Difference between revisions of "Language/Polish/Grammar/Noun-Gender"

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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Polish|Polish]]  → [[Language/Polish/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Polish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Noun Gender</div>
Welcome to another engaging lesson in our "Complete 0 to A1 Polish Course"! Today, we will delve into the fascinating world of '''noun gender''' in the Polish language. Understanding noun gender is essential for mastering Polish, as it affects not only how nouns are used but also how they interact with adjectives and verbs.
=== Why is Noun Gender Important? ===
In Polish, nouns have one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. This might seem a bit daunting at first, especially if you're coming from English, where nouns don't carry gender. However, mastering noun gender is crucial because:
* It helps with correct adjective agreement.
* It aids in using the correct forms of articles and pronouns.
* It enriches your overall understanding of sentence structure.
In this lesson, we will explore:
* The three genders of Polish nouns: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
* How to identify the gender of a noun.
* Examples to illustrate each point.
* Practice exercises to reinforce your learning.


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Polish|Polish]]  → [[Language/Polish/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Polish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Nouns and Articles → Noun Gender</div>
Now, let’s jump into the details!


__TOC__
__TOC__


==Introduction==
=== The Three Genders of Polish Nouns ===
 
In Polish, every noun falls into one of three categories:
 
==== Masculine Nouns ====
 
Masculine nouns typically refer to male people or animals but can also include inanimate objects. Most masculine nouns end in a consonant, with a few exceptions. For example:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| chłopak || ˈxwɔpak || boy
 
|-
 
| stół || stuːl || table
 
|-
 
| pies || pʲɛs || dog
 
|-
 
| samochód || saˈmɔxut || car
 
|-
 
| komputer || kɔmˈpʊtɛr || computer
 
|}
 
==== Feminine Nouns ====
 
Feminine nouns often refer to female people or animals. They typically end in the letter "a." Here are some examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| dziewczyna || d͡ʑɛfˈt͡ʂɨna || girl
 
|-
 
| książka || ˈkʲɔ̃ʂka || book
 
|-
 
| koza || ˈkɔza || goat
 
|-
 
| mama || ˈmama || mom
 
|-
 
| kobieta || kɔˈbʲɛta || woman
 
|}
 
==== Neuter Nouns ====
 
Neuter nouns generally refer to objects or abstract concepts and usually end in "o" or "e." Here are some examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| dziecko || ˈd͡ʑɛt͡skɔ || child
 
|-
 
| okno || ˈɔk.nɔ || window
 
|-
 
| biuro || ˈbʲurɔ || office
 
|-
 
| mleko || ˈmlɛkɔ || milk
 
|-
 
| serce || ˈsɛrt͡sɛ || heart
 
|}
 
=== Identifying Noun Gender ===
 
Identifying the gender of nouns can be tricky, but there are some general rules and patterns that can help you.
 
'''Masculine Nouns:'''
 
* Most masculine nouns end with a consonant.
 
* Nouns referring to male beings (e.g., "mężczyzna" - man) are masculine.
 
'''Feminine Nouns:'''


As a Polish language teacher with over 20 years of experience, I know how challenging grammar concepts can be for beginners. In this lesson, we will focus on one of the essential topics in Polish grammar: noun gender.  
* Most feminine nouns end with "a."


In Polish, every noun has a gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Depending on the gender, articles, adjectives, and verbs will change accordingly. Therefore, it is crucial to understand this concept to form correct sentences and communicate effectively in Polish.
* Nouns referring to female beings (e.g., "matka" - mother) are feminine.


This lesson is part of the "Complete 0 to A1 Polish Course," designed to take you from a beginner to an A1 level. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to identify the gender of Polish nouns and how they affect articles and adjectives.
'''Neuter Nouns:'''


* Most neuter nouns end with "o" or "e."


<span link>After mastering this lesson, these related pages might interest you: [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Adjective-Agreement|Adjective Agreement]] & [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Adverbs-in-Polish|Adverbs in Polish]].</span>
* Nouns that are inanimate or abstract are often neuter (e.g., "słońce" - sun).
==What are Noun Genders?==


Unlike English, which has no gendered nouns, Polish grammar assigns gender to every noun. There are three genders in Polish: masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of a noun generally correlates with its meaning or refers to the biological gender of living creatures.
=== Examples of Noun Gender ===


===Examples===
To further clarify, let's look at some more examples of each gender:


Here are some examples of nouns in different genders:
''Masculine:''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| nauczyciel || nau̯t͡ʂɨˈt͡ɕɛl || teacher
|-
| telefon || tɛˈlɛfɔn || telephone
|-
|-
| mężczyzna (masculine)  || mehN'-tchih-znah || man
 
| lekarz || ˈlɛkaʂ || doctor
 
|-
|-
| kobieta (feminine)  || koh-BYE-tah || woman
 
| mężczyzna || ˈmɛ̃ʐt͡ʂɨna || man
 
|-
|-
| dziecko (neuter)  || DZHE-tskoh || child
 
| brat || brat || brother
 
|}
|}


As you can see, "mężczyzna" (man) is in the masculine gender, "kobieta" (woman) is in the feminine gender, and "dziecko" (child) is in the neuter gender.
''Feminine:''
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| siostra || ˈɕɔstra || sister
 
|-
 
| nauczycielka || nau̯t͡ʂɨˈt͡ɕɛlka || female teacher
 
|-
 
| miłość || ˈmiwɔɕt͡ɕ || love
 
|-
 
| mama || ˈmama || mom


===How to Identify Noun Gender?===
|-


Identifying the gender of a noun can be challenging, especially for beginners. Here are some general rules that can help:
| gwiazda || ˈɡvjazda || star


<ul>
|}
<li>Many Polish nouns that denote male living beings are masculine.</li>
<li>Masculine nouns usually end in a consonant, -a, -e/of the etymology -en, -on, -an endings, or the suffix -owie.</li>
<li>Feminine nouns usually end in -a/-ia, -ść, -szcz, -ść, -stwo, -nia, or -ść.</li>
<li>Neuter nouns usually end in -o, -e (etymology dating back to Proto-Slavic), -ie, or -um (Latin neuter).</li>
</ul>


===Examples===
''Neuter:''


Here are some examples of how to identify noun genders in Polish:
{| class="wikitable"


<ul>
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
<li>"Kot" (cat) is masculine. It ends with a consonant.</li>
<li>"Siostra" (sister) is feminine. It ends with -a/-ia, which is one of the common endings for feminine nouns.</li>
<li>"Dziecko" (child) is neuter. It ends with -o, which is one of the common endings for neuter nouns.</li>
</ul>


==How Noun Gender Affects Articles and Adjectives==
|-


Now that you understand the concept of noun gender, let's see how it affects articles and adjectives in Polish.
| zwierzę || ˈzvjɛʐɛ || animal


===Definite Articles===
|-


In Polish, definite articles precede nouns to indicate that the noun is specific or known to the speaker and the listener. Definite articles vary depending on the noun's gender and whether it is singular or plural.
| zdjęcie || ˈzdjɛɲt͡ɕɛ || photo


<ul>
|-
<li>For masculine singular nouns, the definite article is "ten."</li>
<li>For feminine singular nouns, the definite article is "ta."</li>
<li>For neuter singular nouns, the definite article is "to."</li>
<li>For plural nouns of all genders, the definite article is "te."</li>
</ul>


===Examples===
| dzieło || ˈd͡ʑɛwɔ || work (of art)


Here are some examples of definite articles in Polish:
|-


<ul>
| imię || ˈimjɛ || name
<li>"Ten mężczyzna" (this man) - "ten" is the definite article for masculine singular nouns.</li>
<li>"Ta kobieta" (this woman) - "ta" is the definite article for feminine singular nouns.</li>
<li>"To dziecko" (this child) - "to" is the definite article for neuter singular nouns.</li>
<li>"Te koty" (these cats) - "te" is the definite article for plural nouns regardless of gender.</li>
</ul>


===Indefinite Articles===
|-


In Polish, indefinite articles are not commonly used. Instead, the lack of an article indicates that a noun is general or unspecified.
| morze || ˈmɔʐɛ || sea


===Adjectives===
|}


Like articles, adjectives in Polish also vary by gender. Adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they describe.
=== Practice Exercises ===


===Examples===
Now, it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises to help you practice identifying noun gender.


Here are some examples of adjectives in Polish:
==== Exercise 1: Identify the Gender ====


<ul>
For each noun listed, indicate whether it is masculine (M), feminine (F), or neuter (N).
<li>"Ten dobry mężczyzna" (this good man) - "dobry" (good) agrees with "mężczyzna" (masculine singular).</li>
<li>"Ta młoda kobieta" (this young woman) - "młoda" (young) agrees with "kobieta" (feminine singular).</li>
<li>"To małe dziecko" (this small child) - "małe" (small) agrees with "dziecko" (neuter singular).</li>
</ul>


==Conclusion==
1. kot


In conclusion, understanding the concept of noun gender is essential for mastering Polish grammar. With these rules and guidelines, you can identify the gender of a noun and use the correct articles and adjectives. Practice is key, so be sure to apply what you learn in your speaking and writing.  
2. dziewczyna


In the next lesson, we will learn about definite and indefinite articles in more detail, and how to use them in sentences. Keep up the good work!
3. okno


4. nauczyciel
5. lampa
''Solution:''
1. kot - M
2. dziewczyna - F
3. okno - N
4. nauczyciel - M
5. lampa - F
==== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ====
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the noun based on its gender.
1. ___ (mama) jest moją najlepszą przyjaciółką.
2. ___ (pies) biega po ogrodzie.
3. ___ (okno) jest otwarte.
4. ___ (siostra) przychodzi dzisiaj na obiad.
5. ___ (dziecko) śpi na kanapie.
''Solution:''
1. Mama jest moją najlepszą przyjaciółką.
2. Pies biega po ogrodzie.
3. Okno jest otwarte.
4. Siostra przychodzi dzisiaj na obiad.
5. Dziecko śpi na kanapie.
==== Exercise 3: Match the Noun with the Gender ====
Match the Polish nouns to their correct gender.
| Polish Noun | Gender |
|-------------|--------|
| 1. komputer | a) M |
| 2. miłość | b) F |
| 3. dzieło | c) N |
''Solution:''
1. komputer - a) M
2. miłość - b) F
3. dzieło - c) N
==== Exercise 4: Gender Transformation ====
Transform the masculine nouns into their feminine forms.
1. nauczyciel
2. brat
3. mężczyzna
4. lekarz
5. kolega
''Solution:''
1. nauczycielka
2. siostra
3. kobieta
4. lekarka
5. koleżanka
==== Exercise 5: Article Agreement ====
Fill in the blanks with the correct definite article based on the noun's gender.
1. ___ (kot) jest czarny.
2. ___ (dziewczyna) ma nową sukienkę.
3. ___ (okno) jest brudne.
4. ___ (mężczyzna) mówi po polsku.
5. ___ (lampa) świeci jasno.
''Solution:''
1. Kot jest czarny.
2. Dziewczyna ma nową sukienkę.
3. Okno jest brudne.
4. Mężczyzna mówi po polsku.
5. Lampa świeci jasno.
==== Exercise 6: Create Sentences ====
Create sentences using the following nouns, ensuring to use the correct gender agreement.
1. książka
2. pies
3. dziecko
4. mama
5. stół
''Example Sentences:''
1. Książka jest ciekawa.
2. Pies biega w parku.
3. Dziecko płacze.
4. Mama gotuje obiad.
5. Stół jest brudny.
==== Exercise 7: True or False ====
Determine if the statement is true or false based on your knowledge of noun gender.
1. All nouns in Polish have a gender.
2. Feminine nouns always end in "a."
3. "Okno" is a masculine noun.
4. "Kobieta" is a neuter noun.
5. "Kot" is a feminine noun.
''Solution:''
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False
==== Exercise 8: Gender Sorting ====
Sort the following nouns into the correct gender categories.
* samochód
* dziewczyna
* jabłko
* tata
* torba
''Solution:''
* Masculine: samochód, tata
* Feminine: dziewczyna, torba
* Neuter: jabłko
==== Exercise 9: Gender Identification in Context ====
Identify the gender of the underlined noun in the sentence.
1. '''Książka''' jest na stole. (The book is on the table)
2. '''Pies''' biega w ogrodzie. (The dog runs in the garden)
3. '''Okno''' jest otwarte. (The window is open)
''Solution:''
1. Feminine
2. Masculine
3. Neuter
==== Exercise 10: Crossword Puzzle ====
Create a crossword puzzle using the nouns you've learned, ensuring to include a mix of genders.
=== Conclusion ===
Congratulations! You've taken your first steps into the colorful world of Polish noun gender. Remember, practice makes perfect! As you continue to learn, keep an eye out for the gender of the nouns you encounter, and don't hesitate to refer back to this lesson whenever you need a refresher.
If you have any questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask. Keep up the great work, and see you in the next lesson!


<span link>Now that you've completed this lesson, don't stop learning! Check out these related topics: [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Conditional-Sentences|Conditional Sentences]] & [[Language/Polish/Grammar/być-to-be|być to be]].</span>
{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Polish Grammar: Noun Gender | Learn Polish Online
|keywords=Polish grammar,noun gender,noun genders in Polish,masciline,feminine,neuter
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the concept of noun gender in Polish. Polish grammar assigns gender to every noun. }}


{{Polish-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
|title=Polish Grammar Lesson: Noun Gender
 
|keywords=Polish grammar, noun gender, masculine nouns, feminine nouns, neuter nouns, Polish language learning
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about noun gender in Polish, including masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns, and how to identify them.
 
}}
 
{{Template:Polish-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}


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[[Category:Polish-0-to-A1-Course]]
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<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo></span> <span temperature=1></span>
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==Videos==
==Videos==
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===Polish noun genders: how to learn them - YouTube===
===Polish noun genders: how to learn them - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HU1B9U37gB8</youtube>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HU1B9U37gB8</youtube>
==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_grammar Polish grammar - Wikipedia]
* [https://www.5minutelanguage.com/polish-noun-genders-how-to-learn-them/ Polish Noun Genders: How To Learn Them | 5-Minute Language]
* [https://courseofpolish.com/grammar/nouns/nouns-genders Noun Gender (Rodzaj rzeczownika) - Polish Language Grammar ...]


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Declension-of-nouns---deklinacja-rzeczowników|Declension of nouns deklinacja rzeczowników]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Declension-of-nouns---deklinacja-rzeczowników|Declension of nouns deklinacja rzeczowników]]


<span class='maj'></span>
 
==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_grammar Polish grammar - Wikipedia]
* [https://www.5minutelanguage.com/polish-noun-genders-how-to-learn-them/ Polish Noun Genders: How To Learn Them | 5-Minute Language]
* [https://courseofpolish.com/grammar/nouns/nouns-genders Noun Gender (Rodzaj rzeczownika) - Polish Language Grammar ...]


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{{Polish-Page-Bottom}}
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Latest revision as of 22:31, 1 August 2024

◀️ Telling Time — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Definite and Indefinite Articles ▶️

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Polish → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Noun Gender

Welcome to another engaging lesson in our "Complete 0 to A1 Polish Course"! Today, we will delve into the fascinating world of noun gender in the Polish language. Understanding noun gender is essential for mastering Polish, as it affects not only how nouns are used but also how they interact with adjectives and verbs.

Why is Noun Gender Important?[edit | edit source]

In Polish, nouns have one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. This might seem a bit daunting at first, especially if you're coming from English, where nouns don't carry gender. However, mastering noun gender is crucial because:

  • It helps with correct adjective agreement.
  • It aids in using the correct forms of articles and pronouns.
  • It enriches your overall understanding of sentence structure.

In this lesson, we will explore:

  • The three genders of Polish nouns: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
  • How to identify the gender of a noun.
  • Examples to illustrate each point.
  • Practice exercises to reinforce your learning.

Now, let’s jump into the details!

The Three Genders of Polish Nouns[edit | edit source]

In Polish, every noun falls into one of three categories:

Masculine Nouns[edit | edit source]

Masculine nouns typically refer to male people or animals but can also include inanimate objects. Most masculine nouns end in a consonant, with a few exceptions. For example:

Polish Pronunciation English
chłopak ˈxwɔpak boy
stół stuːl table
pies pʲɛs dog
samochód saˈmɔxut car
komputer kɔmˈpʊtɛr computer

Feminine Nouns[edit | edit source]

Feminine nouns often refer to female people or animals. They typically end in the letter "a." Here are some examples:

Polish Pronunciation English
dziewczyna d͡ʑɛfˈt͡ʂɨna girl
książka ˈkʲɔ̃ʂka book
koza ˈkɔza goat
mama ˈmama mom
kobieta kɔˈbʲɛta woman

Neuter Nouns[edit | edit source]

Neuter nouns generally refer to objects or abstract concepts and usually end in "o" or "e." Here are some examples:

Polish Pronunciation English
dziecko ˈd͡ʑɛt͡skɔ child
okno ˈɔk.nɔ window
biuro ˈbʲurɔ office
mleko ˈmlɛkɔ milk
serce ˈsɛrt͡sɛ heart

Identifying Noun Gender[edit | edit source]

Identifying the gender of nouns can be tricky, but there are some general rules and patterns that can help you.

Masculine Nouns:

  • Most masculine nouns end with a consonant.
  • Nouns referring to male beings (e.g., "mężczyzna" - man) are masculine.

Feminine Nouns:

  • Most feminine nouns end with "a."
  • Nouns referring to female beings (e.g., "matka" - mother) are feminine.

Neuter Nouns:

  • Most neuter nouns end with "o" or "e."
  • Nouns that are inanimate or abstract are often neuter (e.g., "słońce" - sun).

Examples of Noun Gender[edit | edit source]

To further clarify, let's look at some more examples of each gender:

Masculine:

Polish Pronunciation English
nauczyciel nau̯t͡ʂɨˈt͡ɕɛl teacher
telefon tɛˈlɛfɔn telephone
lekarz ˈlɛkaʂ doctor
mężczyzna ˈmɛ̃ʐt͡ʂɨna man
brat brat brother

Feminine:

Polish Pronunciation English
siostra ˈɕɔstra sister
nauczycielka nau̯t͡ʂɨˈt͡ɕɛlka female teacher
miłość ˈmiwɔɕt͡ɕ love
mama ˈmama mom
gwiazda ˈɡvjazda star

Neuter:

Polish Pronunciation English
zwierzę ˈzvjɛʐɛ animal
zdjęcie ˈzdjɛɲt͡ɕɛ photo
dzieło ˈd͡ʑɛwɔ work (of art)
imię ˈimjɛ name
morze ˈmɔʐɛ sea

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now, it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises to help you practice identifying noun gender.

Exercise 1: Identify the Gender[edit | edit source]

For each noun listed, indicate whether it is masculine (M), feminine (F), or neuter (N).

1. kot

2. dziewczyna

3. okno

4. nauczyciel

5. lampa

Solution:

1. kot - M

2. dziewczyna - F

3. okno - N

4. nauczyciel - M

5. lampa - F

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the noun based on its gender.

1. ___ (mama) jest moją najlepszą przyjaciółką.

2. ___ (pies) biega po ogrodzie.

3. ___ (okno) jest otwarte.

4. ___ (siostra) przychodzi dzisiaj na obiad.

5. ___ (dziecko) śpi na kanapie.

Solution:

1. Mama jest moją najlepszą przyjaciółką.

2. Pies biega po ogrodzie.

3. Okno jest otwarte.

4. Siostra przychodzi dzisiaj na obiad.

5. Dziecko śpi na kanapie.

Exercise 3: Match the Noun with the Gender[edit | edit source]

Match the Polish nouns to their correct gender.

| Polish Noun | Gender |

|-------------|--------|

| 1. komputer | a) M |

| 2. miłość | b) F |

| 3. dzieło | c) N |

Solution:

1. komputer - a) M

2. miłość - b) F

3. dzieło - c) N

Exercise 4: Gender Transformation[edit | edit source]

Transform the masculine nouns into their feminine forms.

1. nauczyciel

2. brat

3. mężczyzna

4. lekarz

5. kolega

Solution:

1. nauczycielka

2. siostra

3. kobieta

4. lekarka

5. koleżanka

Exercise 5: Article Agreement[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct definite article based on the noun's gender.

1. ___ (kot) jest czarny.

2. ___ (dziewczyna) ma nową sukienkę.

3. ___ (okno) jest brudne.

4. ___ (mężczyzna) mówi po polsku.

5. ___ (lampa) świeci jasno.

Solution:

1. Kot jest czarny.

2. Dziewczyna ma nową sukienkę.

3. Okno jest brudne.

4. Mężczyzna mówi po polsku.

5. Lampa świeci jasno.

Exercise 6: Create Sentences[edit | edit source]

Create sentences using the following nouns, ensuring to use the correct gender agreement.

1. książka

2. pies

3. dziecko

4. mama

5. stół

Example Sentences:

1. Książka jest ciekawa.

2. Pies biega w parku.

3. Dziecko płacze.

4. Mama gotuje obiad.

5. Stół jest brudny.

Exercise 7: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine if the statement is true or false based on your knowledge of noun gender.

1. All nouns in Polish have a gender.

2. Feminine nouns always end in "a."

3. "Okno" is a masculine noun.

4. "Kobieta" is a neuter noun.

5. "Kot" is a feminine noun.

Solution:

1. True

2. True

3. False

4. False

5. False

Exercise 8: Gender Sorting[edit | edit source]

Sort the following nouns into the correct gender categories.

  • samochód
  • dziewczyna
  • jabłko
  • tata
  • torba

Solution:

  • Masculine: samochód, tata
  • Feminine: dziewczyna, torba
  • Neuter: jabłko

Exercise 9: Gender Identification in Context[edit | edit source]

Identify the gender of the underlined noun in the sentence.

1. Książka jest na stole. (The book is on the table)

2. Pies biega w ogrodzie. (The dog runs in the garden)

3. Okno jest otwarte. (The window is open)

Solution:

1. Feminine

2. Masculine

3. Neuter

Exercise 10: Crossword Puzzle[edit | edit source]

Create a crossword puzzle using the nouns you've learned, ensuring to include a mix of genders.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations! You've taken your first steps into the colorful world of Polish noun gender. Remember, practice makes perfect! As you continue to learn, keep an eye out for the gender of the nouns you encounter, and don't hesitate to refer back to this lesson whenever you need a refresher.

If you have any questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask. Keep up the great work, and see you in the next lesson!

Table of Contents - Polish Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Alphabet and Pronunciation


Greetings and Introductions


Basic Sentence Structure


Numbers and Time


Nouns and Articles


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Verbs and Tenses


Travel and Transportation


Polish Customs and Traditions

Videos[edit | edit source]

Polish noun genders: how to learn them - YouTube[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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