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|[[Language/Polish/Grammar/Adjective-Agreement|◀️ Adjective Agreement — Previous Lesson]]
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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Polish|Polish]]  → [[Language/Polish/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Polish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Adjectives and Adverbs → Comparative and Superlative</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Polish|Polish]]  → [[Language/Polish/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Polish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Adjectives and Adverbs → Comparative and Superlative</div>


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As a Polish language teacher with over 20 years of experience, I am confident that I can help you understand comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs in the Polish language. These concepts are important to master as they are frequently used in everyday conversation and are essential for expressing comparisons.
== Introduction ==


Comparative adjectives and adverbs are used to compare two things, while superlative adjectives and adverbs are used to compare three or more things. In this lesson, we will focus on formation of these forms and how to use them properly in sentences.
Welcome to the lesson on comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish! In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use comparative and superlative forms to express comparisons and degrees of comparison in Polish sentences. This topic is an important part of mastering the Polish language and will greatly enhance your ability to communicate effectively.


== Comparative Adjectives ==
Comparative and superlative forms are used to compare two or more things, and to express the highest degree of a quality. Whether you want to say that something is bigger, faster, or more beautiful, or you want to compare two things and say that one is better than the other, this lesson will provide you with the necessary tools to do so.


Let's start by examining how to form comparative adjectives in Polish.
Let's dive into the fascinating world of comparative and superlative forms in Polish!


In general, there are two ways to form comparative adjectives:
== Forming Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs ==


1. For short adjectives (one syllable) simply add the suffix "-szy" to the stem.
Comparative adjectives and adverbs in Polish are formed by adding specific suffixes to the base form of the adjective or adverb. The choice of suffix depends on the gender and number of the noun being modified. Let's take a look at the different forms.
2. For long adjectives (two or more syllables) add the word "bardziej" which means "more".
 
=== Comparative Adjectives ===
 
To form the comparative degree of an adjective in Polish, you generally add the suffix "-szy" or "-iejszy" to the base form of the adjective. The choice of suffix depends on the ending of the base form.


Here are some examples:
Here are some examples:
Line 24: Line 34:
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
|dobry ('good')   || DOH-brih      || better
| duży (big) || doo-zhi || bigger
|nowy ('new')     || NOH-vih      || newer
|-
|krótki ('short') || KROOT-kih || shorter
| mały (small) || mah-wee || smaller
|ciekawy ('interesting') || tsieh-KAH-vih  || more interesting
|-
|wspaniały ('wonderful') || fspah-NYAH-wih  || more wonderful
| wysoki (tall) || vee-soh-kee || taller
|piękny ('beautiful') || PYEHNK-nih    || more beautiful
|-
| niski (short) || nee-skee || shorter
|-
| piękny (beautiful) || pyen-knee || more beautiful
|-
| brzydki (ugly) || bzhid-kee || uglier
|}
|}


Note that for comparative adjectives, the adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender, number and case. For example, consider the following sentence:
=== Comparative Adverbs ===


"Ten dom jest większy niż tamten"
Comparative adverbs in Polish are formed by adding the suffix "-iej" or "-eji" to the base form of the adverb. The choice of suffix depends on the ending of the base form.
("This house is larger than that one")
 
In this example, the adjective "większy" (larger) agrees with the masculine singular noun "dom" (house).
 
== Comparative Adverbs ==
 
Now, let's look at how to form comparative adverbs in Polish.
 
Most adverbs fall into the second category above -- long adjectives that use "bardziej" in order to form comparative adjectives. In this case, the "-ie" ending of the adverb stem is dropped and "bardziej" is added in front of the remaining adjective.


Here are some examples:
Here are some examples:
Line 50: Line 56:
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
|szybko ('quickly') || SHIH-pkoh      || more quickly
| szybko (quickly) || shib-ko || quicker
|łatwo ('easily')   || WAHT-voh    || more easily
|-
|wolno ('slowly')   || VOHL-noh      || more slowly
| powoli (slowly) || po-vo-lee || slower
|-
| głośno (loudly) || gwosh-no || louder
|-
| cicho (quietly) || chee-ho || quieter
|-
| dobrze (well) || doh-bzhe || better
|-
| źle (badly) || zhe-le || worse
|}
|}
 
However, there are some adverbs that are formed in a different way. For short adverbs (one syllable), the same rule applies as for short adjectives -- simply add "-szej" to the stem of the adverb.
== Forming Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs ==
 
Superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish are formed by adding specific suffixes to the base form of the adjective or adverb. The choice of suffix depends on the gender and number of the noun being modified. Let's explore the different forms.
 
=== Superlative Adjectives ===
 
To form the superlative degree of an adjective in Polish, you generally add the suffix "-szy" or "-iejszy" to the base form of the adjective, followed by the appropriate ending to indicate gender and number.


Here are some examples:
Here are some examples:
Line 62: Line 82:
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
|głośno ('loudly') || GWOHSH-noh  || louder
| duży (big) || doo-zhi || biggest (masculine singular)
|wcześnie ('early') || VCHEH-sheh-nyeh || earlier
|-
| mały (small) || mah-wee || smallest (masculine singular)
|-
| wysoki (tall) || vee-soh-kee || tallest (masculine singular)
|-
| niski (short) || nee-skee || shortest (masculine singular)
|-
| piękny (beautiful) || pyen-knee || most beautiful (masculine singular)
|-
| brzydki (ugly) || bzhid-kee || ugliest (masculine singular)
|}
|}
Just like with comparative adjectives, comparative adverbs also must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies.
== Superlative Adjectives ==


Superlative adjectives are used to describe the highest degree of a quality in comparison to others. In Polish, superlative adjectives can be formed in three ways:
=== Superlative Adverbs ===


1. By adding the suffix "-est" to the stem of the adjective for short adjectives (one syllable).
Superlative adverbs in Polish are formed by adding the suffix "-ie" or "-ze" to the base form of the adverb, followed by the appropriate ending to indicate gender and number.
2. By adding the suffix "-ejszy" to the stem of the adjective for short adjectives that have the stem ending with a vowel letter.
3. By adding the prefix "naj-" to the comparative adjective form for both short and long adjectives (one or more syllable).


Here are some examples:
Here are some examples:
Line 81: Line 104:
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
|mały ('small') || MAH-wih    || smallest (1st way)
| szybko (quickly) || shib-ko || fastest (masculine singular)
|potężny ('mighty') || po-TEH-zhny || mightiest (3rd way)
|-
|lekki ('light')   || LEH-key || lightest (2nd way)
| powoli (slowly) || po-vo-lee || slowest (masculine singular)
|niebezpieczny ('dangerous') || nye-beh-SHYEH-chnih || most dangerous
|-
| głośno (loudly) || gwosh-no || loudest (masculine singular)
|-
| cicho (quietly) || chee-ho || quietest (masculine singular)
|-
| dobrze (well) || doh-bzhe || best (masculine singular)
|-
| źle (badly) || zhe-le || worst (masculine singular)
|}
|}
Note that superlative adjectives, like comparative adjectives, must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies.


== Superlative Adverbs ==
== Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms ==


Forming superlative adverbs in Polish is also straightforward.
While the majority of adjectives and adverbs in Polish follow regular patterns to form comparative and superlative degrees, there are some irregular forms that you need to be aware of. These irregular forms do not follow the typical suffix patterns and must be memorized.


To form the superlative degree of an adverb (compare three or more things), the prefix "naj-" is added before the comparative form of the adverb. For example:
Here are some examples of irregular comparative and superlative forms:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
|najszybciej ('fastest') || naih-SHIB-tsyeh || fastest
| dobry (good) || doh-bri || lepszy (better)
|najdłużej ('longest') || naih-DWOH-zheh || longest
|-
| zły (bad) || zwi || gorszy (worse)
|-
| dużo (much) || doo-zho || więcej (more)
|-
| mało (little) || mah-wo || mniej (less)
|-
| dobrze (well) || doh-bzhe || lepiej (better)
|-
| źle (badly) || zhe-le || gorzej (worse)
|}
|}


Note that just like comparative adverbs, superlative adverbs are formed from comparative adverbs which must agree in gender, number, and case with the modified noun.
== Using Comparative and Superlative Forms in Sentences ==
 
Now that you have learned how to form comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish, let's explore how to use them in sentences. Comparative and superlative forms are used to compare two or more things or to express the highest degree of a quality.
 
Here are some examples:
 
- Comparative Adjectives:
  - Ten dom jest większy od tamtego. (This house is bigger than that one.)
  - Ona jest młodsza od swojego brata. (She is younger than her brother.)
  - Ten obraz jest bardziej interesujący niż tamten. (This painting is more interesting than that one.)


== When are comparative and superlative forms used? ==
- Comparative Adverbs:
  - On biega szybciej niż ja. (He runs faster than me.)
  - Ona śpiewa głośniej niż wszyscy. (She sings louder than everyone.)
  - Oni tańczą lepiej niż my. (They dance better than us.)


Comparative and superlative forms are used in sentences to compare two or more things.
- Superlative Adjectives:
  - To jest największe drzewo w parku. (This is the biggest tree in the park.)
  - On jest najmłodszy w rodzinie. (He is the youngest in the family.)
  - To jest najpiękniejsza plaża, jaką kiedykolwiek widziałem. (This is the most beautiful beach I have ever seen.)


Here are some example sentences using comparative adjectives and adverbs, and superlative adjectives and adverbs:
- Superlative Adverbs:
  - On pisze najprawidłowiej ze wszystkich. (He writes the most correctly out of everyone.)
  - Ona gotuje najsmaczniej ze wszystkich. (She cooks the most deliciously out of everyone.)
  - Oni pracują najciężej ze wszystkich. (They work the hardest out of everyone.)


"|Janusz jest bardziej inteligentny od Andrzeja.| (John is more intelligent than Andrew)"
Remember to always use the appropriate form of the adjective or adverb depending on the gender and number of the noun being modified.
"|This book is shorter than that one|.|Ten książka jest krótsza niż tamta.|"
"|On jest najlepszym nauczycielem języka polskiego.| (He is the best Polish language teacher)"
"|Najłatwiejszym językiem do nauczenia się jest esperanto.| (Esperanto is the easiest language to learn)"


== Conclusion ==
== Conclusion ==


Congratulations! You have now learned how to form comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish. These concepts might seem intimidating at first, but with practice, you will soon be able to use them with ease. It's important to keep in mind the rules of adjective and adverb agreement with gender, number and case.
Congratulations! You have successfully learned how to form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish. This knowledge will greatly enhance your ability to express comparisons and degrees of comparison in the Polish language.


I encourage you to practice forming comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs by making up your own sentences. With regular practice, you will soon have mastered this important aspect of the Polish language.
Continue to practice using comparative and superlative forms in sentences to reinforce your understanding. As you progress in your Polish language learning journey, you will become more comfortable and confident in using these forms naturally.


I hope this lesson was helpful to you. In the next lesson, we will cover more concepts related to Polish grammar. Remember, practice makes perfect!
In the next lesson, we will explore the topic of food and dining in Polish. Get ready to expand your vocabulary and learn how to talk about common foods and eating out in Polish!
 
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|keywords=Polish grammar, Polish adjectives, Polish adverbs, comparative, superlative, Polish language
|description=Understand how to form comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish, and how they are used in sentences.
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==Related Lessons==
==Sources==
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Polish/Comparative_and_Superlative Polish/Comparative and Superlative - Wikibooks, open books for an ...]
* [https://polish-dictionary.com/polish-comparatives-superlatives Polish Comparatives and Superlatives]
* [https://courseofpolish.com/grammar/adjectives/comparison-of-adjectives Comparison of Adjectives (Stopniowanie Przymiotników) - Polish ...]
 
 
 
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/The-Polish-Alphabet|The Polish Alphabet]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/The-Polish-Alphabet|The Polish Alphabet]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Past-Participle-in-Polish|Past Participle in Polish]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Past-Participle-in-Polish|Past Participle in Polish]]
Line 145: Line 209:
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Present-Tense|Present Tense]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Present-Tense|Present Tense]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]


{{Polish-Page-Bottom}}
{{Polish-Page-Bottom}}
<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Polish/Grammar/Adjective-Agreement|◀️ Adjective Agreement — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Polish/Vocabulary/Common-Foods|Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️]]
|}
</span>

Latest revision as of 03:07, 17 June 2023

◀️ Adjective Agreement — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️

Poland-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png
Polish → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Adjectives and Adverbs → Comparative and Superlative

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Welcome to the lesson on comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish! In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use comparative and superlative forms to express comparisons and degrees of comparison in Polish sentences. This topic is an important part of mastering the Polish language and will greatly enhance your ability to communicate effectively.

Comparative and superlative forms are used to compare two or more things, and to express the highest degree of a quality. Whether you want to say that something is bigger, faster, or more beautiful, or you want to compare two things and say that one is better than the other, this lesson will provide you with the necessary tools to do so.

Let's dive into the fascinating world of comparative and superlative forms in Polish!

Forming Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs[edit | edit source]

Comparative adjectives and adverbs in Polish are formed by adding specific suffixes to the base form of the adjective or adverb. The choice of suffix depends on the gender and number of the noun being modified. Let's take a look at the different forms.

Comparative Adjectives[edit | edit source]

To form the comparative degree of an adjective in Polish, you generally add the suffix "-szy" or "-iejszy" to the base form of the adjective. The choice of suffix depends on the ending of the base form.

Here are some examples:

Polish Pronunciation English
duży (big) doo-zhi bigger
mały (small) mah-wee smaller
wysoki (tall) vee-soh-kee taller
niski (short) nee-skee shorter
piękny (beautiful) pyen-knee more beautiful
brzydki (ugly) bzhid-kee uglier

Comparative Adverbs[edit | edit source]

Comparative adverbs in Polish are formed by adding the suffix "-iej" or "-eji" to the base form of the adverb. The choice of suffix depends on the ending of the base form.

Here are some examples:

Polish Pronunciation English
szybko (quickly) shib-ko quicker
powoli (slowly) po-vo-lee slower
głośno (loudly) gwosh-no louder
cicho (quietly) chee-ho quieter
dobrze (well) doh-bzhe better
źle (badly) zhe-le worse

Forming Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs[edit | edit source]

Superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish are formed by adding specific suffixes to the base form of the adjective or adverb. The choice of suffix depends on the gender and number of the noun being modified. Let's explore the different forms.

Superlative Adjectives[edit | edit source]

To form the superlative degree of an adjective in Polish, you generally add the suffix "-szy" or "-iejszy" to the base form of the adjective, followed by the appropriate ending to indicate gender and number.

Here are some examples:

Polish Pronunciation English
duży (big) doo-zhi biggest (masculine singular)
mały (small) mah-wee smallest (masculine singular)
wysoki (tall) vee-soh-kee tallest (masculine singular)
niski (short) nee-skee shortest (masculine singular)
piękny (beautiful) pyen-knee most beautiful (masculine singular)
brzydki (ugly) bzhid-kee ugliest (masculine singular)

Superlative Adverbs[edit | edit source]

Superlative adverbs in Polish are formed by adding the suffix "-ie" or "-ze" to the base form of the adverb, followed by the appropriate ending to indicate gender and number.

Here are some examples:

Polish Pronunciation English
szybko (quickly) shib-ko fastest (masculine singular)
powoli (slowly) po-vo-lee slowest (masculine singular)
głośno (loudly) gwosh-no loudest (masculine singular)
cicho (quietly) chee-ho quietest (masculine singular)
dobrze (well) doh-bzhe best (masculine singular)
źle (badly) zhe-le worst (masculine singular)

Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms[edit | edit source]

While the majority of adjectives and adverbs in Polish follow regular patterns to form comparative and superlative degrees, there are some irregular forms that you need to be aware of. These irregular forms do not follow the typical suffix patterns and must be memorized.

Here are some examples of irregular comparative and superlative forms:

Polish Pronunciation English
dobry (good) doh-bri lepszy (better)
zły (bad) zwi gorszy (worse)
dużo (much) doo-zho więcej (more)
mało (little) mah-wo mniej (less)
dobrze (well) doh-bzhe lepiej (better)
źle (badly) zhe-le gorzej (worse)

Using Comparative and Superlative Forms in Sentences[edit | edit source]

Now that you have learned how to form comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish, let's explore how to use them in sentences. Comparative and superlative forms are used to compare two or more things or to express the highest degree of a quality.

Here are some examples:

- Comparative Adjectives: 

  - Ten dom jest większy od tamtego. (This house is bigger than that one.)
  - Ona jest młodsza od swojego brata. (She is younger than her brother.)
  - Ten obraz jest bardziej interesujący niż tamten. (This painting is more interesting than that one.)

- Comparative Adverbs: 

  - On biega szybciej niż ja. (He runs faster than me.)
  - Ona śpiewa głośniej niż wszyscy. (She sings louder than everyone.)
  - Oni tańczą lepiej niż my. (They dance better than us.)

- Superlative Adjectives: 

  - To jest największe drzewo w parku. (This is the biggest tree in the park.)
  - On jest najmłodszy w rodzinie. (He is the youngest in the family.)
  - To jest najpiękniejsza plaża, jaką kiedykolwiek widziałem. (This is the most beautiful beach I have ever seen.)

- Superlative Adverbs: 

  - On pisze najprawidłowiej ze wszystkich. (He writes the most correctly out of everyone.)
  - Ona gotuje najsmaczniej ze wszystkich. (She cooks the most deliciously out of everyone.)
  - Oni pracują najciężej ze wszystkich. (They work the hardest out of everyone.)

Remember to always use the appropriate form of the adjective or adverb depending on the gender and number of the noun being modified.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations! You have successfully learned how to form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs in Polish. This knowledge will greatly enhance your ability to express comparisons and degrees of comparison in the Polish language.

Continue to practice using comparative and superlative forms in sentences to reinforce your understanding. As you progress in your Polish language learning journey, you will become more comfortable and confident in using these forms naturally.

In the next lesson, we will explore the topic of food and dining in Polish. Get ready to expand your vocabulary and learn how to talk about common foods and eating out in Polish!

Table of Contents - Polish Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Alphabet and Pronunciation


Greetings and Introductions


Basic Sentence Structure


Numbers and Time


Nouns and Articles


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Verbs and Tenses


Travel and Transportation


Polish Customs and Traditions


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Adjective Agreement — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️

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