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<div style="font-size:300%">Brief history of Andorra</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Historical Timeline for Andorra - A chronology of key events</div>
In this article, we have written the history of Andorra in such a way that it is clear and pleasant: in the form of a chronology of dates. From the pre-Roman era and the founding of the country to the present day, all of the most relevant events, events and changes are listed by date and time and organized by historical epoch or age. We hope you like it.
[[File:Andorra-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]]
 
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== Foundation of the country ==
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* 1st century BC. C .: Polybius mentions a battle of the local (Andean) inhabitants against the Carthaginian Aníbal , on his way through the Pyrenees on his way to Rome.
[[File:Andorra-Timeline-PolyglotClub2.jpg]]
* 27 a. C . : The territory joins the newly created Roman province of Hispania Tarraconense, to which it belonged even after the creation of the Visigothic kingdom.
* 714 : The Muslims invade Andorra and drive out the Visigoths from the territory. The Andorran valleys are part of the Superior Mark of al-Andalus . The territory was a battleground between the Franks and Andalusia.
* 788 : Traditional date of Andorra's independence. Charlemagne invades and consolidates the territory , after having fought the Arab army in the valley of Querol, according to the most exhaustive data and the Andorran tradition. Although the Arabs had the advantage, a group of Andorran mountain people from the Valira river valleys coordinated by Marc Almugàver helped Charlemagne to fight the Arabs in Pimorent and Campcardós, thus promoting victory over the Muslims. The emperor thanked the gesture granting protection to Andorra and declaring it sovereign people. In addition, he donated tithing and other rights to the bishops of Urgel. The Charter of the Founding of Andorra, which is kept in the archives of the Principality, was granted by Charlemagne to his son Luis, although not all historians accept it because it was written much later.
* 817 : Andorra, Urgel and Cerdanya are part of Carolingian Sovereignty.
 
== Feudal and medieval times ==
* 843 : First documented mention of Andorra . The Carolingian Empire is dismembered and with a precept, the emperor Carlos el Calvo gives to his faithful Sunifredo, Count of Urgell, among others, the valley of Andorra.
* 839 : It's time to do the regions of this region of the Pyrenees. The Act of consecration and endowment of the Cathedral of Seo de Urgel , where the valley of Andorra is mentioned and for the first time their territorial organization by parish as dependent neighborhoods of this diocese, together with the religious relationship with the SEO of Urgel is confirmed.
* X-XI centuries : There are constant conflicts between the nobles of Caboet, Castellbò and the Bishopric of Urgell for the control and sovereignty of Andorra.
* 1133 : Count Ermengol VI of Urgell transfers to Bishop Pere Berenguer and Urgell Cathedral all the rights he had or could have in the Valleys of Andorra in perpetuity and without reservation, and the inhabitants of the Valleys are condemned to pay allegiance to the bishop and his successors.
* 1162 : An agreement is signed with Bishop Bernat Sanç for the designation of the Batlles in return for an annual tribute.
* 1176 : A new agreement with Bishop Arnau de Preixens completes the previous one. Due to the situation of political instability in France and Spain in the Middle Ages due to the internal conflicts between the small kingdoms and the constant invasions of the Arabs, the Counts of Urgel asked for help and set about agreement with the Counts of Caboet to protect the Andorran parishes .
* 1095-1159 : The various members of the Caboet family (Guitard Isarn de Caboet, Guillem Guitard de Caboet, Arnau de Caboet) remain faithful to the Bishopric of Urgell, consolidating the union by which, in compensation, they promise to share the domain of Andorra, which happens to be an episcopal lordship .
* 1185 : Union of Caboet and Castellbò surnames in the destination of Andorra . Arnaua, eldest daughter of the Casa de los Caboet, married Arnau de Castellbó.
* 13th century:  The fight for the sovereignty of Andorra happens to be between the bishops of Urgell and the counts of the Foix family.
* 1201 : The contemporary bishop of Urgell, Bernat de Vilamur, grants Viscount Arnau de Castellbó and his only daughter and heiress Ermessanda the valleys of Andorra in exchange for the oath of loyalty.
* 1208 : Ermessanda marries the count of Foix Roger Bernat II, thus adding the house of Foix to the seigneury via marriage alliances .
* 1257 : Roger Bernat III marries Margarida de Bearn. A time of conflict arises, since Pedro III the Great of Aragon supports and protects the rights of the bishop, while his brother Jaume II of Mallorca, Roussillon and Sardinia, married to Esclarmonda (sister of Roger Bernat III), protects his brother-in-law, the count of Foix.
* 1278 : Obliged by Father II of Catalonia, Roger Bernat III, the Count of Foix and Viscount of Castellbò and the Bishop of Urgel Father d'Urtx sign an agreement , on September 8, in Lérida, for which the latter renounces part of its rights and both share the sovereignty of Andorra. This agreement is known as the “ Premier pariatge ”, a very important fact in the history of the Principality and discussed by historians as the first European constitution. The harvest is undivided on the territory. Andorra paid feudal homage to the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgel.
* 1278 : Signature of the second pariatge between Pere d'Urtx, Bishop of Urgell and Roger Bernat III. The Andorrans therefore have two sovereigns.
* 1396 : Martin l'Humain, annexed the valleys of Andorra, as the power of France & Count Foix increased, but was returned to the house of Foix 4 years later.
* 1419 : The Earth Council is constituted and legitimized , the original parliament of the current one, one of the oldest in Europe. It was an institution for the management of common affairs, with the power to appoint trustees and lawyers for the defense of rights and privileges.
 
== The modern era ==
The 16th century, full of dynamism and changes, also had its effect in Andorra. Nobles and kings regarded the land without much interest and used it as a simple exchange for firmer political strategies. The territory was the possession of various kings and monarchs . The Catholic monarchs attached it to the crown after the battle against the Dukes of Foix, but during the reign of Charles V Andorra was returned to the house of Foix.
* 1479 : The county of Foix was adopted in 1479 possession of the Béarn territories of the Kingdom of Navarre , also called since Baja Navarra.
* 1589 : Henri III, king of Navarre and count of Foix becomes king of France, with the name of Henri IV. Thus, a series of transfers of the title in the French perimeter and the shared seigneury acquires the co-main range .
* 1607-1620 : Luís XIII, successor of Enrique IV, decides to unite the title of king of Navarre and his rights transmitted from the co-principal of Andorra, like the county of Foix, to the crown of France. So, from there, all the titles are united and the successive heads of state of France become co-princes with the bishop of Urgel , a dignity that is maintained even when the monarchy of France disappears.
* The first years of the 18th century : Andorra manages to remain neutral in the War of the Spanish Succession.
* 1715 : The Bishop of Urgell Simeó de Guinda dictates various regulations in which the consuls of the valleys of Andorra were instructed not to obey an order that was not issued by the King of France or himself.
* 1748:  Antoni Fiter i Rosell, Doctor of Law and Natural Sciences from Ordino, writes the “ Condensed Manual of the Valls Neustras d'Andorra ” (Compendium of the history, uses and customs, privileges and political organization of 'Andorra), known as the Andorran Bible. Andorran historical archives such as those of Charlemagne and Ludovico Pius are transcribed in this document. It also includes a whole series of moral norms called "maxims", in the extension of traditional Catalan customary law based on Roman law.
* 1763 : Mosén Antoni Puig, originally from Escaldes, simplifying the work of Dr Fiter i Rossell writes his version entitled " Politar Andorrà ", A work also very important in the history of Andorra and which describes among other things the privileges of the Principality and the powers of the authorities.
* 1789 : The outbreak of the French Revolution leaves Andorra between two powers, France and Spain, continually at odds. The French revolutionaries of the First Republic refused to maintain  the pariatge  for its feudal origin and it was interrupted, also suspending relations with France and the collection of taxes from the Qüestia, and renouncing the titles of the co-principal.
* 1794 : In full  war with Spain , a French detachment entered Andorra as far as  Soldeu  , trying to occupy the Seo de Urgel. But an Andorran representation went to  Puigcerda  and convinced General Chabret to resign from this operation.
* Contemporary period
* Monument to the new reform, Andorra la Vella
* 1806 : Napoleon Bonaparte returned to accept his sovereignty as head of the French state at the express request of the Andorrans by decree, acting as co-prince of Andorra, considering that the royal decree of 1620 had transmitted part of the French sovereignty to the French state, be it the monarchy or the republic. He also restored the positions of French Veguer and Batlle, the Qüestia and the customs exemptions granted years ago by Louis XV. This definitive restoration of the co-principle marks a before and an after in the Valleys of Andorra, open to the world . The first books are also published, highlighting "Relation sur la Vallée d'Andorra" by Fray Tomas Junoy.
* 1812-1814 : The French Empire nominal annexes Catalonia divides it into four departments (Segre, Ter, Montserrat and Bocas del Ebro). Andorra was part of the district of Puigcerdá, within the department of Segre.
* 1866 : Guillem de Plandolit i de Areny, noble and wealthy landowner, directs the "Nova Reforma" ( New Reform ) with Antón Meastre, which was accepted by Bishop Josep Caixal i Estradé on April 14 of the same year. This profound reform of the institutions supposes a process of democratization and granting a more active participation to the people in the government of the country.. Among other things, the right to vote was granted to all heads of family, the incompatibility between the post of general councilor and that of common councilor was admitted, and the People's Commissar was created to control the administration and public accounts. In addition, the “Consell General” was subsequently made up of 24 advisers chosen from among the administrators. The reform was accepted by the Bishop of Urgel.
* 1869 : Napoleon III accepts and ratifies the New Reform as co-prince of Andorra.
* End of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century : economic difficulties forced many Andorrans to emigrate from the country.
* 1899 : The Administrative Road Council is formed.
* 1914 : The first road connecting Andorra to foreigners , in particular with Spain (Seo de Urgel). In addition, the Virgin of Meritxell is declared Patron Saint of the Valleys of Andorra.
* 1921 : In September, the Archbishop of Tarragona together with Bishop De Urgel canonically crown the image of the Mare de Déu de Meritxell. This day is proclaimed National Day of the Principality.
* 1928 : The Spanish government created a postal service with Andorra.
* 1929 : The first electricity production facility was created, which will begin to operate in 1934. It is the Escaldes hydroelectric power station , managed by FEDA , which uses water from Lake Engolasters at an altitude of 1,616 meters. to generate electricity.
* 1931 : France creates its own postal service with Andorra.
* 1933 : Despite the workers' strikes, the route of the road that communicated with the Seo de Urgel in Pas de la Casa is completed , on the border with France. Popular altercations occur to obtain universal male suffrage and the General Council of Andorra, under pressure, agrees. After that, the Court of Justice, considering the fact as a disobedience to the co-princes, dismissed the General Council. The President of the French Republic then sent a detachment of gendarmes to restore order , and finally the permanent delegates of the co-princes call elections. The electoral system was reformed on July 17, when any man over 30 could be elected, and they hadright to vote for all men over 25 years of age .
* 1934 : The Russian Borís Skósyrev, with the promise of wealth and improvements for a rural and backward Andorra, proposed like king and the proposal obtained the approval of the General Council. However, the bishop of Seo de Urgel disowned him and Borís declared war on him and proclaimed himself sovereign prince. The bishop brought a sergeant and four agents into the Principality who arrested the Russian and took him to Barcelona, ​​where he was tried and expelled from Spanish territory. Those days were the only historical period in which Andorra did not depend on any other state.
* 1935 : The first radio station is created, Radio Andorra , with a license issued by the General Council.
* 1936 : The Spanish Civil War breaks out and the presence of French gendarmes to prevent attacks by the government of General Franco , until 1940, when France surrenders to the German army. Andorra continued its strict neutrality, also thanks to the understanding between all the parties, and welcomed the continued arrival of political refugees and immigrants.
* 1937 : Andorra suffered severe flooding.
* 1943 : The last execution in the lands of Valles of a condemned to death by a vile club takes place. The death penalty has been abolished .
* 1944 : Due to World War II, in which Andorra has traditionally remained neutral, a detachment of French gendarmes (without agreement with the Bishop of La Seo) and a group of civil guards installed in Andorra, but there is no no notable confrontation between the two forces, which remained in the Principality until  1945 .
* 1958 : Andorra signs a peace treaty with Germany, because it was forgotten in the Treaty of Versailles and legally the two countries were until then at war, although they never had a conflict.
* During the hippie decade of the 1960s and 1970s, the Principality's standard of living rose rapidly, resembling that of a modern country. The population doubled in twelve years and reached 12,199 inhabitants in 1964.  The great commercial and tourist development also began , the first facilities for the practice of winter sports were developed. Skiing is declared a national sport. However, discrimination against non-nationals is increasing, due to the increase in immigration, Andorran nationals becoming a minority.
* 1967 : The co-prince  Charles de Gaulle  he visited the Principality and was received with great enthusiasm after the dark period of the conflict of the world war.
* 1968: The " Caixa Andorrana de Seguretat Social" (CASS) is created and the automatic telephone service and telex are inaugurated.
* 1970 : Lowering the voting age to 21 was approved and women were allowed to vote , although discrimination against the non-national population increased.
* 1971 : The new electoral reforms are applied during the elections of December 15. Andorran women vote for the first time.
* 1973 : The first meeting of the two co-princes since the 13th century, Joan Martí i Alanis and George Pompidou, takes place.
* 1978 : the parish of Escaldes-Engordany was separated from that of Andorra la Vieja, thus becoming the seventh civil parish of the Principality.
* 1982 : The first newly formed Andorran government took office , for the first time separating the executive legislative power. Serious floods have left the Principality in secrecy and caused many deaths and injuries. 
* 1990-1992 : The Principality signs an agreement with the  European Economic Community  and approves a new penal code.
* 1993 : The second Constitution is approved by referendum (The first was that of Boris I, who never postulated), thus definitively leaving feudalism, declaring the Andorran people as the sole sovereign of the State, and becoming a modern country with a current parliamentary government, reducing the power of the co-princes. This enabled it to enter the United Nations as a full member.
 
== News ==
* 1995 : Andorra Television (VTT) and the law on the acquisition of nationality is reformed, making it more flexible. As a result, the Andorran national population increased at the end of the 90s.
* 1997 : The University of Andorra legally, although it has been operating since 1988 in nursing and computer science schools.
* 2002 : The Principality adopted the  euro as its official currency , along with France and Spain.
* 2003: Agreements  enter into force between the Principality, the Kingdom of Spain and the French Republic concerning the entry, movement, stay and establishment of citizens.
* 2004 : The University of Andorra acquires its own campus in Sant Julià de Lòria.
* 2006 : The Principality reaches for the first time more than 80,000 inhabitants.
* 2008:  Entry into force of the agreement between the Principality and Portugal concerning the entry, stay and establishment of their nationals, and of the agreement between Andorra and the Holy See.
* 2011 : Inauguration of the new Parliament , leaving the Casa de la Vall as its historic seat. In the area of ​​taxation, Andorra ratifies 17 tax information exchange agreements with the Republic of Austria, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, France, Belgium, Argentina, the Netherlands , Portugal, Spain, Denmark, the government of the Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.
 
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==Andorra Timeline==
{| class="wikitable"
|
== Prehistoria of Andorra ==
|-
|No remains have been found that demonstrate the existence of a population during the Paleolithic.
|-
|However, there is evidence that the area was inhabited in Neolithic times (3500 BC -  2000 BC). Small groups of people lived near the Valira River, especially in  the parish of Sant Julià de Lòria. Other small groups lived in caves in  Cima de Pal, in Roque de Llunsí, in La Massana and in Arinsal. In 1959, the oldest skeleton found in Andorra was discovered.
|-
|Little  by little, with the installation of villages at the foot of the Sierra de Enclar, in the Robleda de Cedre and other points they pass to the Bronze Culture, also progressing in the megalithic, as shown by some dolmen in Encamp, rock engravings such as the from the Rock of Les Bruixes, Prats,  Ordino and la Massana. Iberian coins from this period have also been found in Sant Julià de Lòria.
|-
|
== From ancient times to the middle ages ==
|-
|It is known that the ancient Iberians, Celts, Carthaginians and Romans who occupied the Mediterranean coast used Andorra as a refuge from battles. Remains of coins and paintings show the presence of these peoples. As for the language, this  one, in the Valleys, was originally and with great probability a Basque-Iberian type as evidenced by part of Andorran toponymy, with Basque consonances.
|-
|
== Beginning of the foundation of the country ==
|-
|
=== 714 ===
|-
|Around  this time the Visigoths, current invaders of Andorra, will be eliminated by  other invaders, the Muslims.
|-
|
=== 788 ===
|-
|The most  exhaustive data suggest that the Andorran territory was consolidated by  Charlemagne, who according to tradition, fought against the Arab army in the  Querol Valley. Initially the Arabs were winning, but a group of Andorran  mountaineers, under the command of Marc Almugàver and coming from the valleys  of the Valira River, appeared in Pimorent and Campcardós to help  Charlemagne's armies to fight against the Arabs.
|-
|The  grateful emperor granted his protection to Andorra and declared it a  sovereign people (788). The emperor donated tithes and other rights to  the bishops of Urgel.
|-
|There is  a Charter of the foundation of Andorra, which is preserved in the Archives of  the Principality, granted by Charlemagne to his son Luis, which is not  accepted by all historians because it was drawn up at a much later  time. This document affirms that the Andorrans were their tributaries,  although they did not have to pay more than "a fish" as a tribute,  a curious fact that refers for the first time to the trout of the Valira  River.
|-
|
== Epoch of the Counts ==
|-
|
=== 817 ===
|-
|Andorra,  like Urgel and Cerdanya, come under the Carolingian Sovereignty.
|-
|
=== 823-877 ===
|-
|During  the reign of Carlos el Calvo, the Carolingian empire was dismembered and this  king ceded Andorra to Sunifredo I, Count of Cerdaña and Urgel.
|-
|
=== 839 ===
|-
|It is  time to remake the Pyrenees regions. The first indisputable document  regarding the history of Andorra is the Act of Consecration and Endowment of  the Cathedral of the Seo de Urgel, where for the first time the valley of  Andorra and its parish division are mentioned as dependents of that diocese,  at the same time as the religious relationship with the Seo de Urgel is  confirmed.
|-
|Throughout  this century and the next, through purchases or exchanges, the successors of  the Counts of Urgel expanded their properties in Andorra.
|-
|
=== 1133 ===
|-
|Count  Ermengol VI of Urgel cedes to Bishop Pere Berenguer and to the Cathedral of  Urgel, all the rights he has or may have in the Valleys of Andorra, "in  perpetuity and without any reservation", and the inhabitants of the  Valleys are ordered to swear fidelity to the bishop and his successors and to  punctually observe their duties as good vassals. The territorial domain  of the bishops of Urgel is then transformed into an episcopal lordship, but  conflicts soon arise ...
|-
|
=== 1162 ===
|-
|With  Bishop Bernat Sanç a concord had to be signed on the appointment of the  Batlles in exchange for the commitment to an annual tribute.
|-
|
=== 1176 ===
|-
|A new  concord with Bishop Arnau de Preixens completes and clarifies the previous  one.
|-
|The  unstable situation suffered by both France and Spain during the Middle Ages  with the internal struggles between the small kingdoms and the constant  invasions of the Arabs, forced the Counts of Urgel to request help and agree  an alliance with the counts of Caboet, to protect Andorran parishes.
|-
|
=== 1096 ===
|-
|Guitard  Isarn de Caboet swears allegiance.
|-
|
=== 1110 ===
|-
|Guillem  Guitard does.
|-
|
=== 1159 ===
|-
|Arnau  de Caboet also does it to Bishop Bernat Sanç. Where this union is  consolidated by which, as compensation, it promises to share the domain of  the Principality.
|-
|
=== 1185 ===
|-
|Arnaua,  eldest daughter of the House of Caboet, marries Arnau de Castellbó, which  links this surname to the destinations of Andorra.
|-
|
=== 1201 ===
|-
|Bishop  Bernat de Vilamur grants Viscount Arnau de Castellbó and his only daughter  and heir Ermessanda, the investiture of the Andorra Valley, in exchange for  their oath of fidelity.
|-
|
=== 1208 ===
|-
|Ermessanda  marries the Count of Foix, Roger Bernat II. Marriage alliances further  magnify the House of Foix.
|-
|
=== 1257 ===
|-
|Roger  Bernat III marries Margarida de Bearn.
|-
|Time of  conflicts where Pedro III the Great of Aragon supports the bishop's rights,  while his brother Jaume II of Mallorca, Roussillon and Sardinia, married to  Esclarmonda (Roger Bernat III's sister), protects his brother-in-law, the  Count of Foix.
|-
|
=== 1278 ===
|-
|On  September 8, in Lleida, an agreement is signed, bound by Pere II of  Catalonia, between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgel, by which the  latter gives up part of his rights and both remain as co-sovereigns of  Andorra. This agreement is known as the "first pariatge", a  very important event in the history of the Principality.
|-
|
=== 1288 ===
|-
|On  December 6, both brothers sign a "segon pariatge". The  Andorrans thus have two sovereigns.
|-
|


Since the beginning of the 21st century and, especially since the last decade, Andorra has promoted a series of reforms that have completely changed the country . It has ceased to be a tax haven for all international institutions, has made a deep economic and political opening and is constantly opening up to the world and betting on the most innovative sectors, such as Blockchain, Big Data or digital. . The goal is to be an open and welcoming country, complete, free but safe, sustainable and special and unique . And despite the difficulties, she succeeds.
== Modern age ==
 
|-
 
|Time of Conquests and Invasions
|-
|The changing political life of the 16th century also affected Andorra. Monarchs and nobles viewed it  without much interest, using it only as an exchange for firmer political  strategies.
|-
|Several  times it was invaded by various kings. The Catholic Monarchs annexed it  to the crown, after the battle against the Dukes of Foix and during the reign  of Carlos V, Andorra was returned to the House of Foix.
|-
|
=== 1589 ===
|-
|Henry  III, King of Navarre and Count of Foix, becomes King of France, under the  name of Henry IV.
|-
|
=== 1607 ===
|-
|Louis  XIII, successor of Henry IV, incorporated the county of Foix to the Crown of  France, a fact that made him co-prince of Andorra with the bishop of Urgel, a  dignity that, two centuries later, when the monarchy of France disappeared,  passed to the successive heads of state.
|-
|In the  early years of the 18th century, Andorra managed to remain neutral in the War  of the Spanish Succession.
|-
|
=== 1715 ===
|-
|The  bishop of Urgel, Simeó de Guinda, dictates various norms in which the Consuls  of the Valleys of Andorra were instructed not to obey any order that was not  issued by the King of France or himself.
|-
|The Solidez of Andorra
|-
|
=== 1748 ===
|-
|The  “Manual Digest” appears, a compilation of the uses and customs of Andorra,  made by the most prominent Andorran of the Enlightenment, Antoni Fiter i  Rossell, a doctor of law and nature from Ordino.
|-
|
=== 1763 ===
|-
|Mosén  Antoni Puig, a native of Les Escaldes, writes another work based on the  history of Andorra inspired by that of Dr. Fiter i Rossell, entitled “Politar  Andorrà”, a description of the privileges of the Principality and the powers  of the authorities among other topics .
|-
|
=== 1789 ===
|-
|The  outbreak of the French Revolution leaves Andorra between two powers, France  and Spain, continuously at odds.
|-
|
=== 1793 ===
|-
|On  January 21, when Louis XVI was beheaded, the "pariatge" was  interrupted and France decided to renounce all the seigniorial rights it had  over Andorra and not accept the payment of the Qüestia.
|-
|
=== 1794 ===
|-
|In the  middle of the war with Spain, a French detachment penetrated to Soldeu in an  attempt to occupy the Seo de Urgel.
|-
|
=== 1806 ===
|-
|At the  request of the Andorrans, Napoleon I reestablished the positions of Veguer  and French Batlle, the Qüestia and the customs exemptions granted years ago  by Louis XV.
|-
|This  definitive reestablishment of the co-ownership marks the beginning of a new  era in the history of Andorra. It could be said that the Valleys of  Andorra open up to the world.
|-
|The  first books emerge, of which the "Relation on the Valley of  Andorra" by Fray Tomas Junoy should be highlighted.
|-
|
=== 1848 ===
|-
|Halevy's  opera "La Vallée d'Andorre" opens in Paris.
|-
|
=== 1852 ===
|-
|The zarzuela "El Valle de Andorra" by maestro Gaztambide is premiered  in Madrid.
|-
|
=== 1866 ===
|-
|Guillem  de Plandolit i de Areny, noble and wealthy owner, heads the “Nova Reforma”  (New Reform), which was accepted by Bishop Josep Caixal i Estradé on April 14  of the same year. This profound reform of the institutions grants a more  active participation to the people in the government of the country. The  “Consell General” (General Council) will be made up of 24 “consellers”  (directors) who will be chosen from among the “Síndics”.
|-
|


Even now Andorra is a very attractive jurisdiction to invest , but also to live. In Andorra Insiders we collaborate with the best expert lawyers, attorneys and accountants to settle and settle in the Principality in complete safety and carefree. In addition, we not only provide professional legal, tax and accounting services, but we offer full support , personalize your case and help you with all the details that means changing countries: from finding accommodation or premises and staff to human resources to guide you on a daily basis in the country and show you all its services.You can contact us and let us know your case here. We will help you quickly and accurately. Thanks for reading.
== Twentieth century ==
|-
|The institutions maintain their  spirit and are curiously respected, such as the Civil Justice, administered  by "batlles", appeals judge and superior courts; the Criminal,  by the "Tribual de Corts"; and the Administrative - neighbor  to neighbor cases - by the "Court of Veeduria".
|-
|
===1899===
|-
|The  Highway Administrative Board is formed.
|-
|
===1914===
|-
|The  first road that communicated Andorra with the Seo de Urgel is built.
|-
|
===1914===
|-
|The  Virgin of Meritxell is declared Patroness of the Valleys of Andorra.
|-
|
===1921===
|-
|On  September 8, the archbishop of Tarragona with the bishop co-prince,  canonically crown the image of the Mare de Déu de Meritxell. This day is proclaimed as the National Holiday of the Principality.
|-
|1928 - The Spanish government  creates a postal service between Andorra and publishes stamps on Andorran  items. France will do the same three years later.
|-
|
===1929===
|-
|The first  electrical installations are created.
|-
|
===1933===
|-
|The  route of the road that communicated with the Seo de Urgel to Pas de la Casa,  on the border with France, is completed.
|-
|
===1933===
|-
|On June  10, the “Tribunal de les Corts” dismisses the “Consell” and the permanent  delegates of the co-princes call elections. The electoral system was  reformed on July 17, the date from which any man over the age of 30 could be  elected, and all men over the age of 25 had the right to vote.
|-
|
===1935===
|-
|The  “Consell General” agrees to grant a radio station: “Radio Andorra”.
|-
|
===1936-1945===
|-
|(Spanish  Civil War and World War II)
|-
|Andorra continues with its strict neutrality and welcomed the continuous arrival of  political refugees and immigrants.
|-
|
===1943===
|-
|The last  execution takes place in the lands of the Valleys of a condemned to death.
|-
|The  standard of living in the Principality begins to be that of a modern  country. The population doubles in twelve years and reached 12,199  inhabitants in 1964.
|-
|The  great commercial and tourist development also begins as a consequence of the  increase in the standard of living. The first facilities for the  practice of winter sports are developed. Skiing is declared a national  sport. New generations of Andorrans trained abroad are beginning to emerge.
|-
|
===1967===
|-
|Co-Prince  Charles de Gaulle is enthusiastically received in the Principality.
|-
|
===1968===
|-
|The  " Caixa Andorrana de Seguretat Social " (CASS) is  established and the automatic telephone service and telex are inaugurated.
|-
|
===1970===
|-
|The  electoral law is reformed again and women win the right to vote.
|-
|
===1973===
|-
|The  first meeting of the two co-princes since the 13th century, SS. USA Joan  Martí i Alanis and George Pompidou.
|-
|
===1978===
|-
|The  parish of Escaldes-Engordany is separated from that of Andorra la Vella and  becomes the seventh civil parish of the Principality.
|-
|
===1982===
|-
|On  January 14, the first Andorran Government was constituted, chaired by Mr.  Òscar Ribas.
|-
|
===1984===
|-
|The Prime  Minister resigns (Prime Minister).
|-
|
===1989===
|-
|Nationalist  candidates triumph in elections.
|-
|
===1990 and 1992===
|-
|Andorra  signs an agreement with the European Economic Community, the Penal Code is  approved and the population census increases dramatically.
|-
|
===1993===
|-
|Andorra lives its great splendor, with the approval of the Constitution and the entry into the United  Nations Organization and its entities.
|-
|At present, Andorra is consolidated  as a great tourist center both in the commercial sense and in the practice of  winter and mountain sports.
|-
|The  ancestral Co-princes continue to represent the Head of State in Andorra, but  it can be said that both the Bishop of Urgel and the President of the French  Republic, reign but do not govern in Andorra and represent the Principality  although it maintains its autonomy. Both have a permanent representative  for Andorra.
|}


----
==Source==
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/
* https://www.petitfute.com/


{{Timeline-world}}
{{Timeline-world}}
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Latest revision as of 14:02, 27 March 2023

Historical Timeline for Andorra - A chronology of key events
Andorra-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png

Andorra-Timeline-PolyglotClub2.jpg

Andorra Timeline[edit | edit source]

Prehistoria of Andorra[edit | edit source]

No remains have been found that demonstrate the existence of a population during the Paleolithic.
However, there is evidence that the area was inhabited in Neolithic times (3500 BC - 2000 BC). Small groups of people lived near the Valira River, especially in the parish of Sant Julià de Lòria. Other small groups lived in caves in Cima de Pal, in Roque de Llunsí, in La Massana and in Arinsal. In 1959, the oldest skeleton found in Andorra was discovered.
Little by little, with the installation of villages at the foot of the Sierra de Enclar, in the Robleda de Cedre and other points they pass to the Bronze Culture, also progressing in the megalithic, as shown by some dolmen in Encamp, rock engravings such as the from the Rock of Les Bruixes, Prats, Ordino and la Massana. Iberian coins from this period have also been found in Sant Julià de Lòria.

From ancient times to the middle ages[edit | edit source]

It is known that the ancient Iberians, Celts, Carthaginians and Romans who occupied the Mediterranean coast used Andorra as a refuge from battles. Remains of coins and paintings show the presence of these peoples. As for the language, this one, in the Valleys, was originally and with great probability a Basque-Iberian type as evidenced by part of Andorran toponymy, with Basque consonances.

Beginning of the foundation of the country[edit | edit source]

714[edit | edit source]

Around this time the Visigoths, current invaders of Andorra, will be eliminated by other invaders, the Muslims.

788[edit | edit source]

The most exhaustive data suggest that the Andorran territory was consolidated by Charlemagne, who according to tradition, fought against the Arab army in the Querol Valley. Initially the Arabs were winning, but a group of Andorran mountaineers, under the command of Marc Almugàver and coming from the valleys of the Valira River, appeared in Pimorent and Campcardós to help Charlemagne's armies to fight against the Arabs.
The grateful emperor granted his protection to Andorra and declared it a sovereign people (788). The emperor donated tithes and other rights to the bishops of Urgel.
There is a Charter of the foundation of Andorra, which is preserved in the Archives of the Principality, granted by Charlemagne to his son Luis, which is not accepted by all historians because it was drawn up at a much later time. This document affirms that the Andorrans were their tributaries, although they did not have to pay more than "a fish" as a tribute, a curious fact that refers for the first time to the trout of the Valira River.

Epoch of the Counts[edit | edit source]

817[edit | edit source]

Andorra, like Urgel and Cerdanya, come under the Carolingian Sovereignty.

823-877[edit | edit source]

During the reign of Carlos el Calvo, the Carolingian empire was dismembered and this king ceded Andorra to Sunifredo I, Count of Cerdaña and Urgel.

839[edit | edit source]

It is time to remake the Pyrenees regions. The first indisputable document regarding the history of Andorra is the Act of Consecration and Endowment of the Cathedral of the Seo de Urgel, where for the first time the valley of Andorra and its parish division are mentioned as dependents of that diocese, at the same time as the religious relationship with the Seo de Urgel is confirmed.
Throughout this century and the next, through purchases or exchanges, the successors of the Counts of Urgel expanded their properties in Andorra.

1133[edit | edit source]

Count Ermengol VI of Urgel cedes to Bishop Pere Berenguer and to the Cathedral of Urgel, all the rights he has or may have in the Valleys of Andorra, "in perpetuity and without any reservation", and the inhabitants of the Valleys are ordered to swear fidelity to the bishop and his successors and to punctually observe their duties as good vassals. The territorial domain of the bishops of Urgel is then transformed into an episcopal lordship, but conflicts soon arise ...

1162[edit | edit source]

With Bishop Bernat Sanç a concord had to be signed on the appointment of the Batlles in exchange for the commitment to an annual tribute.

1176[edit | edit source]

A new concord with Bishop Arnau de Preixens completes and clarifies the previous one.
The unstable situation suffered by both France and Spain during the Middle Ages with the internal struggles between the small kingdoms and the constant invasions of the Arabs, forced the Counts of Urgel to request help and agree an alliance with the counts of Caboet, to protect Andorran parishes.

1096[edit | edit source]

Guitard Isarn de Caboet swears allegiance.

1110[edit | edit source]

Guillem Guitard does.

1159[edit | edit source]

Arnau de Caboet also does it to Bishop Bernat Sanç. Where this union is consolidated by which, as compensation, it promises to share the domain of the Principality.

1185[edit | edit source]

Arnaua, eldest daughter of the House of Caboet, marries Arnau de Castellbó, which links this surname to the destinations of Andorra.

1201[edit | edit source]

Bishop Bernat de Vilamur grants Viscount Arnau de Castellbó and his only daughter and heir Ermessanda, the investiture of the Andorra Valley, in exchange for their oath of fidelity.

1208[edit | edit source]

Ermessanda marries the Count of Foix, Roger Bernat II. Marriage alliances further magnify the House of Foix.

1257[edit | edit source]

Roger Bernat III marries Margarida de Bearn.
Time of conflicts where Pedro III the Great of Aragon supports the bishop's rights, while his brother Jaume II of Mallorca, Roussillon and Sardinia, married to Esclarmonda (Roger Bernat III's sister), protects his brother-in-law, the Count of Foix.

1278[edit | edit source]

On September 8, in Lleida, an agreement is signed, bound by Pere II of Catalonia, between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgel, by which the latter gives up part of his rights and both remain as co-sovereigns of Andorra. This agreement is known as the "first pariatge", a very important event in the history of the Principality.

1288[edit | edit source]

On December 6, both brothers sign a "segon pariatge". The Andorrans thus have two sovereigns.

Modern age[edit | edit source]

Time of Conquests and Invasions
The changing political life of the 16th century also affected Andorra. Monarchs and nobles viewed it without much interest, using it only as an exchange for firmer political strategies.
Several times it was invaded by various kings. The Catholic Monarchs annexed it to the crown, after the battle against the Dukes of Foix and during the reign of Carlos V, Andorra was returned to the House of Foix.

1589[edit | edit source]

Henry III, King of Navarre and Count of Foix, becomes King of France, under the name of Henry IV.

1607[edit | edit source]

Louis XIII, successor of Henry IV, incorporated the county of Foix to the Crown of France, a fact that made him co-prince of Andorra with the bishop of Urgel, a dignity that, two centuries later, when the monarchy of France disappeared, passed to the successive heads of state.
In the early years of the 18th century, Andorra managed to remain neutral in the War of the Spanish Succession.

1715[edit | edit source]

The bishop of Urgel, Simeó de Guinda, dictates various norms in which the Consuls of the Valleys of Andorra were instructed not to obey any order that was not issued by the King of France or himself.
The Solidez of Andorra

1748[edit | edit source]

The “Manual Digest” appears, a compilation of the uses and customs of Andorra, made by the most prominent Andorran of the Enlightenment, Antoni Fiter i Rossell, a doctor of law and nature from Ordino.

1763[edit | edit source]

Mosén Antoni Puig, a native of Les Escaldes, writes another work based on the history of Andorra inspired by that of Dr. Fiter i Rossell, entitled “Politar Andorrà”, a description of the privileges of the Principality and the powers of the authorities among other topics .

1789[edit | edit source]

The outbreak of the French Revolution leaves Andorra between two powers, France and Spain, continuously at odds.

1793[edit | edit source]

On January 21, when Louis XVI was beheaded, the "pariatge" was interrupted and France decided to renounce all the seigniorial rights it had over Andorra and not accept the payment of the Qüestia.

1794[edit | edit source]

In the middle of the war with Spain, a French detachment penetrated to Soldeu in an attempt to occupy the Seo de Urgel.

1806[edit | edit source]

At the request of the Andorrans, Napoleon I reestablished the positions of Veguer and French Batlle, the Qüestia and the customs exemptions granted years ago by Louis XV.
This definitive reestablishment of the co-ownership marks the beginning of a new era in the history of Andorra. It could be said that the Valleys of Andorra open up to the world.
The first books emerge, of which the "Relation on the Valley of Andorra" by Fray Tomas Junoy should be highlighted.

1848[edit | edit source]

Halevy's opera "La Vallée d'Andorre" opens in Paris.

1852[edit | edit source]

The zarzuela "El Valle de Andorra" by maestro Gaztambide is premiered in Madrid.

1866[edit | edit source]

Guillem de Plandolit i de Areny, noble and wealthy owner, heads the “Nova Reforma” (New Reform), which was accepted by Bishop Josep Caixal i Estradé on April 14 of the same year. This profound reform of the institutions grants a more active participation to the people in the government of the country. The “Consell General” (General Council) will be made up of 24 “consellers” (directors) who will be chosen from among the “Síndics”.

Twentieth century[edit | edit source]

The institutions maintain their spirit and are curiously respected, such as the Civil Justice, administered by "batlles", appeals judge and superior courts; the Criminal, by the "Tribual de Corts"; and the Administrative - neighbor to neighbor cases - by the "Court of Veeduria".

1899[edit | edit source]

The Highway Administrative Board is formed.

1914[edit | edit source]

The first road that communicated Andorra with the Seo de Urgel is built.

1914[edit | edit source]

The Virgin of Meritxell is declared Patroness of the Valleys of Andorra.

1921[edit | edit source]

On September 8, the archbishop of Tarragona with the bishop co-prince, canonically crown the image of the Mare de Déu de Meritxell. This day is proclaimed as the National Holiday of the Principality.
1928 - The Spanish government creates a postal service between Andorra and publishes stamps on Andorran items. France will do the same three years later.

1929[edit | edit source]

The first electrical installations are created.

1933[edit | edit source]

The route of the road that communicated with the Seo de Urgel to Pas de la Casa, on the border with France, is completed.

1933[edit | edit source]

On June 10, the “Tribunal de les Corts” dismisses the “Consell” and the permanent delegates of the co-princes call elections. The electoral system was reformed on July 17, the date from which any man over the age of 30 could be elected, and all men over the age of 25 had the right to vote.

1935[edit | edit source]

The “Consell General” agrees to grant a radio station: “Radio Andorra”.

1936-1945[edit | edit source]

(Spanish Civil War and World War II)
Andorra continues with its strict neutrality and welcomed the continuous arrival of political refugees and immigrants.

1943[edit | edit source]

The last execution takes place in the lands of the Valleys of a condemned to death.
The standard of living in the Principality begins to be that of a modern country. The population doubles in twelve years and reached 12,199 inhabitants in 1964.
The great commercial and tourist development also begins as a consequence of the increase in the standard of living. The first facilities for the practice of winter sports are developed. Skiing is declared a national sport. New generations of Andorrans trained abroad are beginning to emerge.

1967[edit | edit source]

Co-Prince Charles de Gaulle is enthusiastically received in the Principality.

1968[edit | edit source]

The " Caixa Andorrana de Seguretat Social " (CASS) is established and the automatic telephone service and telex are inaugurated.

1970[edit | edit source]

The electoral law is reformed again and women win the right to vote.

1973[edit | edit source]

The first meeting of the two co-princes since the 13th century, SS. USA Joan Martí i Alanis and George Pompidou.

1978[edit | edit source]

The parish of Escaldes-Engordany is separated from that of Andorra la Vella and becomes the seventh civil parish of the Principality.

1982[edit | edit source]

On January 14, the first Andorran Government was constituted, chaired by Mr. Òscar Ribas.

1984[edit | edit source]

The Prime Minister resigns (Prime Minister).

1989[edit | edit source]

Nationalist candidates triumph in elections.

1990 and 1992[edit | edit source]

Andorra signs an agreement with the European Economic Community, the Penal Code is approved and the population census increases dramatically.

1993[edit | edit source]

Andorra lives its great splendor, with the approval of the Constitution and the entry into the United Nations Organization and its entities.
At present, Andorra is consolidated as a great tourist center both in the commercial sense and in the practice of winter and mountain sports.
The ancestral Co-princes continue to represent the Head of State in Andorra, but it can be said that both the Bishop of Urgel and the President of the French Republic, reign but do not govern in Andorra and represent the Principality although it maintains its autonomy. Both have a permanent representative for Andorra.

Source[edit | edit source]

World Timelines[edit source]

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