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Revision as of 17:30, 29 March 2023
| ◀️ Lesson 19: Travel preparations and bookings — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Lesson 21: Using infinitives ▶️ |
As a Persian language teacher with more than 20 years of experience, I believe that mastering the imperative mood is essential for effective communication in Persian. In this lesson, you will learn how to give commands and instructions using the imperative mood and to express permission and prohibition in Persian.
Take some time to dive into these other pages after completing this lesson: Gender & Lesson 5: Present tense conjugation of regular verbs.
The imperative mood
The imperative mood is used to give commands, orders, requests or advice. It is a very common and useful feature of Persian grammar, and it is marked by the use of the present tense without a subject. Unlike in English, the subject is usually omitted in Persian, and it is implied by the context or the verb form. For example, "Go!" is translated as "بَرو!" (baro!), which is the imperative form of the verb "to go" (رفتن, raftan).
The imperative mood is formed by taking the stem of the present tense and adding the appropriate endings. Here are the main forms in Persian:
| Positive | Negative |
|---|---|
| بِگو! (bigu!) | نَگو! (nagu!) |
| بِنَواز! (binavaz!) | نَنَواز! (nanavaz!) |
| بِخَور! (bixor!) | نَخور! (naxor!) |
| Note: To form the negative imperative, the word نَ (na) is added before the stem of the present tense verb. | |
Notice that the endings of the imperative mood are different for the second person singular (you) and second person plural (you-all), but they are the same for the first and third persons. Also, the negative imperative is formed by adding the word "na" (نَ) before the stem of the verb.
Here are some examples of the imperative mood in use:
- بِگو! (bigu!) - Speak!
- بیا! (biya!) - Come!
- بِشین! (beshin!) - Sit!
- نَگو! (nagu!) - Don't say!
- نَباش! (nabash!) - Don't be!
- نِخور! (nikhor!) - Don't eat!
Note that the second person verb ending in the negative imperative is -n, which is added before the stem of the present tense verb.
Expressing permission and prohibition
In Persian, permission and prohibition are usually expressed by using the verbs خواستن (khastan) and نَخواستن (naxastan), respectively. To indicate permission, the verb خواستن is used in the infinitive form, followed by the verb in the present tense. To indicate prohibition, the verb نَخواستن is used in the infinitive form, followed by the verb in the negative imperative.
For example:
- می‌تونی بری. (mituni beri.) - You can go.
- نَمی‌تونی بری. (namituni bari.) - You can't go.
- می‌شه بری؟ (mishe bari?) - May I go?
- نَمی‌شه بری. (namishe bari.) - You may not go.
Here are some examples with the verb نَخواستن (naxastan):
- نَخواه اینجا بیای. (nakhah injā biāy.) - Don't come here.
- نَباید اینو بخری. (nabāyad ino bexari.) - You shouldn't buy this.
- نَگذار من برم. (nagzar man beram.) - Don't let me go.
And here are some examples with the verb خواستن (khastan):
- می‌خواهی چی برای ناهار بخرم؟ (mikhāhi chi barāye nāhār bexaram?) - What do you want me to buy for lunch?
- می‌توانید برای مدت کوتاهی منتظر بمانید. (mitavānid barāye moddat-e kutāhi montazar bemanid.) - You may wait for a short time.
- خودتان وارد شوید. (khodetān vāred shavid.) - You can enter yourself.
Vocabulary
Here are some imperative expressions you might find useful in everyday situations:
| Persian | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|
| بیا! | biyā! | Come! |
| بِرو! | bero! | Go! |
| بِشین! | beshin! | Sit! |
| بِرِیز! | beriz! | Pour! |
| بِخُور! | bixor! | Eat! |
| بِنواز! | binavaz! | Play (an instrument)! |
| نمی‌دانم! | nemidānam! | I don't know! |
| قول می‌دهم. | ghool midaham. | I promise. |
| بَگو! | bəgu! | Say (it)! |
| بِیا که نَداریم وقت! | biyā ke nadārim vaght! | Hurry up! |
Conclusion
In this lesson, we have covered the imperative mood and its use in giving commands, instructions and advice in Persian, as well as how to express permission and prohibition. Remember that the imperative form of the verb is used without a subject, and that the negative imperative is formed by adding "na" before the stem of the verb. Practice using these expressions by giving commands and instructions to others, and pay attention to how native speakers use them in everyday situations.
Sources:
Impressive work on finishing this lesson! Explore these additional pages to enhance your understanding: Lesson 9: Possessive pronouns & Persian Grammar.
Other Lessons
- Gender
- Plurals
- Lesson 9: Possessive pronouns
- Conditional Mood
- Comaratives and Superlatives
- How to Use Have
- 0 to A1 Course
- Nouns
- Lesson 21: Using infinitives
- Give your Opinion
| ◀️ Lesson 19: Travel preparations and bookings — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Lesson 21: Using infinitives ▶️ |