Difference between revisions of "Language/French/Grammar/Pronominal-verbs,-the-auxiliary-“être”-and-the-agreement-of-the-past-participle"
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<div style="font-size:260%"> Pronominal verbs, the auxiliary “être” and the agreement of the past participle</div> | <div style="font-size:260%"> Pronominal verbs, the auxiliary “être” and the agreement of the past participle</div> | ||
__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
Pronominal verbs are always conjugated with être in their compound tenses, and the question arises as to when the past participle is marked for agreement. | Pronominal verbs are always conjugated with être in their compound tenses, and the question arises as to when the past participle is marked for agreement. | ||
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== Where the meaning of the pronoun is reflexive and it is a direct object== | == Where the meaning of the pronoun is reflexive and it is a direct object== | ||
*Je (fem) me suis lavée à l'eau froide | *Je (fem) me suis lavée à l'eau froide | ||
I washed in cold water | <blockquote>I washed in cold water</blockquote> | ||
*Elle était maladroite et s'était fréquemment blessée | *Elle était maladroite et s'était fréquemment blessée | ||
She was clumsy and often injured herself | <blockquote>She was clumsy and often injured herself</blockquote> | ||
*Suzanne s'est très mal habillée | *Suzanne s'est très mal habillée | ||
Suzanne dressed very badly | <blockquote>Suzanne dressed very badly</blockquote> | ||
*Marianne s'est cachée dans l'armoire | *Marianne s'est cachée dans l'armoire | ||
Marianne hid in the cupboard | <blockquote>Marianne hid in the cupboard</blockquote> | ||
== Where the meaning of the pronoun is reciprocal and it is a direct object== | == Where the meaning of the pronoun is reciprocal and it is a direct object== | ||
*Les deux équipes se sont rencontrées à Paris | *Les deux équipes se sont rencontrées à Paris | ||
The two teams met (each other) in Paris | <blockquote>The two teams met (each other) in Paris</blockquote> | ||
*Nous nous sommes attendus les uns les autres avant de rentrer | *Nous nous sommes attendus les uns les autres avant de rentrer | ||
We waited for each other before going home | <blockquote>We waited for each other before going home</blockquote> | ||
*Jean-Pierre et Richard se sont rencontrés à Lyon | *Jean-Pierre et Richard se sont rencontrés à Lyon | ||
Jean-Pierre and Richard met in Lyons | <blockquote>Jean-Pierre and Richard met in Lyons</blockquote> | ||
*Marianne et sa mère se sont attendues à la gare | *Marianne et sa mère se sont attendues à la gare | ||
Marianne and her mother waited for each other at the station | <blockquote>Marianne and her mother waited for each other at the station</blockquote> | ||
== Where the pronoun has no detectable reflexive or reciprocal meaning, but is an integral part of the verb, and is a direct object== | == Where the pronoun has no detectable reflexive or reciprocal meaning, but is an integral part of the verb, and is a direct object== | ||
*A la vue de tout ce sang, elles se sont évanouies | *A la vue de tout ce sang, elles se sont évanouies | ||
At the sight of so much blood, they fainted | <blockquote>At the sight of so much blood, they fainted</blockquote> | ||
*Ils se sont toujours repentis de ces paroles | *Ils se sont toujours repentis de ces paroles | ||
They always regretted those words | <blockquote>They always regretted those words</blockquote> | ||
*Ils se sont tus dès qu'ils ont vu le directeur | *Ils se sont tus dès qu'ils ont vu le directeur | ||
They kept quiet as soon as they saw the headmaster | <blockquote>They kept quiet as soon as they saw the headmaster | ||
This includes when the pronominal verb is used as a passive: | This includes when the pronominal verb is used as a passive:</blockquote> | ||
*Les jeux vidéo se sont vendus comme des petits pains | *Les jeux vidéo se sont vendus comme des petits pains | ||
Video games sold like hot cakes | <blockquote>Video games sold like hot cakes</blockquote> | ||
BUT the past participle will not agree in any case where the pronoun is an indirect object. In particular this will be the case: | BUT the past participle will not agree in any case where the pronoun is an indirect object. In particular this will be the case: | ||
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*Elle s'est nui en faisant de telles demandes | *Elle s'est nui en faisant de telles demandes | ||
She did herself harm by these requests | <blockquote>She did herself harm by these requests</blockquote> | ||
*Marianne s'est caché la vérité | *Marianne s'est caché la vérité | ||
Marianne hid the truth from herself | <blockquote>Marianne hid the truth from herself</blockquote> | ||
*Les participants se sont écrit | *Les participants se sont écrit | ||
The participants wrote to each other | <blockquote>The participants wrote to each other</blockquote> | ||
'''(ii)''' where the pronoun is indirect, given that the direct object is a body part: | '''(ii)''' where the pronoun is indirect, given that the direct object is a body part: | ||
*Je (fem) me suis lavé les mains avant de déjeuner | *Je (fem) me suis lavé les mains avant de déjeuner | ||
I washed my hands before lunch | <blockquote>I washed my hands before lunch</blockquote> | ||
*Elle s'est coupé le doigt parce qu'elle ne faisait pas attention | *Elle s'est coupé le doigt parce qu'elle ne faisait pas attention | ||
She cut her finger because she was careless | <blockquote>She cut her finger because she was careless</blockquote> | ||
*Nathan s'est cassé la jambe en jouant au football | *Nathan s'est cassé la jambe en jouant au football | ||
Nathan broke his leg playing football | <blockquote>Nathan broke his leg playing football</blockquote> | ||
'''NB:''' Where the pronoun is an indirect object (and hence the participle does not agree with it), the participle may nevertheless agree with a preceding direct object, as in: | '''NB:''' Where the pronoun is an indirect object (and hence the participle does not agree with it), the participle may nevertheless agree with a preceding direct object, as in: | ||
*Les deux valises qu'il s'est achetées sont cassées | *Les deux valises qu'il s'est achetées sont cassées | ||
The two suitcases he bought are broken | <blockquote>The two suitcases he bought are broken</blockquote> | ||
*Combien de valises s'est-il achetées? | *Combien de valises s'est-il achetées? | ||
How many suitcases did he buy? | <blockquote>How many suitcases did he buy?</blockquote> | ||
==Other Chapters== | ==Other Chapters== | ||
{{French-Grammar-Course-Menu}} | {{French-Grammar-Course-Menu}} |
Revision as of 12:02, 2 December 2021
Pronominal verbs are always conjugated with être in their compound tenses, and the question arises as to when the past participle is marked for agreement.
Whereas the past participle of non-pronominal verbs which take être always agrees with the subject (elle est arrivée, nous sommes arrivés, elles sont arrivées), the participle with pronominal verbs only agrees with a direct object pronoun.
For example:
Where the meaning of the pronoun is reflexive and it is a direct object
- Je (fem) me suis lavée à l'eau froide
I washed in cold water
- Elle était maladroite et s'était fréquemment blessée
She was clumsy and often injured herself
- Suzanne s'est très mal habillée
Suzanne dressed very badly
- Marianne s'est cachée dans l'armoire
Marianne hid in the cupboard
Where the meaning of the pronoun is reciprocal and it is a direct object
- Les deux équipes se sont rencontrées à Paris
The two teams met (each other) in Paris
- Nous nous sommes attendus les uns les autres avant de rentrer
We waited for each other before going home
- Jean-Pierre et Richard se sont rencontrés à Lyon
Jean-Pierre and Richard met in Lyons
- Marianne et sa mère se sont attendues à la gare
Marianne and her mother waited for each other at the station
Where the pronoun has no detectable reflexive or reciprocal meaning, but is an integral part of the verb, and is a direct object
- A la vue de tout ce sang, elles se sont évanouies
At the sight of so much blood, they fainted
- Ils se sont toujours repentis de ces paroles
They always regretted those words
- Ils se sont tus dès qu'ils ont vu le directeur
They kept quiet as soon as they saw the headmaster This includes when the pronominal verb is used as a passive:
- Les jeux vidéo se sont vendus comme des petits pains
Video games sold like hot cakes
BUT the past participle will not agree in any case where the pronoun is an indirect object. In particular this will be the case:
(i) where the non-pronominal version of the verb has a prepositional indirect object e.g. nuire à an, cacher qch à qn, écrire à an and therefore the se is seen as an indirect object:
- Elle s'est nui en faisant de telles demandes
She did herself harm by these requests
- Marianne s'est caché la vérité
Marianne hid the truth from herself
- Les participants se sont écrit
The participants wrote to each other
(ii) where the pronoun is indirect, given that the direct object is a body part:
- Je (fem) me suis lavé les mains avant de déjeuner
I washed my hands before lunch
- Elle s'est coupé le doigt parce qu'elle ne faisait pas attention
She cut her finger because she was careless
- Nathan s'est cassé la jambe en jouant au football
Nathan broke his leg playing football
NB: Where the pronoun is an indirect object (and hence the participle does not agree with it), the participle may nevertheless agree with a preceding direct object, as in:
- Les deux valises qu'il s'est achetées sont cassées
The two suitcases he bought are broken
- Combien de valises s'est-il achetées?
How many suitcases did he buy?