Difference between revisions of "Language/Japanese/Vocabulary/Shopping-and-Consumer-Culture"

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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Japanese|Japanese]]  → [[Language/Japanese/Vocabulary|Vocabulary]] → [[Language/Japanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Family and Social Relations → Shopping and Consumer Culture</div>
__TOC__
== Introduction ==


<div class="pg_page_title">Japanese Vocabulary → Family and Social Relations → Shopping and Consumer Culture</div>
In this lesson, we will delve into the world of shopping and consumer culture in Japan. As we explore this topic, we will learn how to shop for goods and services in Japanese, and gain an understanding of the consumer culture and phenomena in Japan. Shopping is an essential part of daily life, and by learning the relevant vocabulary and cultural aspects, you will be equipped to navigate the shopping landscape in Japan with confidence.


__TOC__
This lesson is part of the larger course titled "Complete 0 to A1 Japanese Course", which aims to take beginners from zero knowledge to the A1 level. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid foundation in shopping-related vocabulary and cultural understanding, allowing you to engage in basic conversations and transactions in a variety of shopping situations.
 
Let's dive into the fascinating world of shopping and consumer culture in Japan!
 
== Vocabulary ==
 
Before we start exploring the cultural aspects of shopping in Japan, let's first familiarize ourselves with some essential vocabulary related to shopping and consumer culture. By learning these words and phrases, you will be able to understand and use them in practical situations.
 
=== Shops and Stores ===
 
Here are some common types of shops and stores in Japan:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| スーパーマーケット || sūpāmāketto || supermarket
|-
| コンビニエンスストア || konbiniensu sutoa || convenience store
|-
| デパート || depāto || department store
|-
| ファッションブティック || fasshon butikku || fashion boutique
|-
| ドラッグストア || doraggusutoa || drugstore
|-
| 魚屋 || さかなや || sakana-ya || fish market
|-
| 肉屋 || にくや || niku-ya || butcher shop
|-
| 八百屋 || やおや || yao-ya || greengrocer
|-
| パン屋 || ぱんや || pan-ya || bakery
|-
| 書店 || しょてん || shoten || bookstore
|}


==Introduction==
=== Shopping Vocabulary ===


Konnichiwa! In this lesson, we will be learning about shopping and consumer culture in Japan. Japan has a unique and fascinating shopping culture that is deeply embedded in its society. From the famous department stores to the traditional markets, Japan offers a wide range of shopping experiences. Understanding the consumer culture and phenomena is essential not only for shopping but also for socializing and understanding Japanese society.
Now let's learn some essential vocabulary related to the act of shopping:


{| class="wikitable"
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| 買う || かう || kau || to buy
|-
| 売る || うる || uru || to sell
|-
| 値段 || ねだん || nedan || price
|-
| 割引 || わりびき || waribiki || discount
|-
| レジ || reji || cash register
|-
| レシート || reshīto || receipt
|-
| 支払い || しはらい || shiharai || payment
|-
| おつり || otsuri || change (money)
|-
| クレジットカード || kurejitto kādo || credit card
|-
| 現金 || げんきん || genkin || cash
|}


<span link>After mastering this lesson, these related pages might interest you: [[Language/Japanese/Vocabulary/Greetings|Greetings]] & [[Language/Japanese/Vocabulary/Colors|Colors]].</span>
=== Clothing and Fashion Vocabulary ===
==Shopping Terminology==


First, let’s start with some basic shopping vocabulary:
When it comes to shopping for clothing and fashion items, these words will come in handy:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| 服 || ふく || fuku || clothes
|-
| ワンピース || wanpīsu || dress
|-
|-
| 買い物 (kaimono) || kaɪmoʊnoʊ || shopping
| シャツ || shatsu || shirt
|-
|-
| 買い物する (kaimono suru) || kaɪmoʊnoʊ suːrʊ || to shop
| パンツ || pantsu || pants
|-
|-
| 商品 (shōhin) || ʃoʊhɪn || merchandise, product
| スカート || sukāto || skirt
|-
|-
| 値段 (nedan) || neɪdæn || price
| 靴 || くつ || kutsu || shoes
|-
|-
| 割引 (waribiki) || wɑːrɪbɪki || discount
| ブーツ || būtsu || boots
|-
|-
| 売り場 (uriba) || ʊrɪbɑː || sales floor
| 帽子 || ぼうし || bōshi || hat
|-
|-
| セール (sēru) || seːru || sale
| バッグ || baggu || bag
|-
|-
| レシート (reshīto) || rɪʃiːtoʊ || receipt
| アクセサリー || akusesarī || accessories
|}
|}


==Types of Stores==
=== Food and Grocery Vocabulary ===


Japan offers a wide variety of stores for shopping, including department stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, and specialty stores. Here are some of the most common types of stores in Japan:
If you are planning to go grocery shopping or dine out in Japan, these vocabulary words will be useful:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| 食品 || しょくひん || shokuhin || food
|-
| 野菜 || やさい || yasai || vegetables
|-
| 果物 || くだもの || kudamono || fruits
|-
| 肉 || にく || niku || meat
|-
| 魚 || さかな || sakana || fish
|-
| 米 || こめ || kome || rice
|-
| パン || pan || bread
|-
| 牛乳 || ぎゅうにゅう || gyūnyū || milk
|-
| お茶 || おちゃ || ocha || tea
|-
| レストラン || resutoran || restaurant
|}


===Department stores===
=== Shopping Phrases ===


Department stores, or depāto, are multi-level stores that offer a wide range of products, from luxury brands to household goods. The major department stores often offer tax-free shopping for tourists, and some provide customer services in English, Chinese, and Korean.
To help you navigate the shopping experience in Japan, here are some useful phrases:


===Supermarkets===
* いくらですか？ (ikuradesu ka?) - How much is it?
* これをください。 (kore o kudasai.) - I'll take this one, please.
* サイズはありますか？ (saizu wa arimasu ka?) - Do you have it in my size?
* バーゲンセールはいつですか？ (bāgen sēru wa itsu desu ka?) - When is the sale?
* クレジットカードは使えますか？ (kurejitto kādo wa tsukaemasu ka?) - Do you accept credit cards?
* お会計お願いします。 (okaikei onegaishimasu.) - Check, please.


Supermarkets, often called suupaa or chomado, are the most popular type of store in Japan, and can be found in almost every neighborhood. They offer a wide variety of groceries, household goods, and daily necessities at reasonable prices.
Now that we have covered the essential vocabulary, let's explore the cultural aspects of shopping in Japan.


===Convenience stores===
== Cultural Insights ==


Convenience stores, known as kombini, are a ubiquitous part of Japanese society. They are open 24/7 and offer a variety of products, from snacks and drinks to toiletries and magazines. They are also known for their high-quality bento boxes and other prepared foods.
Shopping in Japan is not just about buying goods and services - it is a cultural experience that reflects the unique values and customs of the country. Understanding the cultural aspects of shopping will enhance your overall experience and interactions with local vendors. Let's explore some interesting cultural insights related to shopping and consumer culture in Japan.


===Specialty stores===
=== Omotenashi: Japanese Hospitality ===


Japan has a large number of specialty stores that offer unique products and services. Some examples include:
One of the defining features of shopping in Japan is the concept of "omotenashi," which can be roughly translated as Japanese hospitality. Omotenashi goes beyond mere customer service - it is a deep-rooted cultural value that emphasizes the importance of providing exceptional care and service to customers. In Japan, you will often find that shopkeepers and staff go out of their way to ensure your satisfaction and make your shopping experience memorable.


* Bookstores, such as Kinokuniya and Tsutaya, which offer a wide variety of books, magazines, and DVDs.
=== Giri and Okaeshi: Gift-giving Culture ===


* Electronic stores, such as Yodobashi Camera and Bic Camera, which offer the latest electronics, appliances, and gadgets.
In Japan, the act of gift-giving is an integral part of social relationships, and it extends to the shopping experience as well. The concept of "giri" refers to the obligation or social duty to reciprocate a gift or favor. When shopping in Japan, it is common to encounter the practice of "okaeshi," where shopkeepers offer small gifts or samples as a token of appreciation for your patronage. This cultural practice adds an extra layer of warmth and gratitude to the shopping experience.


* Drugstores, such as Matsumoto Kiyoshi and Kokumin, which offer a wide range of skincare products, supplements, and medicines.
=== Seasonal and Limited Edition Items ===


==Consumer Culture and Phenomena==
Japan is known for its vibrant seasonal traditions and limited edition items, and this cultural aspect is reflected in the shopping landscape. Many shops and stores in Japan offer seasonal products and limited edition goods that are only available for a short period of time. These items often showcase the unique flavors, colors, and designs associated with a particular season or event. Exploring and purchasing these items can be a delightful way to immerse yourself in Japanese culture and create lasting memories.


In addition to the types of stores, Japan has many unique consumer culture and phenomena that are worth knowing.
=== Vending Machines: Convenience and Innovation ===


===Fukubukuro===
While not typically considered traditional shopping, vending machines play a significant role in Japanese consumer culture. Japan is famous for its vast array of vending machines, which offer a wide range of products, from beverages and snacks to hot meals and even clothing. These machines provide convenience and accessibility, allowing people to shop anytime, anywhere. The prevalence of vending machines in Japan is a testament to the country's commitment to innovation and efficiency in meeting consumer needs.


Fukubukuro, or lucky bags, are a popular New Year’s Day tradition in Japan. Many stores offer a mystery bag filled with various products at a discounted price. The contents of the bag are often worth more than the price paid, but the specific items are not revealed until after purchase.
Now that we have explored the cultural insights, let's put our knowledge into practice with some exercises.


===Kawaii Culture===
== Exercises ==


Kawaii culture, or the love of all things cute, is a dominant trend in Japan. Products with cute characters, such as Hello Kitty and Rilakkuma, are popular among people of all ages. Kawaii culture also influences fashion, food, and entertainment.
1. Match the following Japanese words with their English translations:


===Tax-free Shopping===
{| class="wikitable"
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| スーパーマーケット || sūpāmāketto ||
|-
| デパート || depāto ||
|-
| ワンピース || wanpīsu ||
|-
| 買う || かう ||
|-
| レジ || reji ||
|-
| 野菜 || やさい ||
|-
| いくらですか？ || ikuradesu ka? ||
|-
| クレジットカード || kurejitto kādo ||
|}


Many stores offer tax-free shopping for tourists. To be eligible, you must show your passport and meet certain spending requirements. The tax exemption is currently 10%, but it may change depending on the store and the location.
Solution:
{| class="wikitable"
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| スーパーマーケット || sūpāmāketto || supermarket
|-
| デパート || depāto || department store
|-
| ワンピース || wanpīsu || dress
|-
| 買う || かう || to buy
|-
| レジ || reji || cash register
|-
| 野菜 || やさい || vegetables
|-
| いくらですか？ || ikuradesu ka? || How much is it?
|-
| クレジットカード || kurejitto kādo || credit card
|}


===100 Yen Shops===
2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate vocabulary word:


100 yen shops, such as Daiso and Seria, offer a variety of products for just 100 yen (about 1 US dollar). These stores are popular among bargain hunters and are known for their vast array of products, including stationery, kitchenware, and cosmetics.
- "I want to ________ a new shirt." (買う)
- "Do you have this dress in a larger ________?" (サイズ)
- "The ________ of this bag is 5000 yen." (値段)
- "I paid with my ________ card." (クレジットカード)
- "Please give me the ________." (レシート)


==Conclusion==
Solution:
- "I want to buy a new shirt." (買う)
- "Do you have this dress in a larger size?" (サイズ)
- "The price of this bag is 5000 yen." (値段)
- "I paid with my credit card." (クレジットカード)
- "Please give me the receipt." (レシート)


Shopping and consumer culture in Japan offer a unique and fascinating experience. Knowing the basic vocabulary and understanding the consumer culture and phenomena will not only help you navigate the stores but also give you insights into Japanese society. Happy shopping!
3. Imagine you are in a department store in Japan. Write a dialogue between yourself and a shopkeeper. Include greetings, asking for assistance, and making a purchase.


==Sources==
Solution:
You: すみません、いいですか？ (Excuse me, can I ask something?)
Shopkeeper: はい、お客様、どのようなご用件でしょうか？ (Yes, how can I assist you?)
You: このワンピースはいくらですか？ (How much is this dress?)
Shopkeeper: このワンピースは5000円です。 (This dress is 5000 yen.)
You: それをください。 (I'll take it.)
Shopkeeper: ありがとうございます。レジでお待ちください。(Thank you. Please wait at the cash register.)


* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store Department store]
== Conclusion ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience_store Convenience store]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_yen_shop 100 yen shop]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukubukuro Fukubukuro]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaii Kawaii culture]


Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on shopping and consumer culture in Japan. By learning the vocabulary and cultural insights related to shopping, you are now well-equipped to navigate the shopping landscape in Japan. Remember to apply your knowledge in real-life situations and continue to explore the fascinating world of Japanese consumer culture. Happy shopping!


<span link>Great work on completing this lesson! Take a moment to investigate these connected pages: [[Language/Japanese/Vocabulary/Jobs|Jobs]] & [[Language/Japanese/Vocabulary/Numbers|Numbers]].</span>
{{#seo:
{{#seo:
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|title=Japanese Vocabulary → Family and Social Relations → Shopping and Consumer Culture
|keywords=Japanese, shopping, culture, department stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, fukubukuro, kawaii culture, tax-free shopping, 100 yen shops,  
|keywords=Japanese vocabulary, shopping in Japan, consumer culture in Japan, Japanese culture, Japanese hospitality, gift-giving culture, seasonal items, vending machines in Japan
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to shop for goods and services in Japan, and understand the unique consumer culture and phenomena.}}
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to shop for goods and services in Japan and gain an understanding of the consumer culture and phenomena. Explore the vocabulary, cultural insights, and exercises to enhance your shopping experience in Japan.
}}


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==Sources==
* [https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190610-the-unique-culture-of-japanese-convenience-stores The unique culture of Japanese convenience stores - BBC Travel]
* [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1468-5884.00181 Understanding Japanese consumers: Some important underlying ...]
* [https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-vocabulary-shopping-and-prices-4077046 Japanese Vocabulary: Shopping and Prices]
* [https://www.thejapanshop.com/products/sale-japanese-vocabulary-for-jlpt-n5-master-the-japanese-language-proficiency-test-n5 JLPT N5 BUNDLE Japanese Kanji, Grammar, Reading ...]


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Japanese/Vocabulary/Basic-Directions-and-Transportation|Basic Directions and Transportation]]
* [[Language/Japanese/Vocabulary/Basic-Directions-and-Transportation|Basic Directions and Transportation]]


<span class='maj'></span>
 
==Sources==
* [https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190610-the-unique-culture-of-japanese-convenience-stores The unique culture of Japanese convenience stores - BBC Travel]
* [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1468-5884.00181 Understanding Japanese consumers: Some important underlying ...]
* [https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-vocabulary-shopping-and-prices-4077046 Japanese Vocabulary: Shopping and Prices]
* [https://www.thejapanshop.com/products/sale-japanese-vocabulary-for-jlpt-n5-master-the-japanese-language-proficiency-test-n5 JLPT N5 BUNDLE Japanese Kanji, Grammar, Reading ...]


{{Japanese-Page-Bottom}}
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Latest revision as of 02:06, 18 June 2023

◀️ Basic Workplace and Business Terminology — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Shinto and Buddhism ▶️

Japan-flag-Japanese-Lessons-PolyglotClub.png
Japanese → Vocabulary → 0 to A1 Course → Family and Social Relations → Shopping and Consumer Culture

Introduction[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we will delve into the world of shopping and consumer culture in Japan. As we explore this topic, we will learn how to shop for goods and services in Japanese, and gain an understanding of the consumer culture and phenomena in Japan. Shopping is an essential part of daily life, and by learning the relevant vocabulary and cultural aspects, you will be equipped to navigate the shopping landscape in Japan with confidence.

This lesson is part of the larger course titled "Complete 0 to A1 Japanese Course", which aims to take beginners from zero knowledge to the A1 level. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid foundation in shopping-related vocabulary and cultural understanding, allowing you to engage in basic conversations and transactions in a variety of shopping situations.

Let's dive into the fascinating world of shopping and consumer culture in Japan!

Vocabulary[edit | edit source]

Before we start exploring the cultural aspects of shopping in Japan, let's first familiarize ourselves with some essential vocabulary related to shopping and consumer culture. By learning these words and phrases, you will be able to understand and use them in practical situations.

Shops and Stores[edit | edit source]

Here are some common types of shops and stores in Japan:

Japanese Pronunciation English Translation
スーパーマーケット sūpāmāketto supermarket
コンビニエンスストア konbiniensu sutoa convenience store
デパート depāto department store
ファッションブティック fasshon butikku fashion boutique
ドラッグストア doraggusutoa drugstore
魚屋 さかなや sakana-ya fish market
肉屋 にくや niku-ya butcher shop
八百屋 やおや yao-ya greengrocer
パン屋 ぱんや pan-ya bakery
書店 しょてん shoten bookstore

Shopping Vocabulary[edit | edit source]

Now let's learn some essential vocabulary related to the act of shopping:

Japanese Pronunciation English Translation
買う かう kau to buy
売る うる uru to sell
値段 ねだん nedan price
割引 わりびき waribiki discount
レジ reji cash register
レシート reshīto receipt
支払い しはらい shiharai payment
おつり otsuri change (money)
クレジットカード kurejitto kādo credit card
現金 げんきん genkin cash

Clothing and Fashion Vocabulary[edit | edit source]

When it comes to shopping for clothing and fashion items, these words will come in handy:

Japanese Pronunciation English Translation
服 ふく fuku clothes
ワンピース wanpīsu dress
シャツ shatsu shirt
パンツ pantsu pants
スカート sukāto skirt
靴 くつ kutsu shoes
ブーツ būtsu boots
帽子 ぼうし bōshi hat
バッグ baggu bag
アクセサリー akusesarī accessories

Food and Grocery Vocabulary[edit | edit source]

If you are planning to go grocery shopping or dine out in Japan, these vocabulary words will be useful:

Japanese Pronunciation English Translation
食品 しょくひん shokuhin food
野菜 やさい yasai vegetables
果物 くだもの kudamono fruits
肉 にく niku meat
魚 さかな sakana fish
米 こめ kome rice
パン pan bread
牛乳 ぎゅうにゅう gyūnyū milk
お茶 おちゃ ocha tea
レストラン resutoran restaurant

Shopping Phrases[edit | edit source]

To help you navigate the shopping experience in Japan, here are some useful phrases:

  • いくらですか？ (ikuradesu ka?) - How much is it?
  • これをください。 (kore o kudasai.) - I'll take this one, please.
  • サイズはありますか？ (saizu wa arimasu ka?) - Do you have it in my size?
  • バーゲンセールはいつですか？ (bāgen sēru wa itsu desu ka?) - When is the sale?
  • クレジットカードは使えますか？ (kurejitto kādo wa tsukaemasu ka?) - Do you accept credit cards?
  • お会計お願いします。 (okaikei onegaishimasu.) - Check, please.

Now that we have covered the essential vocabulary, let's explore the cultural aspects of shopping in Japan.

Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]

Shopping in Japan is not just about buying goods and services - it is a cultural experience that reflects the unique values and customs of the country. Understanding the cultural aspects of shopping will enhance your overall experience and interactions with local vendors. Let's explore some interesting cultural insights related to shopping and consumer culture in Japan.

Omotenashi: Japanese Hospitality[edit | edit source]

One of the defining features of shopping in Japan is the concept of "omotenashi," which can be roughly translated as Japanese hospitality. Omotenashi goes beyond mere customer service - it is a deep-rooted cultural value that emphasizes the importance of providing exceptional care and service to customers. In Japan, you will often find that shopkeepers and staff go out of their way to ensure your satisfaction and make your shopping experience memorable.

Giri and Okaeshi: Gift-giving Culture[edit | edit source]

In Japan, the act of gift-giving is an integral part of social relationships, and it extends to the shopping experience as well. The concept of "giri" refers to the obligation or social duty to reciprocate a gift or favor. When shopping in Japan, it is common to encounter the practice of "okaeshi," where shopkeepers offer small gifts or samples as a token of appreciation for your patronage. This cultural practice adds an extra layer of warmth and gratitude to the shopping experience.

Seasonal and Limited Edition Items[edit | edit source]

Japan is known for its vibrant seasonal traditions and limited edition items, and this cultural aspect is reflected in the shopping landscape. Many shops and stores in Japan offer seasonal products and limited edition goods that are only available for a short period of time. These items often showcase the unique flavors, colors, and designs associated with a particular season or event. Exploring and purchasing these items can be a delightful way to immerse yourself in Japanese culture and create lasting memories.

Vending Machines: Convenience and Innovation[edit | edit source]

While not typically considered traditional shopping, vending machines play a significant role in Japanese consumer culture. Japan is famous for its vast array of vending machines, which offer a wide range of products, from beverages and snacks to hot meals and even clothing. These machines provide convenience and accessibility, allowing people to shop anytime, anywhere. The prevalence of vending machines in Japan is a testament to the country's commitment to innovation and efficiency in meeting consumer needs.

Now that we have explored the cultural insights, let's put our knowledge into practice with some exercises.

Exercises[edit | edit source]

1. Match the following Japanese words with their English translations:

Japanese Pronunciation English Translation
スーパーマーケット sūpāmāketto
デパート depāto
ワンピース wanpīsu
買う かう
レジ reji
野菜 やさい
いくらですか？ ikuradesu ka?
クレジットカード kurejitto kādo

Solution:

Japanese Pronunciation English Translation
スーパーマーケット sūpāmāketto supermarket
デパート depāto department store
ワンピース wanpīsu dress
買う かう to buy
レジ reji cash register
野菜 やさい vegetables
いくらですか？ ikuradesu ka? How much is it?
クレジットカード kurejitto kādo credit card

2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate vocabulary word:

- "I want to ________ a new shirt." (買う) - "Do you have this dress in a larger ________?" (サイズ) - "The ________ of this bag is 5000 yen." (値段) - "I paid with my ________ card." (クレジットカード) - "Please give me the ________." (レシート)

Solution: - "I want to buy a new shirt." (買う) - "Do you have this dress in a larger size?" (サイズ) - "The price of this bag is 5000 yen." (値段) - "I paid with my credit card." (クレジットカード) - "Please give me the receipt." (レシート)

3. Imagine you are in a department store in Japan. Write a dialogue between yourself and a shopkeeper. Include greetings, asking for assistance, and making a purchase.

Solution: You: すみません、いいですか？ (Excuse me, can I ask something?) Shopkeeper: はい、お客様、どのようなご用件でしょうか？ (Yes, how can I assist you?) You: このワンピースはいくらですか？ (How much is this dress?) Shopkeeper: このワンピースは5000円です。 (This dress is 5000 yen.) You: それをください。 (I'll take it.) Shopkeeper: ありがとうございます。レジでお待ちください。(Thank you. Please wait at the cash register.)

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on shopping and consumer culture in Japan. By learning the vocabulary and cultural insights related to shopping, you are now well-equipped to navigate the shopping landscape in Japan. Remember to apply your knowledge in real-life situations and continue to explore the fascinating world of Japanese consumer culture. Happy shopping!

Table of Contents - Japanese Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Hiragana Basics


Greetings and Introductions


Geography and History


Adjectives and Adverbs


Family and Social Relations


Religion and Philosophy


Particles and Conjunctions


Travel and Tourism


Education and Science


Prepositions and Interjections


Arts and Media


Politics and Society


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Basic Workplace and Business Terminology — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Shinto and Buddhism ▶️

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