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This page lists the main historical events that have occurred over time in Friuli, from ancient times to the present day. By chronology, from the Latin ''chronologia'' , we mean the organization of the classification of historical events based on their succession over time, and of the regular subdivision of the same. A chronology is called "absolute", when it is based on a certain dating linked to a precise and well-known event, or "relative", when it identifies relationships and contemporaneity between events whose exact date is not known. Below is a brief "relative" chronology of Friulian history.
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==Chronology of Italy (1915-2011)==
* '''1915-1918''' : Italy participates in the First World War alongside the Allies. 
* '''1922''' : in a context of social crisis, Mussolini marches on Rome at the head of his militias, the black shirts. King Victor Emmanuel II entrusted him with the government. 
* '''1922-1943''' : Mussolini establishes a fascist regime. 
* '''1935-36''' : conquest of Ethiopia. 
* '''1940''' : Italy goes to war alongside Nazi Germany. 
* '''1943''' : Anglo-American landing. Mussolini takes refuge in the North where he creates the Republic of Salo. 
* '''1944''' : Victor Emmanuel II abdicates. 
* '''1945''' : Mussolini is arrested and shot. 
* '''1946''' : a referendum puts an end to royalty; the republic is proclaimed; The Christian Democracy (DC) dominates political life. 
* '''1957''' : Italy is one of the six founding members of the European Economic Community. 
* '''1963''' : Aldo Moro takes the head of a coalition government Christian Democracy-Italian Socialist Party (PSI). 
* '''1968-1972''' : period of political instability and social unrest. beginning of the " years of lead ", marked by far-right and far-left terrorism. 
* '''1976''' : "Historical compromise"; alliance between Christian democracy and the powerful Communist Party, until then ostracized. 
* '''1978''' : assassination of former Council President Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades. 
* '''1980''' : an attack, perpetrated by the extreme right, makes 84 dead in the station of Bologna.  
* '''1983''' : thanks to the decline of the Christian Democracy Bettino Craxi is the first socialist president of the council. 
* '''1991''' : the Communist Party transforms into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). 
* '''February 1992''' : start of " Clean Mains " ( ''Mani pulite'' ), a legal operation launched against corruption in the political world. 
* '''April 1992''' : decline of traditional political parties and emergence of the Northern League (an ultraconservative regionalist party) during the legislative elections. 
* '''May 1992''' : Assassination of anti-mafia judge Giovanni Falcone. 
* '''February 1993''' : implicated in the operation "Clean hands", the president of the Socialist Party Bettino Craxi resigns. He went into exile in Tunisia in 1994 to evade justice which sentenced him to 27 years in prison. 
* '''April 1993''' : the electoral law is amended by referendum. A majority vote is introduced to put an end to government instability.  
* '''1994''' : Victory in the legislative elections of the right-wing coalition led by businessman Silvio Berlusconi . It brings together his party Forza Italia, the Northern League of Umberto Bossi and the neo-fascists of the National Alliance, led by Gianfranco Fini. Umberto Bossi will break up the coalition a few months later. 
* '''1996''' : victory of the " Olivier ", a center-left coalition in the legislative elections; Romano Prodi becomes Chairman of the Board. 
* '''1998''' : Massimo d'Alema, leader of the Left Democrats (DS, ex-PDS), becomes President of the Council. 
* '''April 2000''' : the defeat of the center-left coalition in the regional elections leads to the resignation of Massimo d'Alema who is replaced by Giuliano Amato. 


'''Stone and Bronze Ages''' It is believed that Friuli was inhabited by Paleovenete tribes, probably by the Euganei. They were devoted to hunting, cattle breeding and agriculture. These tribes will be protagonists of the "culture of the castellieri".
* '''2001'''
** '''May''' : victory for the right-wing coalition, the Maison des Libertés, led by Silvio Berlusconi who wins an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
** '''August''' : adoption by the parliament of the decriminalization of the offense of forgery in balance sheet.
** '''October''' : referendum on federalism. 64% of voters approve the law strengthening the power of regions and local communities.  


'''950 BC (approximately)''' The Venetians, probably arrived from Illyria, occupy the lands of the Euganei.
* '''2002'''
** '''March''' : assassination of Marco Biagi, adviser to the Ministry of Labor, claimed by the "Red Brigades for the constitution of the fighting Communist Party".
** '''April''' : the first general strike in 20 years, called to protest against the social reforms of the Berlusconi government, in particular the relaxation of dismissal rules, paralyzes Italy with 13 million strikers.
** '''July''' : adoption of a law toughening immigration legislation. At the same time, 700,000 undocumented migrants are regularized. 
'''2003'''


'''400 BC (approximately)''' The Carni cross the Alps; they penetrate into Friuli subduing the Venetians. The Carni were a people of Celtic language and culture. They were devoted to hunting and herding and were skilled in working with iron and wood.
'''January''' : alongside the heads of state of eight European countries (Denmark, Spain, Great Britain, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Czech Republic and Slovenia) Italy supports Washington, which pleads for military intervention in Iraq.


'''186 BC''' The Roman Senate sends its legions to defend the territories of northern Italy (probably following the foundation, by the Carni, of a fortified village near Medea).
'''September''' : a blackout paralyzes the whole country for several hours. Italy imports 20% of its electricity consumption.


'''181 BC''' Aquileia, the last of the great Roman colonies in northern Italy, is founded.
'''November''' : 18 Italian soldiers are killed in a car bomb attack on a military base in Nassiriyah (southern Iraq). 


'''169 BC''' Aquileia already has 15,000 inhabitants.
'''2004'''


'''148 BC''' Aquileia is reached by the Via Postumia.
'''January''' : the Constitutional Court invalidates a law, adopted in June 2003, which grants immunity, during their mandate, to the five most senior officials of the State.


'''128 BC''' Aquileia is reached by the Via Annia.
'''June 2004''' : victory of the center-left opposition in local elections; it now controls ten of the twenty regions and 52 of the 63 provinces. 


'''115 BC''' The Roman consul Marco Emilio Scauro definitively puts an end to the Celtic resistance. The whole of Friuli is slowly "romanized".
'''2005'''


'''58-42 BC''' The cities of Forum Iulii (today's Cividale del Friuli), Iulium Carnicum (today's Zuglio) and Iulia Concordia (today's Concordia Sagittaria) are founded.
'''April''' : the center-left wins the regional by-elections, winning 11 out of 13 regions. The ruling coalition loses six of the eight regions it led.


'''27''' The emperor Augustus divides Italy into “regiones”; Aquileia becomes the capital of the X Augustan Region " ''Venetia et Histria'' ". An important river port, it is strategic both from a commercial and a military point of view. It is now the fourth largest city in Italy and one of the main cities of the empire.
'''December''' : adoption of a new electoral law restoring the proportional system with a majority bonus.  


'''167''' The Germanic tribe of the Quadi besieges Aquileia without however succeeding in conquering it.
'''2006'''


'''238''' The Bellum Aquileiensis takes place. Aquileia is besieged by Giulio Vero Massimino known as the Thrace, proclaimed emperor by his troops but considered usurper by the Roman Senate. The citizens of Aquileia will emerge victorious from the siege.
'''January''' : the Minister of Defense announces the total withdrawal of Italian troops from Iraq before the end of 2006.


'''313''' The Edict of Constantine (or Edict of Tolerance) is issued which officially puts an end to all religious persecutions. Christianity spreads throughout Friuli.
'''February''' : Parliament approves the "Pecorella law", which removes the possibility for the prosecution to appeal in case of acquitted or acquitted during a trial. Silvio Berlusconi comes out unscathed, thanks to this law, from a trial in Milan for corruption of a judge.


'''350 (approximately)''' The Bishop of Aquileia Fortunaziano is still forced to write the commentary on the Gospels in rustic language; this meant that there were still many local characters of the "Romanized" population.
'''April''' : short victory for the center-left coalition, the Unione, led by Romano Prodi, against the House of Freedoms of Silvio Berlusconi, during the legislative elections (49.8% against 49.7%).


'''381''' An important council is held in Aquileia presided over by the local bishop, Valeriano and in which numerous other bishops participate, including bishop Ambrose. The council publicly condemns the Aryan heresy and its followers.
Arrest of Bernardo Provenzano , the supreme leader of the Sicilian mafia, on the run for 43 years.


'''401''' The Visigoths led by Alaric sack Friuli, a few years later it will be the turn of the Ostrogoths led by Radagaiso, then again the Visigoths (410).
'''May''' :Giorgio Napolitano (Left Democrats) as President of the Republic.


'''452 At the''' hands of Attila king of the Huns, Aquileia falls, which is sacked and set on fire.
The new head of government, Romano Prodi, announces that he will propose to Parliament the withdrawal of the 2,500 soldiers still present in Iraq.


'''476''' The Erulo general Odoacer deposes the emperor Romulus Augustulus (the last of the Western Roman Empire) and proclaims himself king of Italy.
'''June''' : the Italians reject by 61% of "no" the constitutional revision project wanted by the previous government of Silvio Berluscon which granted more powers to the President of the Council and reinforced the autonomy of the regions.  


'''489''' The Ostrogoths coming from Pannonia under the leadership of Theodoric invade Friuli and easily defeat Odoacer. The chronicles of the time speak of the new Gothic kingdom as a period of severe famines, tax exacerbations, disputes between Latins and barbarians.
'''2008'''


'''526''' Theodoric dies; Friuli will long be a battlefield between the Byzantines and the Goths.
'''January''' : " waste crisis " in Naples. Nearly 100,000 tons of garbage pile up in the streets, due to malfunctioning treatment centers. Littering in the streets of Neapolitan has been a recurring problem since 1994.


'''553''' Pope Virgil, yields to the requests of the emperor Justinian I of Byzantium and signs the "condemnation of the Three Chapters".
'''February''' : dissolution of parliament after Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate and resigned in January. His room for maneuver was very narrow since his short legislative victory in 2006 and the establishment of a coalition ranging from the far left to centrist Catholics, made up of thirteen parties.


'''568''' Following the dissent generated by the condemnation of the "Three Chapters", the church of Aquileia becomes hierarchically independent by appointing Bishop Paolino I, Patriarch. In the same year, the Lombards from Pannonia and led by King Alboin invade Friuli. The invasion takes place slowly and without encountering any armed resistance; an invasion very different from the previous ones, which had instead left behind them death and ruins. In a short time the Lombards took possession of a large part of Italy; Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) becomes the capital of the Duchy of Friuli, the first in Italy (569). For 208 years the history of Friuli will be confused with that of the Lombards.
'<nowiki/>'''''April'''''' : legislative and senatorial elections; the right-wing coalition (People of Freedom) of Silvio Berlusconiwins an absolute majority in both Chambers.


'''569''' Gisulfo, nephew of the king, is the first Duke of Friuli. The organization of the Friulian Duchy is based on four “municipalities”: Forum Iulii (Cividale), Aquileia, Iulium Carnicum (Zuglio) and Concordia. In this way, all the lands located between the Livenza and the Timavo are united under the same government.
'''May''' : Silvio Berlusconi is appointed Chairman of the Board; it presents a government strongly anchored to the right.


'''606''' On the death of the Patriarch Severus, the Patriarchate of Aquileia is divided into two seats. The patriarch Giovanni was appointed in Aquileia, supported by the Lombards; the Catholic patriarch Candidian was appointed in Grado, to whose seat jurisdiction over the territories of Byzantine domination was reserved.
Vast operation against the crime linked to illegal immigration. nearly 400 people, mainly from Romania and the Maghreb, are arrested. This security policy has aroused criticism, in particular from the European Union, which is worried about a xenophobic drift .


'''610''' Incursion of the Avars. Killing of Duke Gisulfo II and sacking of Cividale.
'''June''' : MPs pass a billknown as "Alfano law" providing for the "temporary suspension" of legal proceedings against the highest officials of the State, when Silvio Berlusconi is tried in Milan on a corruption case.


'''643''' Edict of King Rotari.
'''August''' : Silvio Berlusconi apologizes "in the name of the Italian people" to Libya for the atrocities committed during the colonial occupation (1912-1945). Italy will pay $ 5 billion in compensation spread over twenty years. Rome wants in return that Tripoli collaborates in the fight against illegal immigration.  


'''662''' The Duke Lupo sacks Grado, (which remained Byzantine) thus taking back the treasures of the Patriarchate of Aquileia brought here by the Patriarch Pauline at the time of the Lombard invasion.
'''2009 '''


'''664''' New raid by the Avars. Killing of the Duke Wolf.
'''January''' : Alitalia, threatened with bankruptcy, chooses Air France-KLM as a future partner to acquire a 25% stake in its capital.


'''689''' In the battle of Coronate, the Lombard king Cunipert, a Catholic, defeats the Duke Alachis, an Aryan, who led a composite front of insurgents in north-eastern Italy, among whom there were also many adherents to the tricapitolino schism.
'''February''' : after the dismal failure of the left in regional elections in Sardinia, Walter Veltroni resigns from the leadership of the Democratic Party.


'''698''' King Cunipert convenes a synod in Pavia in which the Catholic bishops and tricapitolini recompose the schism "in the spirit of Chalcedon".
Silvio Berlusconi concludes with France an agreement relating to the construction of nuclear power stations, more than twenty years after the decision to close them, by referendum in 1987.


'''706''' Pemmone is proclaimed Duke of Friuli. There is a period of great cultural and economic development.
The government adopts a decree-law establishing the principle of unarmed popular militias , to fight against insecurity.


'''734''' Ratchis, Pemmone's eldest son, is named Duke in place of his father. The economic and artistic development of the Duchy continues. In 744, Ratchis was later named King of Italy.
'''Mars''' : merger of the two main right-wing formations, Forza Italia, the movement of Silvio Berlusconi, and the National Alliance, the party of Gianfranco Fini.


'''744''' His brother Astolfo takes over the government of Friuli and will also become king of Italy when Ratchis retires to the convent of Montecassino.
'''April''' : an earthquake strikes the Abruzzo region, particularly the city of L'Aquila, leaving nearly 40,000 dead and nearly 40,000 homeless.


'''775-776''' Duke Rotgaudo, head of the Friulian resistance opposes the Carolingian power, demonstrating that Friuli has now acquired its own autonomy. However, he is defeated and killed in battle. Cividale suffers a severe repression. Despite the defeat, the ethnic and cultural heritage left by the Lombards will never be canceled.
Fiat takes 20% of the capital of the American Chrysler , which has placed itself under the protection of Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy law.


'''776''' Carlo the Great, re dei Franchi, dopo aver sconfitto i Lombards if you say " ''By the grace of God king of the Franks and the Lombards'' ".
'''May''' : the deputies adopt the " security package ", which creates an offense of illegal immigration, prolongs the stay of illegal immigrants in detention centers from two to six months and legalizes "citizens' rounds" to report to the police breaches of public order.


'''781''' The duchy of Friuli is reorganized on a count basis and entrusted to his son Pipino.
<nowiki>:</nowiki> the European Commission announces its intention to examine the "security package" adopted by the Senate to verify its "compatibility" with Community law.


'''791''' Annexation of Istria to the Friulian Duchy. The city of Cividale is blooming again, now called Civitas Austriae and no longer Forum Iulii, a term that will instead identify the name of the entire region.
'''October''' : 23 people are killed in Sicily in a landslide , angering the population who denounce the failure to respect construction standards on the island.


'''787''' Paolino II from Cividale is elevated Patriarch with the consent of Charlemagne himself. The possessions of the Aquileian church and new important donations are recognized to the new patriarch (792).
Silvio Berlusconi's holding company, Fininvest , is ordered to pay 750 million euros in damages to a competitor for its controversial takeover of publisher Mondadori in the 1990s.


'''836-866''' Duke Everardo will guarantee a long period of stability and cultural growth. Friuli is elevated to Marca (846).
The Constitutional Court invalidates the immunity law who has protected Silvio Berlusconi since his return to power in April 2008.


'''899-952''' Friuli undergoes the longest and most devastating invasion at the hands of the Hungarians. At least 12 raids will cause fires, deaths and ruins. The consequences of the Hungarian invasions were fatal for Friuli: depopulation of the region, interruption of communication routes, abandonment of productive activities.
'''December''' : Silvio Berlusconi is attacked by an imbalance during a meeting in Milan. 


'''955 (approximately)''' After the victory over the Hungarians by Henry, Duke of Bavaria and Carinthia, Friuli was incorporated into the Veronese March. In 989 it was then annexed to the Duchy of Carinthia.
'''2010'''


'''1019''' It will be the Patriarchate of Aquileia and in particular the Patriarch Volfango known as Poppo (or Poppone) to undertake an important work of reconstruction. The following years will be, for Friuli, years of social and material rebirth.
'''January''' : more than a thousand African immigrants, who have come to pick fruit in Calabria , are forced into exodus after being victims of manhunts.


'''1076''' A "civil war" breaks out between the German princes and the emperor after the latter's excommunication by Pope Gregory VIII. Patriarch Sigerardo remains faithful to Henry IV.
'''February''' : the Chamber of Deputies approves a law allowing the postponement of the trials against Silvio Berlusconi for 18 months.


'''1077''' In Pavia on '''3 April'''  1077 the emperor Henry IV grants the feudal investiture to the patriarch Sigeardo with ducal prerogatives over the entire county of Friuli. It is the birth certificate of the Friulian patriarchal state. With this act Friuli regained its territorial integrity and its political autonomy.
'''March''' : regional elections . Silvio Berlusconi's coalition seizes four regions controlled by the left, in particular thanks to his ally the Northern League. Silvio Berlusconi had adopted, a few days before the election, a decree relaxing the criteria for the registration of electoral lists , in order to allow registration, after the legal deadline,his party lists .


'''1077-1204''' Sigeardo's successors remained faithful to the policy of Henry IV and then of his son Henry V, making the Friulian state the advanced pawn of imperial politics in Italy. The territorial unity of the Friulian state (at the end of the 12th century the largest and most compact state in northern Italy) is also accompanied by an ethnic-cultural unity that can now be defined simply as “Friulian”.
'''July''' : Silvio Berlusconi calls for the resignation of his ally Gianfranco Fini from the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies, the president of the Chamber of Deputies who is increasingly distancing himself from the head of government, in particular on corruption cases. Gianfranco Fini announces that he will regain his independence.


'''1204''' Friuli approaches the period of maximum splendor of the patriarchate; Friuli has never achieved such autonomy and prestige in foreign policy as in this period. Under the patriarchate of Volchero (1204-1218) great impetus was given to commercial traffic and productive activities, the road network was improved and cultural activity was also brilliant.
'''November''' : a few days after the revelation of a new Silvio Berlusconi scandal , Gianfranco Fini calls for the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi, in a speech delivered to the members of his new party, called Avenir et Liberté, but the Cavaliere escapes two motions from censorship . 


'''1218''' Bertoldo of Andechs-Merania (1218-1251) is appointed patriarch who from the beginning had an eye for the city of Udine which in a short time passed from a small village to a metropolis. The conquest aims of the Ghibellines Ezzelino III da Romano and Mainardo III, count of Gorizia, forced the patriarch to seek help from the opposing party (the Guelph party) by allying himself with Venice and the Duke of Carinthia.
==Videos==


'''1231''' On 6 July the first session of the "Parliament of the Fatherland" is held, in which the cities of Aquileia, Cividale, Gemona, Sacile, Tolmezzo and Udine participate.
===Italy: 12 Fun Facts about Italian History, Traditions and Cuisine ...===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1D8Adbk8m4</youtube>


'''1277''' Pordenone passes to the Habsburgs, effectively becoming a German enclave in the Friulian territory. Friuli, which has become an element of strength of the Guelph league, is on the way to a slow but inexorable decline.
==Other Lessons==
 
* [[Language/Italian/Culture/San-Marino-Timeline|San Marino Timeline]]
'''1334''' With the appointment as patriarch of Bertrando di Saint Geneìs (1334-1350), the Friulian state is once again given prestige and prestige. Loved by the people, he achieved numerous military and diplomatic successes without ever neglecting his duties as bishop.
* [[Language/Italian/Culture/Why-Learn-Italian|Why Learn Italian]]
 
* [[Language/Italian/Culture/Movies|Movies]]
'''1344''' Foundation of the University of Cividale.
<span links></span>
 
'''1350''' On 6 June Bertrando, now ninety, is killed by a conspiracy led by the count of Gorizia, the municipality of Cividale and other Friulian feudal lords. He was succeeded by Nicholas of Luxembourg (1350-1358) who immediately established an authoritarian and unusually violent government. All those responsible for Bertrando's death were prosecuted; the count of Gorizia himself was forced to give back all the usurped lands and castles.
 
'''1365''' The vice-dominant Francesco Savorgnan, thanks to numerous victories on the field, puts an end to the expansionist aims of the Habsburgs. Marquard of Randeck (1365-1381) was then appointed patriarch.
 
'''1366''' On 11 June the Constitution of the Patria del Friuli ( ''Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii'' ) was promulgated, the basis of Friulian law until 1797.
 
'''1381-1410''' With the death of Marquardo a period of relative political stability also came to an end. The patriarchal state was by now on the threshold of decadence weakened by the spirit of "faction", hatred and revenge of the Friulian municipalities, in particular between those of Udine and Cividale; quarrel that took on international dimensions.
 
'''1411''' Friuli becomes a battlefield; facing each other are the imperial army (lined up with Cividale) and the Venetian one (lined up with Udine). In December the emperor's army seizes Udine.
 
'''1419''' On 13 July the Venetian army occupies Cividale and prepares for the conquest of Udine.
 
'''1420''' On 7 June, after a strenuous defense, the Venetian army conquers the city of Udine; immediately afterwards Gemona, San Daniele, Venzone, Tolmezzo fall. It is the end of the Friulian patriarchal state.
 
'''1445''' After long negotiations, the patriarch Ludovico Trevisan will accept the concordat imposed by Venice by which the right of independence of Friuli was effectively abolished.
 
'''1472-1499''' Friuli annexed to the Serenissima Republic finds itself at the mercy of Turkish raids: hundreds of towns are set on fire.
 
'''1500''' The county of Gorizia passes to Austria.
 
'''1508''' The war between Austria and Venice begins, claiming the Gorizia possessions. Pordenone is incorporated into the Venetian territories.
 
'''1511''' Peasant revolt (February 27) supported by the pro-Venetian Antonio Savorgnan. Numerous castles and noble villas are set on fire. In the same year a terrible earthquake hit Friuli (March 26), and then the plague.
 
'''1521''' With the "Diet of Worms" the Friulian territory is divided halfway between Venice and Austria. The Venetians are left with Central Friuli, Monfalcone and western Friuli. To Austria, Eastern Friuli with Aquileia.
 
'''1593''' Palmanova is founded.
 
'''1615-1617''' War of Gradisca. Austria and Venice come into conflict again. War will not bring significant changes to the borders.
 
'''1629''' Friuli is hit by a severe famine.
 
'''1700''' An earthquake hits Carnia.
 
'''1751''' Definitive suppression of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. In its place, the archbishops of Udine and Gorizia were created.
 
'''1754''' The County of Gradisca is reunited with that of Gorizia.
 
'''1797''' Venice falls following the Napoleonic campaign in Italy. With the treaty of Campoformio, Napoleon Buonaparte ceded Friuli to Austria.
 
'''1805''' Friuli becomes part of the Italic Kingdom created by Napoleon.
 
'''1815''' The Congress of Vienna defines new borders: Friuli and Veneto return to Austria and together with Lombardy they form the Lombard-Veneto Kingdom controlled by the Austrians.
 
'''1838''' The district of Portogruaro until now always included in the "Province of Friuli" is assigned to the Province of Venice.
 
'''1852''' The municipality of Sappada is detached from the Province of Friuli and assigned to the Province of Belluno.
 
'''1866''' Western and central Friuli become part of the kingdom of Italy. Eastern Friuli, on the other hand, remains under Austria.
 
'''1915-18''' First World War. Bloody battles are fought in Friuli.
 
'''1918''' The proposal for a broad autonomy of eastern Friuli within Austria-Hungary fails.
 
'''1919''' Eastern Friuli also becomes part of Italy.
 
'''1923''' The Province of Gorizia is suppressed.
 
'''1927''' The Province of Gorizia is reconstituted (albeit with minor territories).
 
'''1940-45''' During the Second World War Yugoslavia occupies Istria and Trieste. The Free Republic of Carnia is established (1944) then suffocated by the Germans.
 
'''1947 The''' Italian Constitution provides for the establishment of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
 
'''1954''' The city of Trieste is entrusted to the Italian administration.
 
'''1963''' The Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia is established. The debate on the statute, in an attempt to find a compromise on the problem of the territory, had begun several years earlier, but for reasons of state (Italian) the claims on the Friulian autonomy linked to its history were soon set aside. The territory was granted the specificity of an autonomous region in order to guarantee the Italian character of the border area and of Trieste. The Trieste minority (3% of the territory and 20% of the population) was thus able to prevail over the Friulian majority. In the same year there was also the Vajont disaster.
 
'''1968''' The province of Pordenone is created by subtracting several municipalities from that of Udine.
 
'''1976''' A disastrous earthquake hits Carnia (May 6). The victims are thousands.
 
'''1977''' The University of Udine is formally established (8 August).
 
'''1991-1992''' In the Portogruaro district, consultative referendums are held for membership in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region, which give a positive outcome.
 
'''1999''' Law 482/1999 "Rules for the protection of historical linguistic minorities" is approved by the Italian parliament. This is the first official (direct) recognition of the existence of a Friulian linguistic minority (15 December).
 
'''2004''' A consultative referendum is held for the establishment of a province of Alto Friuli (Carnia). The consultation fails.
 
'''2006''' Confirmative referendums for membership of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region take place in the Portogruaro district. All the municipalities are broadly in favor, but the quorum is reached only in Cinto Caomaggiore.

Latest revision as of 14:02, 27 March 2023

Italian-polyglot-club.jpg

World Timelines[edit source]

Chronology of Italy (1915-2011)[edit | edit source]

  • 1915-1918 : Italy participates in the First World War alongside the Allies. 
  • 1922 : in a context of social crisis, Mussolini marches on Rome at the head of his militias, the black shirts. King Victor Emmanuel II entrusted him with the government. 
  • 1922-1943 : Mussolini establishes a fascist regime. 
  • 1935-36 : conquest of Ethiopia. 
  • 1940 : Italy goes to war alongside Nazi Germany. 
  • 1943 : Anglo-American landing. Mussolini takes refuge in the North where he creates the Republic of Salo. 
  • 1944 : Victor Emmanuel II abdicates. 
  • 1945 : Mussolini is arrested and shot. 
  • 1946 : a referendum puts an end to royalty; the republic is proclaimed; The Christian Democracy (DC) dominates political life. 
  • 1957 : Italy is one of the six founding members of the European Economic Community. 
  • 1963 : Aldo Moro takes the head of a coalition government Christian Democracy-Italian Socialist Party (PSI). 
  • 1968-1972 : period of political instability and social unrest. beginning of the " years of lead ", marked by far-right and far-left terrorism. 
  • 1976 : "Historical compromise"; alliance between Christian democracy and the powerful Communist Party, until then ostracized. 
  • 1978 : assassination of former Council President Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades. 
  • 1980 : an attack, perpetrated by the extreme right, makes 84 dead in the station of Bologna.  
  • 1983 : thanks to the decline of the Christian Democracy Bettino Craxi is the first socialist president of the council. 
  • 1991 : the Communist Party transforms into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). 
  • February 1992 : start of " Clean Mains " ( Mani pulite ), a legal operation launched against corruption in the political world. 
  • April 1992 : decline of traditional political parties and emergence of the Northern League (an ultraconservative regionalist party) during the legislative elections. 
  • May 1992 : Assassination of anti-mafia judge Giovanni Falcone. 
  • February 1993 : implicated in the operation "Clean hands", the president of the Socialist Party Bettino Craxi resigns. He went into exile in Tunisia in 1994 to evade justice which sentenced him to 27 years in prison. 
  • April 1993 : the electoral law is amended by referendum. A majority vote is introduced to put an end to government instability.  
  • 1994 : Victory in the legislative elections of the right-wing coalition led by businessman Silvio Berlusconi . It brings together his party Forza Italia, the Northern League of Umberto Bossi and the neo-fascists of the National Alliance, led by Gianfranco Fini. Umberto Bossi will break up the coalition a few months later. 
  • 1996 : victory of the " Olivier ", a center-left coalition in the legislative elections; Romano Prodi becomes Chairman of the Board. 
  • 1998 : Massimo d'Alema, leader of the Left Democrats (DS, ex-PDS), becomes President of the Council. 
  • April 2000 : the defeat of the center-left coalition in the regional elections leads to the resignation of Massimo d'Alema who is replaced by Giuliano Amato. 
  • 2001
    • May : victory for the right-wing coalition, the Maison des Libertés, led by Silvio Berlusconi who wins an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
    • August : adoption by the parliament of the decriminalization of the offense of forgery in balance sheet.
    • October : referendum on federalism. 64% of voters approve the law strengthening the power of regions and local communities.  
  • 2002
    • March : assassination of Marco Biagi, adviser to the Ministry of Labor, claimed by the "Red Brigades for the constitution of the fighting Communist Party".
    • April : the first general strike in 20 years, called to protest against the social reforms of the Berlusconi government, in particular the relaxation of dismissal rules, paralyzes Italy with 13 million strikers.
    • July : adoption of a law toughening immigration legislation. At the same time, 700,000 undocumented migrants are regularized. 

2003

January : alongside the heads of state of eight European countries (Denmark, Spain, Great Britain, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Czech Republic and Slovenia) Italy supports Washington, which pleads for military intervention in Iraq.

September : a blackout paralyzes the whole country for several hours. Italy imports 20% of its electricity consumption.

November : 18 Italian soldiers are killed in a car bomb attack on a military base in Nassiriyah (southern Iraq). 

2004

January : the Constitutional Court invalidates a law, adopted in June 2003, which grants immunity, during their mandate, to the five most senior officials of the State.

June 2004 : victory of the center-left opposition in local elections; it now controls ten of the twenty regions and 52 of the 63 provinces. 

2005

April : the center-left wins the regional by-elections, winning 11 out of 13 regions. The ruling coalition loses six of the eight regions it led.

December : adoption of a new electoral law restoring the proportional system with a majority bonus.  

2006

January : the Minister of Defense announces the total withdrawal of Italian troops from Iraq before the end of 2006.

February : Parliament approves the "Pecorella law", which removes the possibility for the prosecution to appeal in case of acquitted or acquitted during a trial. Silvio Berlusconi comes out unscathed, thanks to this law, from a trial in Milan for corruption of a judge.

April : short victory for the center-left coalition, the Unione, led by Romano Prodi, against the House of Freedoms of Silvio Berlusconi, during the legislative elections (49.8% against 49.7%).

Arrest of Bernardo Provenzano , the supreme leader of the Sicilian mafia, on the run for 43 years.

May :Giorgio Napolitano (Left Democrats) as President of the Republic.

The new head of government, Romano Prodi, announces that he will propose to Parliament the withdrawal of the 2,500 soldiers still present in Iraq.

June : the Italians reject by 61% of "no" the constitutional revision project wanted by the previous government of Silvio Berluscon which granted more powers to the President of the Council and reinforced the autonomy of the regions.  

2008

January : " waste crisis " in Naples. Nearly 100,000 tons of garbage pile up in the streets, due to malfunctioning treatment centers. Littering in the streets of Neapolitan has been a recurring problem since 1994.

February : dissolution of parliament after Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate and resigned in January. His room for maneuver was very narrow since his short legislative victory in 2006 and the establishment of a coalition ranging from the far left to centrist Catholics, made up of thirteen parties.

'April' : legislative and senatorial elections; the right-wing coalition (People of Freedom) of Silvio Berlusconiwins an absolute majority in both Chambers.

May : Silvio Berlusconi is appointed Chairman of the Board; it presents a government strongly anchored to the right.

Vast operation against the crime linked to illegal immigration. nearly 400 people, mainly from Romania and the Maghreb, are arrested. This security policy has aroused criticism, in particular from the European Union, which is worried about a xenophobic drift .

June : MPs pass a billknown as "Alfano law" providing for the "temporary suspension" of legal proceedings against the highest officials of the State, when Silvio Berlusconi is tried in Milan on a corruption case.

August : Silvio Berlusconi apologizes "in the name of the Italian people" to Libya for the atrocities committed during the colonial occupation (1912-1945). Italy will pay $ 5 billion in compensation spread over twenty years. Rome wants in return that Tripoli collaborates in the fight against illegal immigration.  

2009 

January : Alitalia, threatened with bankruptcy, chooses Air France-KLM as a future partner to acquire a 25% stake in its capital.

February : after the dismal failure of the left in regional elections in Sardinia, Walter Veltroni resigns from the leadership of the Democratic Party.

Silvio Berlusconi concludes with France an agreement relating to the construction of nuclear power stations, more than twenty years after the decision to close them, by referendum in 1987.

The government adopts a decree-law establishing the principle of unarmed popular militias , to fight against insecurity.

Mars : merger of the two main right-wing formations, Forza Italia, the movement of Silvio Berlusconi, and the National Alliance, the party of Gianfranco Fini.

April : an earthquake strikes the Abruzzo region, particularly the city of L'Aquila, leaving nearly 40,000 dead and nearly 40,000 homeless.

Fiat takes 20% of the capital of the American Chrysler , which has placed itself under the protection of Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy law.

May : the deputies adopt the " security package ", which creates an offense of illegal immigration, prolongs the stay of illegal immigrants in detention centers from two to six months and legalizes "citizens' rounds" to report to the police breaches of public order.

: the European Commission announces its intention to examine the "security package" adopted by the Senate to verify its "compatibility" with Community law.

October : 23 people are killed in Sicily in a landslide , angering the population who denounce the failure to respect construction standards on the island.

Silvio Berlusconi's holding company, Fininvest , is ordered to pay 750 million euros in damages to a competitor for its controversial takeover of publisher Mondadori in the 1990s.

The Constitutional Court invalidates the immunity law who has protected Silvio Berlusconi since his return to power in April 2008.

December : Silvio Berlusconi is attacked by an imbalance during a meeting in Milan. 

2010

January : more than a thousand African immigrants, who have come to pick fruit in Calabria , are forced into exodus after being victims of manhunts.

February : the Chamber of Deputies approves a law allowing the postponement of the trials against Silvio Berlusconi for 18 months.

March : regional elections . Silvio Berlusconi's coalition seizes four regions controlled by the left, in particular thanks to his ally the Northern League. Silvio Berlusconi had adopted, a few days before the election, a decree relaxing the criteria for the registration of electoral lists , in order to allow registration, after the legal deadline,his party lists .

July : Silvio Berlusconi calls for the resignation of his ally Gianfranco Fini from the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies, the president of the Chamber of Deputies who is increasingly distancing himself from the head of government, in particular on corruption cases. Gianfranco Fini announces that he will regain his independence.

November : a few days after the revelation of a new Silvio Berlusconi scandal , Gianfranco Fini calls for the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi, in a speech delivered to the members of his new party, called Avenir et Liberté, but the Cavaliere escapes two motions from censorship . 

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