historian Portuguese Oliveira Marques.

Antonio de Oliveira Salazar

First meeting of the Council of Ministers under the presidency of António Oliveira Salazar

1934: Attempt to overthrow the Estado Novo

In January, a group formed by civilians leads the first revolutionary attempt to overthrow the regime. In the wake of the failed coup, the regime arrested and deported many communist and anarchist trade union activists and politicians. However, the Estado Novo continues to assert its “imperial” orientation and its “colonizing mission”, clearly visible at the 1st Portuguese Colonial Exhibition, which opened in June, in Porto.

Die Kolonialausstellung von 1934

The Crystal Palace, in Porto, hosted the 1st Portuguese Colonial Exhibition in 1934

1935: Carmona “re-elected” President

Óscar Carmona, the regime's only candidate, is “re-elected” President of the Republic in February. On May 1st, official Labor Day celebrations take place for the first time in Portugal. In September, a new attempt to overthrow the regime ends with arrests and deportations. Many leaders of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), including secretary general Bento António Gonçalves, are arrested by the PIDE at the end of the year. Founded in Lisbon in 1921, the PCP would be considered illegal from 1926 onwards. The PCP, which played a fundamental role in opposing the regime, was constantly persecuted by the PIDE, Salazar's political police. Many of its members would be sent to the Tarrafal concentration camp in Cape Verde.

Carmona und die Portugiesische Jugend

Young people from the Portuguese Youth present the fascist salute to President Óscar Carmona

1936: Industrial Conditioning Law

The Industrial Conditioning Law served to protect Portuguese industry against competition. However, it simultaneously contributed to technological stagnation and the creation of monopolies. The main function of the African colonies was to buy products manufactured in Portugal, such as machinery and preserves, and to supply raw materials, such as minerals or cotton, to the metropolis.

Antonio de Oliveira Salazar

Oliveira Salazar during a visit to the Feira das Indústrias, in Lisbon, 1951

1943: Empire Students' House

On the initiative of the Government of Salazar, the Casa dos Estudantes do Império (CEI) is founded in Lisbon. This association of young people from overseas territories studying in the metropolis would play a fundamental role in the struggle for independence. Salazar's regime intended to strengthen the imp mentality.between students in the colonies. However, the CEI awakened in them a critical awareness of the dictatorship and the colonial system, as well as a desire to value the cultures of colonized peoples. Several African leaders passed through the CEI, such as Amílcar Cabral, founder of PAIGC, Agostinho Neto, the first President of Angola and Marcelino dos Santos, one of the founders of FRELIMO. Accused of serving as a basis for carrying out political propaganda activities against the Portuguese State, it would be closed by the PIDE in 1965.

Imperial Student House - CEI

A stone slab on a street in Lisbon recalls the times of the Casa dos Estudantes do Império, created during the Salazar dictatorship

1946: Overseas Provinces

In 1946, Portugal changed the name from “colony” to “overseas province”. The Portuguese “Estado Novo” created an administrative division to prevent Portugal from being considered a colonial power internationally. The first Portuguese colony to adopt the new status was India Portuguesa (photo). Angola, Guinea, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, Cape Verde, Macau and Timor came to have this designation in 1951. With the reform of the Constitution in 1951, the condition of indigenous is also defined as transitory.

goa

Portuguese India was the first Portuguese colony to adopt the new status of "overseas province"

1953: Batepá Massacre

The Portuguese wanted to force the indigenous blacks of São Tomé and Príncipe to work in the fields, in the production of cocoa and other products for export, since the labor brought from Angola, Mozambique and Cape Verde was not enough. After their refusal, the Portuguese army started a hunt for the indigenous people that resulted in the death of hundreds of people. The events became known as the Batepá Massacre.

Galerie Anbau und Verarbeitung von Kakao in São Tomé

Cocoa drying on a farm in São Tomé

1954: Liberation Movements

In the 1950s, the embryos of important political organizations began to emerge. In 1954, the Union of the Populations of the North of Angola (UPNA) was created, which in 1958 became known as the Union of the Populations of Angola (UPA). In 1962, the UPA and the Democratic Party of Angola (PDA) formed the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA). The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was founded in 1956, the year in which Amílcar Cabral created the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC, in the photo). In 1960 the Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (CLSTP) was created and in 1962 the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) was created, which resulted from the fusion of three movements: National Democratic Union of Mozambique (UDENAMO), African National Union of Independent Mozambique (UNAMI) and Mozambique African National Union (MANU). The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) emerged in 1966.

Bildergalerie 40 Jahre Nelkenrevolution 40 Jahre Unabhängigkeit

Amílcar Cabral (centre) founded the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) in 1956

1957: Independence of Ghana: Fuse of Decolonization

African decolonization began in 1957 with the independence of Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast, which drives other countries on the continent to fight for independence. Kwame Nkrumah (photo), former Prime Minister and President of Ghana, was a strong supporter of decolonization and one of the founders of Pan Africanism. The main period of African decolonization took place between 1960 and 1970. The United Nations (UN) supports the colonized countries in their struggle against the European colonial powers. By 1968, 34 new independent states had emerged in Africa. In addition to the Portuguese colonies, only Rhodesia, Southwest Africa and the Spanish Sahara survive.

Porträt Kwame Nkrumah

Former Prime Minister and President of Ghana Kwame Nkrumah, one of the founders of Pan Africanism

1958: Humberto Delgado runs for president

With the support of the democratic opposition, General Humberto Delgado is running as an independent in the presidential elections of June 8, 1958. The elected President would eventually be Admiral Américo Thomaz, the regime's candidate, but the “fearless general” leaves a legacy that would mark Portugal's path towards freedom. That year, the Junta de Libertação Nacional, a political movement opposing the regime, also appeared in hiding. In the following year, the election of presidents becomes indirect and the responsibility of the National Assembly.

Portugal Humberto Delgado Wahlkampf

Rally by Humberto Delgado, candidate for the Presidency of the Republic, at Palácio de Cristal, Porto, 1958

1959: Pidjiguiti Massacre

On August 3, 1959, dockworkers went on strike at the pidjiguiti pier, in Bissau, to demand better wages. The protest was suppressed by the police and resulted in the death of around 50 people. After the massacre, the PAIGC (photo), which had been behind the strike organization, changed its strategy to escape therepression of the Portuguese regime and the nationalist conscience of the party is reinforced.

PAIGC Kämpfer auf der Insel Como

Group of PAIGC guerrillas on the island of Como, with leaders Luís Cabral and Vasco Cabral

1960: São Tomé and Príncipe Liberation Committee is born

The São Tomé and Príncipe Liberation Committee (CLSTP) was created in Accra, Ghana, in 1960. The Government of Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana supports CLSTP, which later settles in the People's Republic of Congo (Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea and in Gabon. He never managed to start the armed struggle in São Tomé and Príncipe. The first secretary general was Tomás Medeiros and the second Manuel Pinto da Costa (photo), the future first President of São Tomé and Príncipe. From 1972 onwards, it was renamed Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP).

Präsident Manuel Pinto da Costa Sao Tome Principe

Manuel Pinto da Costa, who would become the first President of São Tomé and Príncipe, was the second secretary general of the São Tomé and Príncipe Liberation Committee (CLSTP)

June 16, 1960: Mueda Massacre

On June 16, 1960, the Mozambican village of Mueda, in Cabo Delgado province, was the scene of a demonstration by thousands of peasants demanding better wages, which ended with the death of an undetermined number of demonstrators. The Mueda Massacre is considered one of the last episodes of resistance against Portuguese colonialism before the start of the war in Mozambique in 1964. According to historian João Paulo Borges Coelho, it constitutes “a milestone in the discourse of nationalist forces, a kind of point of non-return from which it was understood that there was no negotiated path to independence.” It was also from 1960 onwards, with the independences that began to take place in Africa, that the opposition to Portuguese colonial policy increased.

Fotoreportage Erinnerung Massaker von Mueda in Mosambik

The village of Mueda, in Cabo Delgado province, was the scene of a massacre on June 16, 1960, when the Portuguese colonial army killed protesters peacefully protesting for independence.

January 20, 1960: Kennedy assumes US presidency

John F. Kennedy takes office as 35th President of the United States of America (USA) on January 20, 1961. US policy towards the Portuguese colonies changes. In 1961, the US Congress decreed a military embargo against Portugal, its NATO ally, the Atlantic Alliance.

John F Kennedy 1961

The new administration of John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) is in favor of the self-determination of peoples subject to colonial rule

January 22, 1961: Deviation of the “Santa Maria” liner

1961 is a fateful year for Salazar's regime. On January 22nd, Captain Henrique Galvão (right in the photo) leads a command of 23 revolutionaries that assault the Portuguese ship “Santa Maria”, in the Caribbean Sea. The creators of “Operation Dulcineia”, carried out in collaboration with General Humberto Delgado (on the left in the photo), did not manage to assume power in Angola as they had planned, but managed to draw the attention of the international community to the political situation. from Portugal. In the same month, Adriano Moreira, Minister of Overseas (1961-62) ends the Indigenous Statute. At least on paper, everyone is equal under the law. The Rural Labor Code seeks to end compulsory work. In Angola there is an uprising in the Massanga Valley against Cottonang, a Belgian cotton production company, for non-payment of wages to workers. The Army and Air Force quell the revolt, causing a massacre.

Henrique Galvão and Humberto Delgado

Humberto Delgado (left) and Henrique Galvão aboard the liner "Santa Maria", kidnapped as a sign of protest against the Salazar regime

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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