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Revision as of 16:45, 10 March 2023
Hi Polish Learners! 😃
➡ In today's lesson we will learn How to use Adjectives in Polish.
As you probably assume, if adjectives are to be matched with the gender (feminine, masculine, neuter) of the noun "described", adjectives must also decline "case of the noun".
The adjectives that you have learned so far are in the base case - the nominative:
- duży (large, m)
- Mala (small, f)
- krótkie (short, n)
For the other "cases" I will try to present all the possibilities in the tables in this chapter.
Happy learning!
Cases
| Case | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feminine | Masculine personal AND masculine animated | Masculine inanimate | Neutral | Masculine personal | Others | |
| Nominative | -a/-ia | -y/-i | -e/-ie | -i/-y | -e/-ie | |
| Genitive | -ej/-iej | -ego/-iego | -ych/-ich | |||
| Dative | -ej/-iej | -emu/-iemu | -ym/-im | |||
| Accusative | -ą/-ią | -ego/-iego | -y/-i | -e/-ie | -ych/-ich | -e/-ie |
| Instrumental | -ą/-ią | -ym/-im | -ymi/-imi | |||
| Locative | -ej/-iej | -ym/-im | -ych/-ich | |||
Masculine Adjectives
1.) Ending with '-y':
| Noun case | Adjective | Noun |
| Nom. | duży (big) | samochód (a car) |
| Gen. | dużego | samochodu |
| Dat. | dużemu | samochodowi |
| Acc. | duży | samochód |
| Ins. | (z) dużym | samochodem |
| Loc. | (o) dużym | samochodzie |
2.) Ending with '-i':
| Noun case | Adjective | Noun |
| Nom. | niski (short, low) | płot (fence) |
| Gen. | niskiego | płotu |
| Dat. | niskiemu | płotu |
| Acc. | niski | płot |
| Ins. | (z) niskim | płotem |
| Loc. | (o) niskim | płocie |
As you can see, the main difference is that in adjectives ending in "-i" the "i" remains before the ending and adjectives ending in "-y" the "y" is deleted (at the exception of the last two cases).
Feminine Adjectives
1.) Having '-y' at the end of the masculine (ładna - m. Ładn y ):
| Noun case | Adjective | Noun |
| Nom. | ładna (pretty, beautiful) | dziewczyna (a girl) |
| Gen. | ładnej | dziewczyny |
| Dat. | ładnej | dziewczynie |
| Acc. | ładną | dziewczynę |
| Ins. | (z) ładną | dziewczyną |
| Loc. | (o) ładnej | dziewczynie |
2.) Having '-i' at the end of the masculine (długa - m. Dług i ):
| Noun case | Adjective | Noun |
| Nom. | długa (long) | droga (a way, a road) |
| Gen. | długiej | drogi |
| Dat. | długiej | drodze |
| Acc. | długą | drogę |
| Ins. | (z) długą | drogą |
| Loc. | (o) długiej | drodze |
Neutral Adjectives
1.) Having the ending '-y' in the masculine (trudne - m. Trudn y ):
| Noun case | Adjective | Noun |
| Nom. | trudne (difficult) | zadanie (a task) |
| Gen. | trudnego | zadania |
| Dat. | trudnemu | zadaniu |
| Acc. | trudne | zadanie |
| Ins. | (z) trudnym | zadaniem |
| Loc. | (o) trudnym | zadaniu |
2.) Having '-i' ending in the masculine (szerokie - m. szeroki):
| Noun case | Adjective | Noun |
| Nom. | szerokie (wide) | okno (windows) |
| Gen. | szerokiego | okna |
| Dat. | szerokiemu | oknu |
| Acc. | szerokie | okno |
| Ins. | (z) szerokim | oknem |
| Loc. | (o) szerokim | oknie |
In fact, it was not necessary to make these two tables, because as you can see the neutral adjectives are declined exactly like the masculine adjectives. Their endings vary only in the nominative and the accusative. The "vocative" case which did not appear in all the tables takes the nominative form.
Plural Adjectives
1.) Having the ending '-y' in the masculine singular (brudne - sing. M. Brudn y ):
| Noun case | Adjectif | Nom |
| Nom. | brudne (dirty) | szklanki (glasses) |
| Gen. | brudnych | szklanek |
| Dat. | brudnym | szklankom |
| Acc. | brudne | szklanki |
| Ins. | (z) brudnymi | szklankami |
| Loc. | (o) brudnych | szklankach |
2.) Having '-i' ending in the sing. masculine (wysokie - sing. m. wysoki):
| Noun case | Adjective | Noun |
| Nom. | wysokie (tall) | drzewa (trees) |
| Gen. | wysokich | drzew |
| Dat. | wysokim | drzewom |
| Acc. | wysokie | drzewa |
| Ins. | (z) wysokimi | drzewami |
| Loc. | (o) wysokich | drzewach |
Comparative Adjectives
The main rule for comparing adjectives in Polish is that the adjective takes "-szy" at the end for the comparative and "Naj-" as a prefix and "-szy" at the end for the superlative.
However, the formation of the comparative is sometimes more difficult, because in the stem of the adjective (the part between the prefix and the end) several alternations can occur, letters change, some disappear and some new letters appear.
Examples:
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| ładny | ładniejszy | najładniejszy |
| gruby (gros) | grubszy | najgrubszy |
| jasny (clair) | jaśniejszy | najjaśniejszy |
| drogi (cher) | droższy | najdroższy |
Some general rules:
- If an adjective ends with "by, dy, (c) hy, ky, ry, ty", and "wy" in comparison the letter before 'y' does not change and the adjective takes the ending "-szy" in instead of "-y", ex: stary - star szy (old), blady - bl e d szy (pale).
- Adjectives that end with "-ny" change their ending to "-niejszy", for example: ładny - ład niejszy , ważny - waż niejszy (important).
- Adjectives that end with "-cy" in the comparative change the letter "c" by the letter "t", eg gorący - gorę t szy (hot).
- Adjectives that end with "-ły" change their ending to "-lszy" in the comparative, eg: biały - bie l szy (white).
- Adjectives that end with "-pi" take the same ending as the first rule "-szy", eg: głupi - głup szy
- If an adjective ends with "-gi" or "-ki" its ending will be "-ższy" for comparison, eg długi - dłu ż szy (long).
As you can see, there too often occur alternations in the middle of the adjective ("the stem" before the end). They are similar to those you have already discussed when creating the plural or for the declension in noun cases:
- "a" becomes "e" as in 'blady - bl e dszy'.
- "ą" "becomes" ę "" as in 'gorący - gor ę tszy'.
There are adjectives of which comparative and superlative cannot be created, for example, blogi (happy). We cannot say "błoższy". In such cases, we have to use the comparative or superslative form of the adverb 'bardzo' (very), which is 'bardziej' and 'najbardziej' (increasingly translated). For example: "bardziej blogi" (happier) and "najbardziej blogi" (happiest).
Irregular Comparative Adjectives
In Polish, like in almost every language, there occur cases of adjectives with irregular comparative and superlative forms. Here are some most popular examples (I listed only the comparative, because the superlative form is exactly the same, just 'naj-' at the beginning): In Polish, as in almost all languages, there are cases of adjectives with irregular comparative and superlative forms. Here are some popular examples (I listed only the comparative, because the superlative form is exactly the same, just with "Naj-" at the start):
| Positive | Comparative |
| duży (tall) | większy |
| mały (small) | mniejszy |
| zły (bad) | gorszy |
| dobry (good) | lepszy |
Examples
Adjectives in Polish
| ENGLISH | POLISH | PRONUNCIATION IN
ENGLISH |
BRAZILIAN
PORTUGUESE |
| big (m) / | duży (m) / | dou zheh | grande / |
| big (f) | duża (f) | dou zhah | grande (fem) |
| other (m) / | inne (m) / | ihn neh | outro / |
| other (f) | inna (f) | ihn nah | outra |
| large (m) / | duży (m) / | dou zheh | largo / |
| large (f) | duża (f) | dou zhah | larga |
| heavy (m) / | ciężki (m) / | chehns keh | pesado / |
| heavy (f) | ciężka (f) | chehns kah | pesada |
| small (m) / | mały (m) / | mah ou eh | pequeno / |
| small (f) | mała (f.) | mah ou ah | pequena |
| short (m) / | krótki (m) / | kroot keh | curto / |
| short (f) | krótka (f) | kroot kah | curta |
| thin (m) / | cienki (m) / | chehn keh | magro / |
| thin (f) | cienka (f) | chehn kah | magra |
| good (m) / | dobry (m.) / | doh breh | bom / |
| good (f) | dobra (f) | doh brah | boa |
| dry (m) / | suchy (m) / | sou heh | seco / |
| dry (f) | sucha (f) | sou hah | seca |
| dirty (m) / | brudny (m.) / | brood neh | sujo / |
| dirty (f) | brudna (f) | brood nah | suja |
| wet (m) / | mokry (m) / | moh kreh | úmido / |
| wet (f) | mokra (f) | moh krah | úmida |
| correct (m) / | poprawny (m) / | poh prahv neh | correto / |
| correct (f) | poprawna (f) | poh prahv nah | correta |
| old (m) / | stary (m.) / | stah reh | velho / |
| old (f) | stara (f) | stah rah | velha |
| new (m) / | nowy (m) / | noh veh | novo / |
| new (f) | nowa (f) | noh vah | nova |
| full (m) / | pełny (m) / | peh ou neh | cheio / |
| full (f) | pełna (f) | peh ou nah | cheia |
| cold (m) / | zimny (m) / | zhihm neh | frio / |
| cold (f) | zimna (f) | zhihm nah | fria |
| warm (m) / | ciepły (m.) / | cheh pou eh | quente / |
| warm (f) | ciepła (f) | cheh pou ah | quente (fem) |
.
Some cases
Polish adjective declines depending on case, number and gender.
| Declination of mały | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Person-masculine | Other genders | |
| Nominative | mały | mała | małe | mali | małe |
| Genitive | małego | małej | małego | małych | |
| Dative | małemu | małemu | małym | ||
| Accusative | mały/małego | małą | małe | małe | małe |
| Instrumental | małym | małym | małymi | ||
| Locative | małej | małych | |||
| Vocative | mały | mała | małe | mali | małe |
| Declination of letni | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Person-masculine | Other genders | |
| Nominative | letni | letnia | letnie | letni | letnie |
| Genitive | letniego | letniej | letniego | letnich | |
| Dative | letniemu | letniemu | letnim | ||
| Accusative | letni/letniego | letnią | letnie | letnie | letnie |
| Instrumental | letnim | letnim | letnimi | ||
| Locative | letniej | letnich | |||
| Vocative | letni | letnia | letnie | letni | letnie |
| Declination of wielki | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Person-masculine | Other genders | |
| Nominative | wielki | wielka | wielkie | wielcy | wielkie |
| Genitive | wielkiego | wielkiej | wielkiego | wielkich | |
| Dative | wielkiemu | wielkiemu | wielkim | ||
| Accusative | wielki/wielkiego | wielką | wielkie | wielkie | wielkie |
| Instrumental | wielkim | wielkim | wielkimi | ||
| Locative | wielkiej | wielkich | |||
| Vocative | wielki | wielka | wielkie | wielcy | wielkie |