Difference between revisions of "Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Indirect-Speech"

Revision as of 13:54, 17 June 2023

◀️ Direct Speech — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Job Titles ▶️

Indonesian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Indirect and Direct Speech → Indirect Speech

In this lesson, we will focus on learning how to use indirect speech in Indonesian. Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is used to convey someone else's words or thoughts without quoting them directly. This is an important skill to master as it allows you to report conversations, statements, or questions in a more descriptive and accurate manner.

Indirect speech is commonly used in both formal and informal contexts, such as storytelling, interviews, and everyday conversations. By using indirect speech, you can effectively communicate what someone said or asked without resorting to direct quotations.

Indirect speech in Indonesian follows specific rules and structures. In this lesson, we will explore the use of indirect speech in the present tense. We will provide clear explanations, numerous examples, and engaging exercises to help you understand and practice this grammar concept. Let's dive in!

The Structure of Indirect Speech in Indonesian

Indirect speech in Indonesian involves several key elements: 1. Reporting verb: This is the verb that introduces the reported speech and indicates that someone said or asked something. Common reporting verbs in Indonesian include "berkata" (said), "bertanya" (asked), "menyatakan" (stated), and "meminta" (requested). 2. Reporting clause: This is the part of the sentence that contains the reporting verb and connects the reported speech to the main clause. It often starts with the word "bahwa" (that). 3. Reported speech: This is the actual words, statements, or questions that someone said or asked. It is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech but does not require them in indirect speech. 4. Changes in verb forms: When reporting speech, verb forms may change depending on the tense and the relationship between the speaker and the reported speech. We will discuss these changes in detail later in this lesson.

Let's look at some examples to understand the structure of indirect speech in Indonesian:

Example 1

Direct speech: "Saya suka makan nasi goreng." (I like eating fried rice.) Indirect speech: Dia berkata bahwa dia suka makan nasi goreng. (He/she said that he/she likes eating fried rice.)

In this example, the reporting verb is "berkata" (said), the reporting clause is "bahwa dia" (that he/she), and the reported speech is "suka makan nasi goreng" (likes eating fried rice).

Example 2

Direct speech: "Apakah kamu sudah makan?" (Have you eaten?) Indirect speech: Dia bertanya apakah kamu sudah makan. (He/she asked if you have eaten.)

In this example, the reporting verb is "bertanya" (asked), the reporting clause is "apakah kamu" (if you), and the reported speech is "sudah makan" (have eaten).

Now that we understand the basic structure of indirect speech in Indonesian, let's explore some specific rules and examples in more detail.

Indirect Speech in Present Tense

When reporting speech in the present tense, there are a few important changes to be aware of in Indonesian. These changes involve verb forms, pronouns, and adverbs. Let's examine each of these elements separately.

Changes in Verb Forms

In indirect speech, verb forms may change depending on the tense of the reported speech and the relationship between the speaker and the reported speech. In the present tense, the following changes occur:

1. Present tense verb -> Present tense verb

  Example: "Saya makan nasi goreng." (I eat fried rice.)
           -> Dia mengatakan bahwa dia makan nasi goreng. (He/she says that he/she eats fried rice.)

2. Present continuous tense verb -> Present tense verb

  Example: "Saya sedang makan nasi goreng." (I am eating fried rice.)
           -> Dia mengatakan bahwa dia makan nasi goreng. (He/she says that he/she eats fried rice.)

3. Present perfect tense verb -> Present tense verb

  Example: "Saya sudah makan nasi goreng." (I have eaten fried rice.)
           -> Dia mengatakan bahwa dia makan nasi goreng. (He/she says that he/she eats fried rice.)

4. Present perfect continuous tense verb -> Present tense verb

  Example: "Saya sudah sedang makan nasi goreng." (I have been eating fried rice.)
           -> Dia mengatakan bahwa dia makan nasi goreng. (He/she says that he/she eats fried rice.)

Note: In indirect speech, the present tense is used to report both the present and the future.

Changes in Pronouns

When reporting speech, pronouns may change depending on the relationship between the speaker and the reported speech. Here are the pronoun changes that occur in the present tense:

1. "Saya" (I) -> "Dia" (He/She) 2. "Kamu" (You) -> "Dia" (He/She) 3. "Kita" (We) -> "Mereka" (They)

Changes in Adverbs

Adverbs of time and place may also change when reporting speech in the present tense. Here are some common changes:

1. "Sekarang" (Now) -> "Kemarin" (Yesterday) 2. "Di sini" (Here) -> "Di sana" (There)

These changes in adverbs are used to reflect the reported speech in relation to the time and place of the reporting.

Let's look at some examples to see these changes in action:

Example 1

Direct speech: "Saya sedang belajar bahasa Indonesia." (I am learning Indonesian.) Indirect speech: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia belajar bahasa Indonesia. (He/she says that he/she is learning Indonesian.)

In this example, the verb form "sedang" (am) is changed to the present tense verb "belajar" (learns) in indirect speech. The pronoun "saya" (I) is changed to "dia" (he/she), and the adverb "sekarang" (now) is omitted.

Example 2

Direct speech: "Kamu sudah makan?" (Have you eaten?) Indirect speech: Dia bertanya apakah dia sudah makan. (He/she asked if he/she has eaten.)

In this example, the pronoun "kamu" (you) is changed to "dia" (he/she) in indirect speech. The verb form "sudah" (have) remains the same, and the adverb "sekarang" (now) is changed to "apakah" (if).

Now that we have covered the changes in verb forms, pronouns, and adverbs, let's move on to some practice exercises to reinforce your understanding.

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech.

1. Direct speech: "Saya suka makan bakso." (I like eating meatballs.) 2. Direct speech: "Kamu belajar di mana?" (Where do you study?) 3. Direct speech: "Kita sudah bermain sepak bola." (We have played soccer.)

Solution: 1. Indirect speech: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia suka makan bakso. (He/she says that he/she likes eating meatballs.) 2. Indirect speech: Dia bertanya di mana kamu belajar. (He/she asked where you study.) 3. Indirect speech: Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka sudah bermain sepak bola. (They say that they have played soccer.)

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms, pronouns, and adverbs.

1. Direct speech: "Saya ______________ (tidur) saat ini." (I am sleeping now.) 2. Direct speech: "Kamu ______________ (pergi) ke mana?" (Where are you going?) 3. Direct speech: "Kita ______________ (menyukai) musik Indonesia." (We like Indonesian music.)

Solution: 1. Indirect speech: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia tidur saat ini. (He/she says that he/she is sleeping now.) 2. Indirect speech: Dia bertanya ke mana kamu pergi. (He/she asked where you are going.) 3. Indirect speech: Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka menyukai musik Indonesia. (They say that they like Indonesian music.)

Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on indirect speech in Indonesian. By understanding and practicing this grammar concept, you are now able to report conversations, statements, or questions more accurately and effectively. Keep practicing and incorporating indirect speech in your Indonesian language skills to further enhance your fluency and communication abilities.

Indonesian Culture: Regional Variations in Indirect Speech

Indonesia is a diverse country with various regional languages and cultures. While the rules and structures of indirect speech in Indonesian remain consistent across the country, there may be differences in the usage or understanding of this grammar concept in different regions.

For example, in Javanese culture, which is predominant in Central Java and Yogyakarta, indirect speech is highly valued and often used to convey respect and politeness. Javanese people tend to use more elaborate reporting verbs and expressions when reporting speech, emphasizing the importance of social hierarchy and courtesy.

In contrast, in Sumatran culture, which encompasses various ethnicities such as Batak, Minangkabau, and Acehnese, direct speech is more commonly used in everyday conversations. People in Sumatra tend to be more direct and straightforward in their communication style, which is reflected in their use of direct quotations rather than indirect speech.

These regional variations in the usage and understanding of indirect speech add richness and diversity to the Indonesian language. It is fascinating to explore how cultural factors influence language usage and shape the way people communicate.

Conclusion

In this lesson, we have explored the structure and usage of indirect speech in Indonesian. We have learned about the key elements of indirect speech, including reporting verbs, reporting clauses, and reported speech. We have also discussed the changes in verb forms, pronouns, and adverbs when reporting speech in the present tense.

Through clear explanations, numerous examples, and engaging practice exercises, you have gained a solid understanding of how to use indirect speech effectively in Indonesian. Remember to continue practicing and incorporating indirect speech in your language skills to enhance your fluency and communication abilities.

As you progress in your Indonesian language learning journey, you will encounter more complex grammar concepts and linguistic nuances. Stay curious, embrace the cultural richness of Indonesia, and enjoy the process of mastering the Indonesian language.

Table of Contents - Indonesian Course - 0 to A1

Course Presentation

Pronouns and Greetings

Basic Grammar

Daily Life

Sentence Structure

Indonesian Culture

Travel and Transportation

Verb Tenses

Shopping and Bargaining

Indonesian Arts

Modal Verbs

Colors and Shapes

Comparative and Superlative

Indonesian Traditions

Emergencies

Indirect and Direct Speech

Jobs and Professions

Indonesian Holidays

Sources

Indonesian Grammar → Indirect and Direct Speech → Direct Speech

Other Lessons

◀️ Direct Speech — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Job Titles ▶️

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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 {{Indonesian-Page-Top}}
+<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Indonesian|Indonesian]]  → [[Language/Indonesian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Indonesian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Indirect and Direct Speech → Indirect Speech</div>
+__TOC__
+In this lesson, we will focus on learning how to use indirect speech in Indonesian. Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is used to convey someone else's words or thoughts without quoting them directly. This is an important skill to master as it allows you to report conversations, statements, or questions in a more descriptive and accurate manner.
+Indirect speech is commonly used in both formal and informal contexts, such as storytelling, interviews, and everyday conversations. By using indirect speech, you can effectively communicate what someone said or asked without resorting to direct quotations.
-<div class="pg_page_title">Indonesian Grammar → Indirect and Direct Speech → Indirect Speech</div>
+Indirect speech in Indonesian follows specific rules and structures. In this lesson, we will explore the use of indirect speech in the present tense. We will provide clear explanations, numerous examples, and engaging exercises to help you understand and practice this grammar concept. Let's dive in!
-__TOC__
+== The Structure of Indirect Speech in Indonesian ==
+Indirect speech in Indonesian involves several key elements:
+. Reporting verb: This is the verb that introduces the reported speech and indicates that someone said or asked something. Common reporting verbs in Indonesian include "berkata" (said), "bertanya" (asked), "menyatakan" (stated), and "meminta" (requested).
+. Reporting clause: This is the part of the sentence that contains the reporting verb and connects the reported speech to the main clause. It often starts with the word "bahwa" (that).
+. Reported speech: This is the actual words, statements, or questions that someone said or asked. It is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech but does not require them in indirect speech.
+. Changes in verb forms: When reporting speech, verb forms may change depending on the tense and the relationship between the speaker and the reported speech. We will discuss these changes in detail later in this lesson.
+Let's look at some examples to understand the structure of indirect speech in Indonesian:
+=== Example 1 ===
+Direct speech: "Saya suka makan nasi goreng." (I like eating fried rice.)
+Indirect speech: Dia berkata bahwa dia suka makan nasi goreng. (He/she said that he/she likes eating fried rice.)
+In this example, the reporting verb is "berkata" (said), the reporting clause is "bahwa dia" (that he/she), and the reported speech is "suka makan nasi goreng" (likes eating fried rice).
+=== Example 2 ===
+Direct speech: "Apakah kamu sudah makan?" (Have you eaten?)
+Indirect speech: Dia bertanya apakah kamu sudah makan. (He/she asked if you have eaten.)
+In this example, the reporting verb is "bertanya" (asked), the reporting clause is "apakah kamu" (if you), and the reported speech is "sudah makan" (have eaten).
+Now that we understand the basic structure of indirect speech in Indonesian, let's explore some specific rules and examples in more detail.
+== Indirect Speech in Present Tense ==
+When reporting speech in the present tense, there are a few important changes to be aware of in Indonesian. These changes involve verb forms, pronouns, and adverbs. Let's examine each of these elements separately.
+=== Changes in Verb Forms ===
+In indirect speech, verb forms may change depending on the tense of the reported speech and the relationship between the speaker and the reported speech. In the present tense, the following changes occur:
+. Present tense verb -> Present tense verb
+   Example: "Saya makan nasi goreng." (I eat fried rice.)
+            -> Dia mengatakan bahwa dia makan nasi goreng. (He/she says that he/she eats fried rice.)
+. Present continuous tense verb -> Present tense verb
+   Example: "Saya sedang makan nasi goreng." (I am eating fried rice.)
+            -> Dia mengatakan bahwa dia makan nasi goreng. (He/she says that he/she eats fried rice.)
+. Present perfect tense verb -> Present tense verb
+   Example: "Saya sudah makan nasi goreng." (I have eaten fried rice.)
+            -> Dia mengatakan bahwa dia makan nasi goreng. (He/she says that he/she eats fried rice.)
+. Present perfect continuous tense verb -> Present tense verb
+   Example: "Saya sudah sedang makan nasi goreng." (I have been eating fried rice.)
+            -> Dia mengatakan bahwa dia makan nasi goreng. (He/she says that he/she eats fried rice.)
+Note: In indirect speech, the present tense is used to report both the present and the future.
+=== Changes in Pronouns ===
+When reporting speech, pronouns may change depending on the relationship between the speaker and the reported speech. Here are the pronoun changes that occur in the present tense:
+. "Saya" (I) -> "Dia" (He/She)
+. "Kamu" (You) -> "Dia" (He/She)
+. "Kita" (We) -> "Mereka" (They)
+=== Changes in Adverbs ===
+Adverbs of time and place may also change when reporting speech in the present tense. Here are some common changes:
-Indirect speech, or kalimat tidak langsung, is essential to express what someone else said, thought or felt in Indonesian. Generally, it is used to report what a person said, without using the exact words spoken. In this lesson, we will focus on how to use indirect speech in present tense.
+. "Sekarang" (Now) -> "Kemarin" (Yesterday)
+. "Di sini" (Here) -> "Di sana" (There)
+These changes in adverbs are used to reflect the reported speech in relation to the time and place of the reporting.
-<span link>Consider exploring these related pages after completing this lesson: [[Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Indefinite-Articles-in-Indonesian|Indefinite Articles in Indonesian]] & [[Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Comparative|Comparative]].</span>
+Let's look at some examples to see these changes in action:
-== Forms of Indirect Speech ==
-There are two forms of indirect speech in Indonesian: reportative and quotative. The former is used to report a statement or an assumption, while the latter is used to report a direct quotation or a conversation. We will focus here on the reportative form, since it is the one most commonly used in everyday situations.
+=== Example 1 ===
+Direct speech: "Saya sedang belajar bahasa Indonesia." (I am learning Indonesian.)
+Indirect speech: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia belajar bahasa Indonesia. (He/she says that he/she is learning Indonesian.)
-The reportative form is indicated by the use of the word "katanya" after the reported sentence or fact. This word means "according to him/her/them" or "it is said that", which introduces the speaker's interpretation of what was conveyed. This means that the sentence is no longer in first or second person, but in third person.
+In this example, the verb form "sedang" (am) is changed to the present tense verb "belajar" (learns) in indirect speech. The pronoun "saya" (I) is changed to "dia" (he/she), and the adverb "sekarang" (now) is omitted.
-== Converting Direct to Indirect Speech ==
+=== Example 2 ===
+Direct speech: "Kamu sudah makan?" (Have you eaten?)
+Indirect speech: Dia bertanya apakah dia sudah makan. (He/she asked if he/she has eaten.)
-To convert a direct statement into indirect speech, there are some changes that must be made. For instance, the sentence order changes to subject-verb-object, like in a normal sentence in Indonesian. Additionally, the tense must be changed from the present to the past, as the statement is no longer in real time. For example:
+In this example, the pronoun "kamu" (you) is changed to "dia" (he/she) in indirect speech. The verb form "sudah" (have) remains the same, and the adverb "sekarang" (now) is changed to "apakah" (if).
-Direct speech: "Saya makan nasi goreng"
+Now that we have covered the changes in verb forms, pronouns, and adverbs, let's move on to some practice exercises to reinforce your understanding.
-Indirect speech: Dia berkata bahwa dia makan nasi goreng (According to him/her/them, he/she ate nasi goreng)
-The first sentence is a direct speech in which the present tense is used. The second sentence is an indirect speech version, in which the present tense of the verb is changed to the past tense. The third person pronoun is used to indicate that the speaker is not the same as the original sentence.
+== Practice Exercises ==
-It is important to note that direct speech can be reported in the same tense as it was originally spoken. In that case, one would use the same verb tense as the original sentence:
+Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech.
-Direct speech: "Mereka bekerja di kantor"
+. Direct speech: "Saya suka makan bakso." (I like eating meatballs.)
-Indirect speech (same tense): Dia berkata bahwa mereka bekerja di kantor
+. Direct speech: "Kamu belajar di mana?" (Where do you study?)
+. Direct speech: "Kita sudah bermain sepak bola." (We have played soccer.)
-The sentence above has the same tense for both direct and indirect speech. The sentence order and the use of the pronoun "dia" indicate that the speaker did not say it in his or her own words.
+Solution:
+. Indirect speech: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia suka makan bakso. (He/she says that he/she likes eating meatballs.)
+. Indirect speech: Dia bertanya di mana kamu belajar. (He/she asked where you study.)
+. Indirect speech: Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka sudah bermain sepak bola. (They say that they have played soccer.)
-== Indirect Questions ==
+Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms, pronouns, and adverbs.
-Indirect questions are used to report questions that someone else asked or thought, using an indirect speech form. The verb tense, as in the above examples, must be changed to the past tense. Additionally, the use of the word "tanya" or "bertanya" can indicate that what follows is an indirect question. For example:
+. Direct speech: "Saya ______________ (tidur) saat ini." (I am sleeping now.)
+. Direct speech: "Kamu ______________ (pergi) ke mana?" (Where are you going?)
+. Direct speech: "Kita ______________ (menyukai) musik Indonesia." (We like Indonesian music.)
-Direct question: "Kapan kamu pulang?"
+Solution:
-Indirect question: Dia bertanya kapan aku pulang (According to him/her/them, he/she asked me when I would go home)
+. Indirect speech: Dia mengatakan bahwa dia tidur saat ini. (He/she says that he/she is sleeping now.)
+. Indirect speech: Dia bertanya ke mana kamu pergi. (He/she asked where you are going.)
+. Indirect speech: Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka menyukai musik Indonesia. (They say that they like Indonesian music.)
-The use of the word "bertanya" indicates that the sentence is an indirect question. The past tense of the verb "tanya" is used, making it an indirect speech. Additionally, the sentence order is changed to subject-verb-object.
+Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on indirect speech in Indonesian. By understanding and practicing this grammar concept, you are now able to report conversations, statements, or questions more accurately and effectively. Keep practicing and incorporating indirect speech in your Indonesian language skills to further enhance your fluency and communication abilities.
-== Examples ==
+== Indonesian Culture: Regional Variations in Indirect Speech ==
-Here are some examples of indirect speech in Indonesian to help you understand better:
+Indonesia is a diverse country with various regional languages and cultures. While the rules and structures of indirect speech in Indonesian remain consistent across the country, there may be differences in the usage or understanding of this grammar concept in different regions.
-{| class="wikitable"
+For example, in Javanese culture, which is predominant in Central Java and Yogyakarta, indirect speech is highly valued and often used to convey respect and politeness. Javanese people tend to use more elaborate reporting verbs and expressions when reporting speech, emphasizing the importance of social hierarchy and courtesy.
-! Indonesian !! Pronunciation !! English
-|-
-| "Saya suka nonton film Indonesia." || "Saya soo-kah non-tohn feelm In-doh-neh-see-ah" || "I like watching Indonesian movies."
-|-
-| "Mereka tidak punya waktu." || "Meh-rah-kah tee-dahk poo-nyahh tee-gahh-tooh"|| "They don't have time."
-|-
-| "Kamu tinggal di mana?" || "Kah-moo tee-ngahl dee mah-nah" || "Where do you live?"
-|}
-So, the reportative version of these sentences would be:
+In contrast, in Sumatran culture, which encompasses various ethnicities such as Batak, Minangkabau, and Acehnese, direct speech is more commonly used in everyday conversations. People in Sumatra tend to be more direct and straightforward in their communication style, which is reflected in their use of direct quotations rather than indirect speech.
-- Dia mengatakan bahwa dia suka nonton film Indonesia (According to him/her/them, he/she likes watching Indonesian movies)
+These regional variations in the usage and understanding of indirect speech add richness and diversity to the Indonesian language. It is fascinating to explore how cultural factors influence language usage and shape the way people communicate.
-- Mereka mengatakan bahwa mereka tidak punya waktu (According to him/her/them, they don't have time)
-- Dia bertanya di mana aku tinggal ((According to him/her/them, he/she asked me where I lived)
 == Conclusion ==
-Indirect speech is a vital tool for Indonesian speakers to communicate facts or statements that were said previously by someone else. By using indirect speech, speakers can convey information indirectly without having to repeat everything directly, thus making it easier and more concise. Make sure to practice converting direct speech into indirect speech, as well as using indirect questions, to advance your fluency skills.
+In this lesson, we have explored the structure and usage of indirect speech in Indonesian. We have learned about the key elements of indirect speech, including reporting verbs, reporting clauses, and reported speech. We have also discussed the changes in verb forms, pronouns, and adverbs when reporting speech in the present tense.
-<span class='maj'></span>
+Through clear explanations, numerous examples, and engaging practice exercises, you have gained a solid understanding of how to use indirect speech effectively in Indonesian. Remember to continue practicing and incorporating indirect speech in your language skills to enhance your fluency and communication abilities.
-==Sources==
-* [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Direct-Speech Indonesian Grammar → Indirect and Direct Speech → Direct Speech]
+As you progress in your Indonesian language learning journey, you will encounter more complex grammar concepts and linguistic nuances. Stay curious, embrace the cultural richness of Indonesia, and enjoy the process of mastering the Indonesian language.
-<span link>Great work on completing this lesson! Take a moment to investigate these connected pages: [[Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]] & [[Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Negation-and-Affirmation|Negation and Affirmation]].</span>
 {{#seo:
 |title=Indonesian Grammar → Indirect and Direct Speech → Indirect Speech
-|keywords=Indonesian grammar, direct speech, indirect speech, kalimat langsung, kalimat tidak langsung, Indonesian language, complete Indonesian course
+|keywords=Indonesian grammar, indirect speech, reported speech, present tense, verb forms, pronouns, adverbs
-|description=In this lesson of the "Complete 0 to A1 Indonesian Course", you will learn how to use indirect speech in Indonesian, specifically in present tense. Practice converting direct speech to indirect speech and using indirect questions to help you communicate effectively. Find examples and tips here!}}
+|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use indirect speech in the present tense in Indonesian. We will explore the structure, changes in verb forms, pronouns, and adverbs, and provide examples and practice exercises.
+}}
 {{Indonesian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
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 [[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
 [[Category:Indonesian-0-to-A1-Course]]
+<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo-16k></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
+==Sources==
+* [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Direct-Speech Indonesian Grammar → Indirect and Direct Speech → Direct Speech]
 ==Other Lessons==
@@ Line 100: / Line 178: @@
 * [[Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Indonesian-Nouns|Indonesian Nouns]]
 * [[Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Present-Tense|Present Tense]]
 {{Indonesian-Page-Bottom}}
-<span links></span>
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Difference between revisions of "Language/Indonesian/Grammar/Indirect-Speech"

Revision as of 13:54, 17 June 2023

The Structure of Indirect Speech in Indonesian

Example 1

Example 2

Indirect Speech in Present Tense

Changes in Verb Forms

Changes in Pronouns

Changes in Adverbs

Example 1

Example 2

Practice Exercises

Indonesian Culture: Regional Variations in Indirect Speech

Conclusion

Table of Contents - Indonesian Course - 0 to A1

Sources

Other Lessons

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