Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Logic"
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{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
! cmn-Hans-CN: 科目 | |||
! cmn-Hans-CN: | ! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: kēmù | ||
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: | ! deu-Latn-DE: Fach [n] | ||
! deu-Latn-DE: | ! eng-Latn-US: subject | ||
! fra-Latn-FR: | ! fra-Latn-FR: matière [f] | ||
! jpn-Jpan-JP: | ! jpn-Jpan-JP: 科目 | ||
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: | ! jpn-Hrkt-JP: か↑もく | ||
! rus-Cyrl-RU: | ! rus-Cyrl-RU: предме́т | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| 形式逻辑 | |||
| 形式逻辑 | | xíngshì luóji | ||
| xíngshì luóji | | formale Logik | ||
| formale Logik | | | formal logic | ||
| logique | | logique formelle | ||
| 形式論理 | | 形式論理 | ||
| け↑いしきろ↓んり | | け↑いしきろ↓んり | ||
| форма́льная ло́гика | | форма́льная ло́гика | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 经典逻辑,标准逻辑 | |||
| 经典逻辑,标准逻辑 | | jīngdiǎn luóji, biāozhǔn luóji | ||
| | | klassische Logik | ||
| | | classical logic, standard logic | ||
| logique [f] classique | | logique [f] classique | ||
| 古典論理,標準論理 | | 古典論理,標準論理 | ||
| こ↑てんろ↓んり,ひょ↑うじゅんろ↓んり | | こ↑てんろ↓んり,ひょ↑うじゅんろ↓んり | ||
| класси́ческая ло́гика | | класси́ческая ло́гика | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 非经典逻辑,替代逻辑 | |||
| 非经典逻辑,替代逻辑 | | fēi jīngdiǎn luóji, tìdài luóji | ||
| fēi jīngdiǎn luóji, tìdài luóji | | nichtklassische Logik | ||
| nichtklassische Logik | | | non-classical logic, alternative logic | ||
| logique | | logique [f] non classique | ||
| 非古典論理 | | 非古典論理 | ||
| ひ↑こてんろ↓んり | | ひ↑こてんろ↓んり | ||
| некласси́ческие ло́гики | | некласси́ческие ло́гики | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 非形式逻辑 | |||
| 非形式逻辑 | | fēi xíngshì luóji | ||
| fēi xíngshì luóji | | informelle Logik | ||
| informelle Logik | | | informal logic | ||
| logique | | logique informelle | ||
| 非形式論理 | | 非形式論理 | ||
| ひ↑けいしきろ↓んり | | ひ↑けいしきろ↓んり | ||
| неформа́льная ло́гика | | неформа́льная ло́гика | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== Formal Logic == | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ||
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ||
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ||
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | |||
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ||
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ||
Line 96: | Line 86: | ||
| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 矛盾 || | | 矛盾 || | ||
| máodùn || | | máodùn || | ||
| Kontradiktion [f] || | | Kontradiktion [f] || | ||
| contradiction || proposition | |||
| contradiction [f], antilogie [f] || | | contradiction [f], antilogie [f] || | ||
| 矛盾 || | | 矛盾 || | ||
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| противоре́чие || | | противоре́чие || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 推论 || | |||
| tuīlùn || | |||
| Korollar || | |||
| corollary || theorem; deduction; statement | |||
| corollaire [m], corolaire [m] || | |||
| 系 || | |||
| け↓い || | |||
| сле́дствие || | |||
|- | |||
| 解释 || | |||
| jiěshì || | |||
| Interpretation [f] || | |||
| interpretation || symbol; formal language | | interpretation || symbol; formal language | ||
| | | interprétation [f] || | ||
| | | 解釈 || | ||
| | | か↓いしゃく || | ||
| | | толкова́ние || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 形式语言 || | |||
| xíngshì yǔyán || | |||
| formale Sprache || | |||
| formal language || | | formal language || | ||
| | | langage formel || | ||
| | | 形式言語 || | ||
| | | け↑いしきげ↓んご || | ||
| | | форма́льный язы́к || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 必要条件 || | |||
| bìyào tiáojiàn || | |||
| notwendige Bedingung || | |||
| necessary condition || necessity | | necessary condition || necessity | ||
| | | condition nécessaire || | ||
| | | 必要条件 || | ||
| | | ひ↑つようじょ↓うけん || | ||
| | | необходи́мое усло́вие || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 充分必要条件 || | ||
| | | chōngfèn bìyào tiáojiàn || | ||
| | | notwendige und hinreichende Bedingung || | ||
| | | necessary and sufficient condition || sufficiency | ||
| | | condition nécessaire et suffisante || | ||
| | | 必要十分条件 || | ||
| | | ひ↑つよう↓じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん || | ||
| | | необходи́мое и доста́точное усло́вие || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 必要性 || | ||
| | | bìyào xìng || | ||
| | | Notwendigkeit [f] || | ||
| | | necessity || statement; material implimentation | ||
| || | | nécessité [f] || | ||
| | | 必要性 || | ||
| | | ひ↑つようせい || | ||
| | | необходи́мость || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 充分性 || | ||
| | | chōngfèn xìng || | ||
| | | Hinlänglichkeit [f] || | ||
| | | sufficiency || statement; material implimentation | ||
| | | suffisance [f] || | ||
| | | 十分性 || | ||
| | | じゅ↑うぶんせい || | ||
| | | доста́точность || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 充分条件 || | |||
| chōngfèn tiáojiàn || | |||
| hinreichende Bedingung || | |||
| sufficient condition || sufficiency | | sufficient condition || sufficiency | ||
| condition suffisante || | |||
| 十分条件 || | |||
| じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん || | |||
| доста́точное усло́вие || | |||
|- | |||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| syntax || | | syntax || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| syntaxe [f] || | |||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| | | си́нтаксис || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 恒真式 || | |||
| héngzhēn shì || | |||
| Tautologie [f] || | |||
| tautology || well-formed formula | | tautology || well-formed formula | ||
| | | tautologie [f] || | ||
| 恒真式,トートロジー || | |||
| こ↑うし↓んしき,ト↑ート↓ロジー || | |||
| тавтоло́гией || | |||
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|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== Classical Logic === | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ||
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ||
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ||
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | |||
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ||
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ||
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| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 前件 || | ||
| | | qián jiàn || | ||
| | | Antezedens [n] || | ||
| | | antecedent || hypothesis; proposition | ||
| | | antécédent [m] || | ||
| | | 前件 || | ||
| | | ぜ↑んけん || | ||
| | | антецеде́нт || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 后件 || | ||
| | | hòu jiàn || | ||
| | | Sukzedens [n] || | ||
| | | consequent || hypothesis; proposition | ||
| | | conséquent [m] || | ||
| | | 後件 || | ||
| | | こ↑うけん || | ||
| | | консекве́нт || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 解释 || | ||
| jiěshì || | |||
| Erklärung [f] || | |||
| explanation || statement; description; causality; logical consequence | |||
| explication [f] || | |||
| 説明 || | |||
| せ↑つめい || | |||
| объясне́ние || | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| explanation || statement; causality; consequence | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 假说 || | |||
| jiǎshō || | |||
| Hypothese [f] || | |||
| hypothesis [pl:hypotheses] || explanation; phenomenon | | hypothesis [pl:hypotheses] || explanation; phenomenon | ||
| | | hypothèse [f] || | ||
| | | 仮説 || | ||
| | | か↑せつ || | ||
| | | гипо́теза || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 蕴涵 || | ||
| | | yùnhán || | ||
| | | Implikation [f] || | ||
| | | logical consequence, entailment || statement | ||
| | | déduction [f] logique || | ||
| | | 論理的帰結 || | ||
| | | ろ↑んりてき↓き↑けつ || | ||
| | | сле́дствие || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 现象 || | |||
| xiànxiàng || | |||
| Phänomen [n] || | |||
| phenomenon [pl:phenomena] || | | phenomenon [pl:phenomena] || | ||
| | | phénomène [m] || | ||
| | | 現象 || | ||
| | | げ↑んしょう || | ||
| | | фено́мен || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 前提 || | ||
| | | qiántí || | ||
| | | Prämisse [f], Vordersatz [m] || | ||
| | | premise, premiss || argument; logical consequence | ||
| | | prémisse [f] || | ||
| | | 前提 || | ||
| | | ぜ↑んてい || | ||
| | | посы́лка || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 充足理由律 || | |||
| chōngzú lǐyóu lǜ || | |||
| Satz [m] vom zureichenden Grund [m] || | |||
| principle of sufficient reason || reason; causality | | principle of sufficient reason || reason; causality | ||
| | | principe [f] de raison suffisante || | ||
| | | 充足理由律 || | ||
| | | じゅ↑うそくりゆ↓うりつ || | ||
| | | зако́н доста́точного основа́ния || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 命题 || | |||
| mìngtí || | |||
| Aussage [f] || | |||
| proposition || | | proposition || | ||
| | | proposition [f] || | ||
| | | 命題 || | ||
| | | め↑いだい || | ||
| | | пропози́ция || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 可靠性 || | |||
| kěkào xìng || | |||
| Korrektheit [f] || | |||
| soundness || validity | | soundness || validity | ||
| | | correction [f] || | ||
| | | 健全性 || | ||
| | | け↑んぜんせい || | ||
| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 有效性 || | |||
| yǒuxiào xìng || | |||
| Allgemeingültigkeit [f] || | |||
| validity || premise; tautology | | validity || premise; tautology | ||
| | | validité [f] || | ||
| | | 妥当性 || | ||
| | | だ↑とうせい || | ||
| | | общезна́чимость [ж] || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || | ||
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{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|+ law of thought | |+ law of thought | ||
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ||
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ||
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ||
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | |||
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ||
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ||
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! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка | ! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 思维规律,思考规律 || | |||
| sīwéi guīlǜ, sīkǎo guīlǜ || | |||
| Denkgesetz [n] || | |||
| law of thought || | | law of thought || | ||
| | | loi [f] de la pensée || | ||
| | | 思考の原理 || | ||
| | | し↑こうのげ↓んり || | ||
| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 同一律 || | |||
| tóngyī lǜ || | |||
| Identitätsprinzip [n] || | |||
| law of identity, principle of identity || | | law of identity, principle of identity || | ||
| | | principe [m] d'identité || | ||
| | | 同一律,同一原理 || | ||
| | | ど↓ういちりつ,ど↑ういつげ↓んり || | ||
| | | зако́н то́ждества || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 无矛盾律,矛盾律 || | ||
| | | wú máodùn lǜ, máodùn lǜ || | ||
| | | Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Widerspruch, Satz [m] vom Widerspruch || | ||
| | | law of non-contradiction, principle of non-contradiction, law of contradiction, principle of contradiction || | ||
| | | principe [m] de non-contradiction, principe [m] de contradiction || | ||
| | | 無矛盾律,矛盾律 || | ||
| | | む↑むじゅ↓んりつ,む↑じゅ↓んりつ || | ||
| | | зако́н непротиворечия, зако́н противоречия || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 排中律 || | ||
| | | páizhōng lǜ || | ||
| | | Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten || | ||
| | | law of excluded middle, principle of excluded middle, law of the excluded third, principle of the excluded third || | ||
| | | principe [m] du tiers exclu || | ||
| | | 排中律 || | ||
| | | は↑いちゅ↓うりつ || | ||
| | | зако́н исключённого тре́тьего || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || | ||
Line 409: | Line 390: | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== Propositional Calculus ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ||
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ||
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ||
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | |||
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ||
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ||
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | ! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | ||
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка | ! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка | ||
|- | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
|- | |||
| 逻辑运算 || | |||
| luóji yùnsuàn || | |||
| logische Operation || | |||
| logical operation || binary operation; well-formed formula | |||
| opération [f] logique || | |||
| 論理演算 || | |||
| ろ↑んりえ↓んざん || | |||
| логи́ческая опера́ция || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || | ||
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{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|+ logical | |+ logical operator | ||
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ||
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ||
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ||
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | |||
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ||
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ||
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! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка | ! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 逻辑运算符,逻辑联结词 || | ||
| | | luóji yùnsuàn fú, luóji liánjié cí || | ||
| | | Logische Verknüpfung || | ||
| | | logical operator, logical connective, sentential connective, sentential operator || logical operation | ||
| connecteur [m] logique || | | connecteur [m] logique || | ||
| | | 論理演算子,論理結合子 || | ||
| || | | ろ↑んりえんざ↓んし,ろ↑んりけつご↓うし || | ||
| | | логи́ческий опера́тор, логи́ческая свя́зка, пропозициона́льная свя́зка || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || | ||
Line 459: | Line 458: | ||
| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 谢费尔竖线 || | ||
| | | Xièfèi'ěr shùxiàn || | ||
| | | shefferscher Strich || | ||
| | | alternative denial, Sheffer stroke || negation; conjunction | ||
| | | barre [f] de Sheffer || | ||
| | | 否定論理積,シェファーの棒記号 || | ||
| | | ひ↑ていろんりせ↓き,シェ↑ファーの↓ぼ↑うき↓ごう || | ||
| | | штрих Ше́ффера || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 合取,与 || | |||
| héqǔ, yǔ || | |||
| Konjunktion [f] || | |||
| conjunction || set <mathematical logic> | | conjunction || set <mathematical logic> | ||
| conjonction [f] || | | conjonction [f] || | ||
| | | 論理積 || | ||
| | | ろ↓んりせき || | ||
| | | конъю́нкция || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 逆 || | |||
| nì || | |||
| Gegenteil [n] || | |||
| converse || statement | | converse || statement | ||
| implication [f] réciproque || | | implication [f] réciproque || | ||
| | | 逆 || | ||
| | | ぎゃ↑く || | ||
| | | обра́тное утвержде́ние, обра́тная теоре́ма || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 析取,或 || | |||
| xīqǔ, huò || | |||
| Disjunktion [f] || | |||
| disjunction || set <mathematical logic> | | disjunction || set <mathematical logic> | ||
| disjonction [f] || | | disjonction [f] || | ||
| | | 論理和 || | ||
| | | ろ↑んり↓わ || | ||
| | | дизъю́нкция || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 互斥或,异或 || | |||
| hùchì huò, yì huò || | |||
| Kontravalenz [f], ausschließende Disjunktion, Antivalenz [f], Kontrajunktion [f], Alternation [f] || | |||
| exclusive disjunction, exclusive or || | | exclusive disjunction, exclusive or || | ||
| disjonction exclusive, ou exclusif || | |||
| 排他的論理和 || | |||
| は↑いたてきろんり↓わ || | |||
| disjonction | | исключа́ющее «или» || | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 或非 || | |||
| huò fēi || | |||
| NICHT-ODER-Gatter [n], Peirce-Funktion [f] || | |||
| joint denial || | | joint denial || | ||
| non-ou [m] || | | non-ou [m] || | ||
| | | 否定論理和 || | ||
| | | ひ↑ていろんり↓わ || | ||
| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 双条件 || | ||
| | | shuāng tiáojiàn || | ||
| | | Bikonditional [n] || | ||
| | | material biconditional || | ||
| biconditionnel [m], biconditionnel | | biconditionnel [m], biconditionnel matériel || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
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| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 实质条件 || | ||
| | | shízhì tiáojiàn || | ||
| | | Subjunktion [f], Konditional [m], materiale Implikation || | ||
| | | material conditional, material implication || | ||
| conditionnel [m], implication | | conditionnel [m], implication matérielle || | ||
| | | 論理包含 || | ||
| | | ろ↑んりほ↓うがん || | ||
| имплика́ция || | |||
|- | |||
| 当且仅当 || | |||
| dāng qiě jǐn dāng || | |||
| || | | || | ||
| material equivalence, if and only if || | |||
| || | | || | ||
| 同値,等価 || | |||
| ど↓うち,と↓うか || | |||
| тогда́ и то́лько тогда́ || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 非 || | |||
| fēi || | |||
| Negation [f] || | |||
| negation || set <mathematical logic> | | negation || set <mathematical logic> | ||
| négation [f] || | | négation [f] || | ||
| | | 否定 || | ||
| | | ひ↑てい || | ||
| | | отрица́ние, инве́рсия || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 陈述 || | |||
| chén shù || | |||
| Aussagesatz [n] || | |||
| statement || | | statement || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
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{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
|+ rule of inference | |+ rule of inference | ||
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ||
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ||
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ||
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | |||
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ||
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ||
Line 575: | Line 579: | ||
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка | ! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| rule of inference || | |||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
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| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| affirming the antecedent, ''modus ponens'', ''modus ponendo ponens'' || | |||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
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| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| denying the consequent, ''modus tollens'', ''modus tollendo tollens'' || | |||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== Non-Classical Logic === | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ||
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ||
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ||
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | |||
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ||
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ||
Line 642: | Line 646: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Informal Logic == | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | {| class="wikitable sortable" | ||
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | ||
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | ||
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | ||
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | ! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | ||
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | ||
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | ||
Line 703: | Line 676: | ||
|} | |} | ||
<center> | |||
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Modus_ponens.png | |||
</center> | |||
{ | {{Sci-Tech-Index-Menu}} | ||
== | ==Other Lessons== | ||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/False-Friends|False Friends]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Greetings-Where-are-you-going|Greetings Where are you going]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots|Must‐Know Words for Polyglots]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Collocations-with-have|Collocations with have]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Collocations-with-take|Collocations with take]] | |||
| | * [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Emotions-in-many-languages|Emotions in many languages]] | ||
| | * [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Similarities-between-French-and-Italian|Similarities between French and Italian]] | ||
| | * [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Airport-in-Many-Languages|Airport in Many Languages]] | ||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Hydraulics-and-Pneumatics|Hydraulics and Pneumatics]] | |||
| | * [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Animal-sounds-in-many-languages|Animal sounds in many languages]] | ||
| | <span links></span> | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
Latest revision as of 19:47, 27 March 2023
Hello polyglots, 😀
On this page you will find a part of the Sci–Tech Index, a project for science and technology learners.
cmn-Hans-CN: 科目 | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: kēmù | deu-Latn-DE: Fach [n] | eng-Latn-US: subject | fra-Latn-FR: matière [f] | jpn-Jpan-JP: 科目 | jpn-Hrkt-JP: か↑もく | rus-Cyrl-RU: предме́т |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
形式逻辑 | xíngshì luóji | formale Logik | formal logic | logique formelle | 形式論理 | け↑いしきろ↓んり | форма́льная ло́гика |
经典逻辑,标准逻辑 | jīngdiǎn luóji, biāozhǔn luóji | klassische Logik | classical logic, standard logic | logique [f] classique | 古典論理,標準論理 | こ↑てんろ↓んり,ひょ↑うじゅんろ↓んり | класси́ческая ло́гика |
非经典逻辑,替代逻辑 | fēi jīngdiǎn luóji, tìdài luóji | nichtklassische Logik | non-classical logic, alternative logic | logique [f] non classique | 非古典論理 | ひ↑こてんろ↓んり | некласси́ческие ло́гики |
非形式逻辑 | fēi xíngshì luóji | informelle Logik | informal logic | logique informelle | 非形式論理 | ひ↑けいしきろ↓んり | неформа́льная ло́гика |
Formal Logic[edit | edit source]
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 | cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] | deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | eng-Latn-US: concept | eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] | fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 | jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん | jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция | rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
矛盾 | máodùn | Kontradiktion [f] | contradiction | proposition | contradiction [f], antilogie [f] | 矛盾 | む↑じゅん | противоре́чие | |||||||
推论 | tuīlùn | Korollar | corollary | theorem; deduction; statement | corollaire [m], corolaire [m] | 系 | け↓い | сле́дствие | |||||||
解释 | jiěshì | Interpretation [f] | interpretation | symbol; formal language | interprétation [f] | 解釈 | か↓いしゃく | толкова́ние | |||||||
形式语言 | xíngshì yǔyán | formale Sprache | formal language | langage formel | 形式言語 | け↑いしきげ↓んご | форма́льный язы́к | ||||||||
必要条件 | bìyào tiáojiàn | notwendige Bedingung | necessary condition | necessity | condition nécessaire | 必要条件 | ひ↑つようじょ↓うけん | необходи́мое усло́вие | |||||||
充分必要条件 | chōngfèn bìyào tiáojiàn | notwendige und hinreichende Bedingung | necessary and sufficient condition | sufficiency | condition nécessaire et suffisante | 必要十分条件 | ひ↑つよう↓じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん | необходи́мое и доста́точное усло́вие | |||||||
必要性 | bìyào xìng | Notwendigkeit [f] | necessity | statement; material implimentation | nécessité [f] | 必要性 | ひ↑つようせい | необходи́мость | |||||||
充分性 | chōngfèn xìng | Hinlänglichkeit [f] | sufficiency | statement; material implimentation | suffisance [f] | 十分性 | じゅ↑うぶんせい | доста́точность | |||||||
充分条件 | chōngfèn tiáojiàn | hinreichende Bedingung | sufficient condition | sufficiency | condition suffisante | 十分条件 | じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん | доста́точное усло́вие | |||||||
syntax | syntaxe [f] | си́нтаксис | |||||||||||||
恒真式 | héngzhēn shì | Tautologie [f] | tautology | well-formed formula | tautologie [f] | 恒真式,トートロジー | こ↑うし↓んしき,ト↑ート↓ロジー | тавтоло́гией | |||||||
Classical Logic[edit | edit source]
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 | cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] | deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | eng-Latn-US: concept | eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] | fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 | jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん | jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция | rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
前件 | qián jiàn | Antezedens [n] | antecedent | hypothesis; proposition | antécédent [m] | 前件 | ぜ↑んけん | антецеде́нт | |||||||
后件 | hòu jiàn | Sukzedens [n] | consequent | hypothesis; proposition | conséquent [m] | 後件 | こ↑うけん | консекве́нт | |||||||
解释 | jiěshì | Erklärung [f] | explanation | statement; description; causality; logical consequence | explication [f] | 説明 | せ↑つめい | объясне́ние | |||||||
假说 | jiǎshō | Hypothese [f] | hypothesis [pl:hypotheses] | explanation; phenomenon | hypothèse [f] | 仮説 | か↑せつ | гипо́теза | |||||||
蕴涵 | yùnhán | Implikation [f] | logical consequence, entailment | statement | déduction [f] logique | 論理的帰結 | ろ↑んりてき↓き↑けつ | сле́дствие | |||||||
现象 | xiànxiàng | Phänomen [n] | phenomenon [pl:phenomena] | phénomène [m] | 現象 | げ↑んしょう | фено́мен | ||||||||
前提 | qiántí | Prämisse [f], Vordersatz [m] | premise, premiss | argument; logical consequence | prémisse [f] | 前提 | ぜ↑んてい | посы́лка | |||||||
充足理由律 | chōngzú lǐyóu lǜ | Satz [m] vom zureichenden Grund [m] | principle of sufficient reason | reason; causality | principe [f] de raison suffisante | 充足理由律 | じゅ↑うそくりゆ↓うりつ | зако́н доста́точного основа́ния | |||||||
命题 | mìngtí | Aussage [f] | proposition | proposition [f] | 命題 | め↑いだい | пропози́ция | ||||||||
可靠性 | kěkào xìng | Korrektheit [f] | soundness | validity | correction [f] | 健全性 | け↑んぜんせい | ||||||||
有效性 | yǒuxiào xìng | Allgemeingültigkeit [f] | validity | premise; tautology | validité [f] | 妥当性 | だ↑とうせい | общезна́чимость [ж] | |||||||
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 | cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] | deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | eng-Latn-US: concept | eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] | fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 | jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん | jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция | rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
思维规律,思考规律 | sīwéi guīlǜ, sīkǎo guīlǜ | Denkgesetz [n] | law of thought | loi [f] de la pensée | 思考の原理 | し↑こうのげ↓んり | |||||||||
同一律 | tóngyī lǜ | Identitätsprinzip [n] | law of identity, principle of identity | principe [m] d'identité | 同一律,同一原理 | ど↓ういちりつ,ど↑ういつげ↓んり | зако́н то́ждества | ||||||||
无矛盾律,矛盾律 | wú máodùn lǜ, máodùn lǜ | Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Widerspruch, Satz [m] vom Widerspruch | law of non-contradiction, principle of non-contradiction, law of contradiction, principle of contradiction | principe [m] de non-contradiction, principe [m] de contradiction | 無矛盾律,矛盾律 | む↑むじゅ↓んりつ,む↑じゅ↓んりつ | зако́н непротиворечия, зако́н противоречия | ||||||||
排中律 | páizhōng lǜ | Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten | law of excluded middle, principle of excluded middle, law of the excluded third, principle of the excluded third | principe [m] du tiers exclu | 排中律 | は↑いちゅ↓うりつ | зако́н исключённого тре́тьего | ||||||||
Propositional Calculus[edit | edit source]
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 | cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] | deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | eng-Latn-US: concept | eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] | fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 | jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん | jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция | rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
逻辑运算 | luóji yùnsuàn | logische Operation | logical operation | binary operation; well-formed formula | opération [f] logique | 論理演算 | ろ↑んりえ↓んざん | логи́ческая опера́ция | |||||||
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 | cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] | deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | eng-Latn-US: concept | eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] | fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 | jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん | jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция | rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
逻辑运算符,逻辑联结词 | luóji yùnsuàn fú, luóji liánjié cí | Logische Verknüpfung | logical operator, logical connective, sentential connective, sentential operator | logical operation | connecteur [m] logique | 論理演算子,論理結合子 | ろ↑んりえんざ↓んし,ろ↑んりけつご↓うし | логи́ческий опера́тор, логи́ческая свя́зка, пропозициона́льная свя́зка | |||||||||
谢费尔竖线 | Xièfèi'ěr shùxiàn | shefferscher Strich | alternative denial, Sheffer stroke | negation; conjunction | barre [f] de Sheffer | 否定論理積,シェファーの棒記号 | ひ↑ていろんりせ↓き,シェ↑ファーの↓ぼ↑うき↓ごう | штрих Ше́ффера | |||||||||
合取,与 | héqǔ, yǔ | Konjunktion [f] | conjunction | set <mathematical logic> | conjonction [f] | 論理積 | ろ↓んりせき | конъю́нкция | |||||||||
逆 | nì | Gegenteil [n] | converse | statement | implication [f] réciproque | 逆 | ぎゃ↑く | обра́тное утвержде́ние, обра́тная теоре́ма | |||||||||
析取,或 | xīqǔ, huò | Disjunktion [f] | disjunction | set <mathematical logic> | disjonction [f] | 論理和 | ろ↑んり↓わ | дизъю́нкция | |||||||||
互斥或,异或 | hùchì huò, yì huò | Kontravalenz [f], ausschließende Disjunktion, Antivalenz [f], Kontrajunktion [f], Alternation [f] | exclusive disjunction, exclusive or | disjonction exclusive, ou exclusif | 排他的論理和 | は↑いたてきろんり↓わ | исключа́ющее «или» | ||||||||||
或非 | huò fēi | NICHT-ODER-Gatter [n], Peirce-Funktion [f] | joint denial | non-ou [m] | 否定論理和 | ひ↑ていろんり↓わ | |||||||||||
双条件 | shuāng tiáojiàn | Bikonditional [n] | material biconditional | biconditionnel [m], biconditionnel matériel | |||||||||||||
实质条件 | shízhì tiáojiàn | Subjunktion [f], Konditional [m], materiale Implikation | material conditional, material implication | conditionnel [m], implication matérielle | 論理包含 | ろ↑んりほ↓うがん | имплика́ция | ||||||||||
当且仅当 | dāng qiě jǐn dāng | material equivalence, if and only if | 同値,等価 | ど↓うち,と↓うか | тогда́ и то́лько тогда́ | ||||||||||||
非 | fēi | Negation [f] | negation | set <mathematical logic> | négation [f] | 否定 | ひ↑てい | отрица́ние, инве́рсия | |||||||||
陈述 | chén shù | Aussagesatz [n] | statement | ||||||||||||||
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 | cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] | deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | eng-Latn-US: concept | eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] | fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 | jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん | jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция | rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка |
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rule of inference | |||||||||||||||
affirming the antecedent, modus ponens, modus ponendo ponens | |||||||||||||||
denying the consequent, modus tollens, modus tollendo tollens | |||||||||||||||
Non-Classical Logic[edit | edit source]
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 | cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] | deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | eng-Latn-US: concept | eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] | fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 | jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん | jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция | rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка |
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Informal Logic[edit | edit source]
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 | cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn | cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí | deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] | deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] | eng-Latn-US: concept | eng-Latn-US: prerequisite | fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] | fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] | jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 | jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 | jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん | jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい | rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция | rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка |
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Other Lessons[edit | edit source]
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