Difference between revisions of "Language/Polish/Grammar/Subject-Verb-Object"

From Polyglot Club WIKI
< Language‎ | Polish‎ | Grammar
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Quick edit)
m (Quick edit)
 
Line 9: Line 9:


{{Polish-Page-Top}}
{{Polish-Page-Top}}
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Polish|Polish]]  → [[Language/Polish/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Polish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Basic Sentence Structure → Subject-Verb-Object</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Polish|Polish]]  → [[Language/Polish/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Polish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Subject-Verb-Object</div>
 
In this lesson, we will explore one of the fundamental aspects of Polish grammar: the '''Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)''' sentence structure. Understanding this structure is essential for forming coherent sentences in Polish, especially for English speakers, as Polish sentence construction can sometimes differ from what you might be used to.
 
The '''SVO''' structure is crucial because it forms the backbone of how we communicate in Polish. It allows you to express ideas clearly and effectively. By the end of this lesson, you will not only understand how to build sentences using this structure but also how it can shift in various contexts.
 
We'll start with an introduction to the SVO structure, followed by detailed explanations, numerous examples, and practice exercises. Make sure you have a notebook ready to jot down notes and practice your skills!


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Introduction to Subject-Verb-Object Structure ===
 
The '''Subject-Verb-Object''' (SVO) order is a common way to structure sentences in many languages, including Polish. In an SVO sentence, the subject is the doer of the action, the verb is the action itself, and the object is the recipient of that action.
 
In English, you might say, "The cat (Subject) eats (Verb) the food (Object)." This structure remains consistent in Polish, although there may be variations due to the flexibility of word order in Polish.
 
Understanding SVO is pivotal for beginners as it lays the groundwork for more complex grammatical constructs in Polish, helping you to communicate more naturally and fluently.
 
=== Basic Structure of Polish Sentences ===


In this lesson, we will explore the basic sentence structure in Polish, focusing on the subject-verb-object order. This lesson is part of the "Complete 0 to A1 Polish Course" and is designed for complete beginners who are starting to learn Polish grammar.
Let's break down the SVO structure further:


Understanding sentence structure is crucial for effective communication in any language. While English follows the subject-verb-object (SVO) order, Polish has a more flexible word order, allowing for different emphasis and nuances in meaning.
* '''Subject (Podmiot)''': The person or thing performing the action.


By the end of this lesson, you will be able to construct simple sentences in Polish following the subject-verb-object order and understand the key differences between Polish and English sentence structures.
* '''Verb (Orzeczenie)''': The action being performed.


== Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) in Polish ==
* '''Object (Dopełnienie)''': The person or thing receiving the action.


In Polish, the subject-verb-object order is commonly used in declarative sentences. Let's break down each component:
In Polish, however, the word order can be flexible due to the inflection of nouns and verbs, which indicates their grammatical roles. But for the sake of simplicity, especially for beginners, we will stick with the SVO order for this lesson.


- Subject: The subject of a sentence is the noun or pronoun that performs the action of the verb. It answers the question "who?" or "what?" For example, in the sentence "Maria reads a book," "Maria" is the subject.
=== Examples of Subject-Verb-Object Sentences ===
- Verb: The verb is the action or state of being in a sentence. It expresses what the subject is doing or the condition it is in. For example, in the sentence "Maria reads a book," "reads" is the verb.
- Object: The object of a sentence is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. It answers the question "whom?" or "what?" For example, in the sentence "Maria reads a book," "a book" is the object.


Let's look at some examples of subject-verb-object sentences in Polish:
To help illustrate the SVO structure, here are 20 examples in a table format. Each example will include the Polish sentence, the pronunciation, and the English translation.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Kot je jedzenie. || Kot ye yedzenie. || The cat eats the food.
|-
| Dziecko czyta książkę. || Dzyetsko chita kshyongzke. || The child reads a book.
|-
| Mama gotuje obiad. || Mama go-to-ye ob-yad. || Mom cooks dinner.
|-
| Pies goni piłkę. || Pyess goni peewke. || The dog chases the ball.
|-
| Babcia piecze ciasto. || Babtsia pyet-she chias-to. || Grandma bakes a cake.
|-
| Tata naprawia samochód. || Tata napravya samohod. || Dad repairs the car.
|-
| Uczniowie piszą listy. || Ooch-nyo-vye pish-ow lists. || The students write letters.
|-
| Przyjaciel dzwoni do mnie. || Pshy-yatsyel dzwoni do mnya. || The friend calls me.
|-
| Dziewczyna kupuje mleko. || Dzyefchyna koop-oo-ye mlehko. || The girl buys milk.
|-
|-
| Maria czyta książkę. || [maˈrja ˈt͡ʂɨta ˈkɕɔ̃ʐkɔ] || Maria reads a book.
 
| Nauczyciel zadaje pytanie. || Now-tchitsyel zad-eye pytan-ye. || The teacher asks a question.
 
|-
|-
| Jan kupuje kwiaty. || [jan kuˈpu.jɛ ˈkvʲatɨ] || Jan buys flowers.
 
| Kolega przynosi kawę. || Ko-lehga pshy-no-shee kah-vye. || The colleague brings coffee.
 
|-
 
| Dzieci bawią się na podwórku. || Dzyet-see ba-vyow she na pod-vyorku. || The children play in the yard.
 
|-
 
| Mąż słucha muzyki. || Monzh swoo-ha mu-zyki. || The husband listens to music.
 
|-
|-
| Ona pije kawę. || [ˈɔna ˈpʲi.jɛ ˈka.vɛ] || She drinks coffee.
|}


In the above examples, the subject comes first, followed by the verb and then the object. This is the most common word order in Polish sentences.
| Książka leży na stole. || Kshyongz-ka leh-zhi na sto-le. || The book is on the table.


It's important to note that in Polish, the subject can be omitted if it is clear from the context. For example, instead of saying "Maria czyta książkę," you can simply say "Czyta książkę," which translates to "She reads a book."
|-


== Differences from English Sentence Structure ==
| Kwiaty rosną w ogrodzie. || Kvyati ros-no v og-ro-dye. || The flowers grow in the garden.


While the subject-verb-object order is common in both Polish and English, there are some key differences to be aware of:
|-


1. Adjective Placement: In English, adjectives typically come before the noun they modify. However, in Polish, adjectives usually come after the noun. For example, in English, we say "a big house," but in Polish, it would be "duży dom" (lit. "big house").
| Samochody jeżdżą na drodze. || Sa-mo-ho-dy yesh-dzho-na dro-dzye. || Cars drive on the road.


2. Verb Conjugation: Polish verbs undergo more extensive conjugation compared to English. The verb form changes depending on the subject, tense, aspect, and mood. It's essential to learn the conjugation patterns for different verb forms in Polish.
|-


3. Case System: Polish has a rich case system, which means that nouns, adjectives, and pronouns change their forms depending on their grammatical role in the sentence. In English, the case system is relatively simpler, with only a few cases, such as the genitive and accusative.
| Rybak łowi ryby. || Rybak wo-vy ryby. || The fisherman catches fish.


4. Prepositions: Polish uses different prepositions compared to English. It's crucial to learn the appropriate prepositions to express location, direction, and other relationships between words in a sentence.
|-


Let's look at some examples to illustrate these differences:
| Artysta maluje obraz. || Artysta ma-loo-ye ob-raz. || The artist paints a picture.


{| class="wikitable"
! Polish !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Stół jest duży. || [stuːw jɛst ˈdu.ʐɨ] || The table is big.
 
| Przyjaciele grają w piłkę. || Pshy-yate-el-ye gra-yo-n v peel-ke. || Friends play soccer.
 
|-
|-
| Mam czerwony samochód. || [mam t͡ʂɛrˈvɔ.nɨ saˈmɔ.xuːt] || I have a red car.
 
| Dorożka jedzie w miasto. || Do-rozh-ka yed-ye v myas-to. || The carriage goes to the city.
 
|-
|-
| Idę do sklepu. || [ˈi.dɛ dɔ ˈsklɛ.pu] || I'm going to the store.
 
| Lato przynosi ciepło. || La-to pshy-no-shee chep-wo. || Summer brings warmth.
 
|}
|}


In the above examples, you can see how adjectives come after the noun in Polish, how the verb "to be" (jest) is used to link the subject and adjective, and how different prepositions are used compared to English.
=== Variations in Word Order ===
 
While the standard SVO order is the most common, Polish allows for flexibility in sentence structure. This flexibility can be used to emphasize different parts of the sentence. For example, you might want to emphasize the object rather than the subject.
 
In such cases, you could rearrange the sentence. For instance:
 
* '''Standard SVO''': "Kasia (Subject) widzi (Verb) kota (Object)." (Kasia sees the cat.)
 
* '''Emphasis on Object''': "Kota widzi Kasia." (The cat is seen by Kasia.)
 
While the meaning remains essentially the same, the focus shifts to the object.
 
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now that we have explored the SVO structure, let’s put your knowledge to the test with some exercises.
 
=== Exercise 1: Identify the Subject, Verb, and Object ===
 
For each of the following sentences, identify the subject, verb, and object.
 
1. Maria czyta gazetę.
 
2. Dzieci bawią się w parku.
 
3. Tata pije kawę.
 
4. Babcia piecze ciasto.
 
5. Pies goni kota.
 
=== Solutions for Exercise 1 ===
 
1. Subject: Maria, Verb: czyta, Object: gazetę.
 
2. Subject: Dzieci, Verb: bawią, Object: się w parku.
 
3. Subject: Tata, Verb: pije, Object: kawę.
 
4. Subject: Babcia, Verb: piecze, Object: ciasto.
 
5. Subject: Pies, Verb: goni, Object: kota.
 
=== Exercise 2: Rearrange the Sentences ===
 
Rearrange the following words into a correct SVO sentence.
 
1. książkę / czyta / Ania.
 
2. obiad / gotują / oni.
 
3. piłkę / gra / Janek.
 
4. mleko / kupuje / ona.
 
5. kawę / pije / mama.
 
=== Solutions for Exercise 2 ===
 
1. Ania czyta książkę.
 
2. Oni gotują obiad.
 
3. Janek gra w piłkę.
 
4. Ona kupuje mleko.
 
5. Mama pije kawę.
 
=== Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks ===
 
Complete the sentences with the correct subject, verb, or object.
 
1. _____ (Janek) _____ (gra) _____ (w piłkę).
 
2. _____ (Dzieci) _____ (czytają) _____ (książki).
 
3. _____ (Mama) _____ (robi) _____ (zakupy).
 
4. _____ (Tata) _____ (gotuje) _____ (obiad).
 
5. _____ (Kasia) _____ (widzi) _____ (kota).
 
=== Solutions for Exercise 3 ===
 
1. Janek gra w piłkę.
 
2. Dzieci czytają książki.
 
3. Mama robi zakupy.
 
4. Tata gotuje obiad.
 
5. Kasia widzi kota.
 
=== Exercise 4: Translate the Sentences ===
 
Translate the following Polish sentences into English.
 
1. Dzieci bawią się na placu zabaw.
 
2. Księżyc świeci na niebie.
 
3. Pies goni samochód.
 
4. Dziewczyna pisze list.
 
5. Mama kupuje chleb.


== Word Order Flexibility ==
=== Solutions for Exercise 4 ===


While the subject-verb-object (SVO) order is the most common word order in Polish, the language allows for flexibility in word order to emphasize different elements of a sentence.
1. The children play in the playground.


1. Emphasizing the Subject: To emphasize the subject, it can be placed at the beginning of the sentence. For example, instead of saying "Ona pije kawę" (She drinks coffee), you can say "Ona kawę pije" (She coffee drinks). This word order puts more emphasis on the subject.
2. The moon shines in the sky.


2. Emphasizing the Object: Similarly, to emphasize the object, it can be placed at the beginning of the sentence. For example, instead of saying "Maria czyta książkę" (Maria reads a book), you can say "Książkę Maria czyta" (A book Maria reads). This word order puts more emphasis on the object.
3. The dog chases the car.


3. Emphasizing the Verb: In some cases, the verb can be placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the action. For example, instead of saying "Jan kupuje kwiaty" (Jan buys flowers), you can say "Kupuje Jan kwiaty" (Buys Jan flowers). This word order puts more emphasis on the verb.
4. The girl writes a letter.


These word order variations allow for more flexibility and expressiveness in Polish sentences. However, it's important to note that the subject-verb-object (SVO) order is still the default and most commonly used word order in Polish.
5. Mom buys bread.


== Practice Exercise ==
=== Exercise 5: Create Your Own Sentences ===


Now it's time to practice constructing subject-verb-object sentences in Polish. Use the vocabulary provided to create your own sentences following the SVO order.
Create five sentences in Polish using the SVO structure.  


Vocabulary:
=== Solutions for Exercise 5 ===
- Maria (Maria)
- czyta (reads)
- gazetę (newspaper)
- Jan (Jan)
- kupuje (buys)
- samochód (car)
- Ona (She)
- pije (drinks)
- herbatę (tea)


For example:
(Answers will vary; students should provide their own sentences.)
- Maria czyta gazetę. (Maria reads a newspaper.)
- Jan kupuje samochód. (Jan buys a car.)
- Ona pije herbatę. (She drinks tea.)


Create at least five more sentences using the provided vocabulary and the subject-verb-object (SVO) order.
1. (Your sentence)


1.
2. (Your sentence)
2.  
3.
4.
5.


== Conclusion ==
3. (Your sentence)


Congratulations! You have learned the basic sentence structure in Polish, focusing on the subject-verb-object (SVO) order. You now understand how to construct simple sentences in Polish and the key differences between Polish and English sentence structures.
4. (Your sentence)


Make sure to practice creating your own sentences using the subject-verb-object order, and don't forget to pay attention to adjective placement, verb conjugation, case system, and prepositions.
5. (Your sentence)


In the next lesson, we will explore questions and negations in Polish, allowing you to expand your understanding of sentence structures and communication in the language.
=== Summary ===
 
In this lesson, we have learned about the '''Subject-Verb-Object''' structure in Polish sentences. You practiced identifying and constructing sentences, as well as rearranging and translating them. Mastering the SVO structure will aid you greatly as you continue your journey in learning Polish.
 
Keep practicing the examples and exercises provided, and don’t hesitate to revisit this lesson if you need a refresher. In our next lesson, we will dive into '''Questions and Negations''', which will build upon your understanding of sentence structure.


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Polish Grammar → Basic Sentence Structure → Subject-Verb-Object
 
|keywords=Polish grammar, Polish language, subject-verb-object, sentence structure, Polish sentence structure, SVO order, basic Polish sentences
|title=Polish Grammar Lesson on Subject-Verb-Object Structure
|description=Learn the basic sentence structure in Polish, focusing on the subject-verb-object order and how it differs from English. Understand the differences in adjective placement, verb conjugation, case system, and prepositions in Polish.
 
|keywords=Polish grammar, subject-verb-object, sentence structure, Polish language, beginner Polish, learning Polish
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the basic sentence structure in Polish, focusing on the Subject-Verb-Object order and how it contrasts with English. Exercises included for practice.
 
}}
}}


{{Polish-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
{{Template:Polish-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}


[[Category:Course]]
[[Category:Course]]
Line 131: Line 293:
[[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
[[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
[[Category:Polish-0-to-A1-Course]]
[[Category:Polish-0-to-A1-Course]]
<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo-16k></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
<span openai_correct_model></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-4o-mini></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
 
 


==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 22:29, 1 August 2024

◀️ Introducing Yourself — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Questions and Negations ▶️

Poland-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png
Polish → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Subject-Verb-Object

In this lesson, we will explore one of the fundamental aspects of Polish grammar: the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) sentence structure. Understanding this structure is essential for forming coherent sentences in Polish, especially for English speakers, as Polish sentence construction can sometimes differ from what you might be used to.

The SVO structure is crucial because it forms the backbone of how we communicate in Polish. It allows you to express ideas clearly and effectively. By the end of this lesson, you will not only understand how to build sentences using this structure but also how it can shift in various contexts.

We'll start with an introduction to the SVO structure, followed by detailed explanations, numerous examples, and practice exercises. Make sure you have a notebook ready to jot down notes and practice your skills!

Introduction to Subject-Verb-Object Structure[edit | edit source]

The Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order is a common way to structure sentences in many languages, including Polish. In an SVO sentence, the subject is the doer of the action, the verb is the action itself, and the object is the recipient of that action.

In English, you might say, "The cat (Subject) eats (Verb) the food (Object)." This structure remains consistent in Polish, although there may be variations due to the flexibility of word order in Polish.

Understanding SVO is pivotal for beginners as it lays the groundwork for more complex grammatical constructs in Polish, helping you to communicate more naturally and fluently.

Basic Structure of Polish Sentences[edit | edit source]

Let's break down the SVO structure further:

  • Subject (Podmiot): The person or thing performing the action.
  • Verb (Orzeczenie): The action being performed.
  • Object (Dopełnienie): The person or thing receiving the action.

In Polish, however, the word order can be flexible due to the inflection of nouns and verbs, which indicates their grammatical roles. But for the sake of simplicity, especially for beginners, we will stick with the SVO order for this lesson.

Examples of Subject-Verb-Object Sentences[edit | edit source]

To help illustrate the SVO structure, here are 20 examples in a table format. Each example will include the Polish sentence, the pronunciation, and the English translation.

Polish Pronunciation English
Kot je jedzenie. Kot ye yedzenie. The cat eats the food.
Dziecko czyta książkę. Dzyetsko chita kshyongzke. The child reads a book.
Mama gotuje obiad. Mama go-to-ye ob-yad. Mom cooks dinner.
Pies goni piłkę. Pyess goni peewke. The dog chases the ball.
Babcia piecze ciasto. Babtsia pyet-she chias-to. Grandma bakes a cake.
Tata naprawia samochód. Tata napravya samohod. Dad repairs the car.
Uczniowie piszą listy. Ooch-nyo-vye pish-ow lists. The students write letters.
Przyjaciel dzwoni do mnie. Pshy-yatsyel dzwoni do mnya. The friend calls me.
Dziewczyna kupuje mleko. Dzyefchyna koop-oo-ye mlehko. The girl buys milk.
Nauczyciel zadaje pytanie. Now-tchitsyel zad-eye pytan-ye. The teacher asks a question.
Kolega przynosi kawę. Ko-lehga pshy-no-shee kah-vye. The colleague brings coffee.
Dzieci bawią się na podwórku. Dzyet-see ba-vyow she na pod-vyorku. The children play in the yard.
Mąż słucha muzyki. Monzh swoo-ha mu-zyki. The husband listens to music.
Książka leży na stole. Kshyongz-ka leh-zhi na sto-le. The book is on the table.
Kwiaty rosną w ogrodzie. Kvyati ros-no v og-ro-dye. The flowers grow in the garden.
Samochody jeżdżą na drodze. Sa-mo-ho-dy yesh-dzho-na dro-dzye. Cars drive on the road.
Rybak łowi ryby. Rybak wo-vy ryby. The fisherman catches fish.
Artysta maluje obraz. Artysta ma-loo-ye ob-raz. The artist paints a picture.
Przyjaciele grają w piłkę. Pshy-yate-el-ye gra-yo-n v peel-ke. Friends play soccer.
Dorożka jedzie w miasto. Do-rozh-ka yed-ye v myas-to. The carriage goes to the city.
Lato przynosi ciepło. La-to pshy-no-shee chep-wo. Summer brings warmth.

Variations in Word Order[edit | edit source]

While the standard SVO order is the most common, Polish allows for flexibility in sentence structure. This flexibility can be used to emphasize different parts of the sentence. For example, you might want to emphasize the object rather than the subject.

In such cases, you could rearrange the sentence. For instance:

  • Standard SVO: "Kasia (Subject) widzi (Verb) kota (Object)." (Kasia sees the cat.)
  • Emphasis on Object: "Kota widzi Kasia." (The cat is seen by Kasia.)

While the meaning remains essentially the same, the focus shifts to the object.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we have explored the SVO structure, let’s put your knowledge to the test with some exercises.

Exercise 1: Identify the Subject, Verb, and Object[edit | edit source]

For each of the following sentences, identify the subject, verb, and object.

1. Maria czyta gazetę.

2. Dzieci bawią się w parku.

3. Tata pije kawę.

4. Babcia piecze ciasto.

5. Pies goni kota.

Solutions for Exercise 1[edit | edit source]

1. Subject: Maria, Verb: czyta, Object: gazetę.

2. Subject: Dzieci, Verb: bawią, Object: się w parku.

3. Subject: Tata, Verb: pije, Object: kawę.

4. Subject: Babcia, Verb: piecze, Object: ciasto.

5. Subject: Pies, Verb: goni, Object: kota.

Exercise 2: Rearrange the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Rearrange the following words into a correct SVO sentence.

1. książkę / czyta / Ania.

2. obiad / gotują / oni.

3. piłkę / gra / Janek.

4. mleko / kupuje / ona.

5. kawę / pije / mama.

Solutions for Exercise 2[edit | edit source]

1. Ania czyta książkę.

2. Oni gotują obiad.

3. Janek gra w piłkę.

4. Ona kupuje mleko.

5. Mama pije kawę.

Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct subject, verb, or object.

1. _____ (Janek) _____ (gra) _____ (w piłkę).

2. _____ (Dzieci) _____ (czytają) _____ (książki).

3. _____ (Mama) _____ (robi) _____ (zakupy).

4. _____ (Tata) _____ (gotuje) _____ (obiad).

5. _____ (Kasia) _____ (widzi) _____ (kota).

Solutions for Exercise 3[edit | edit source]

1. Janek gra w piłkę.

2. Dzieci czytają książki.

3. Mama robi zakupy.

4. Tata gotuje obiad.

5. Kasia widzi kota.

Exercise 4: Translate the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Translate the following Polish sentences into English.

1. Dzieci bawią się na placu zabaw.

2. Księżyc świeci na niebie.

3. Pies goni samochód.

4. Dziewczyna pisze list.

5. Mama kupuje chleb.

Solutions for Exercise 4[edit | edit source]

1. The children play in the playground.

2. The moon shines in the sky.

3. The dog chases the car.

4. The girl writes a letter.

5. Mom buys bread.

Exercise 5: Create Your Own Sentences[edit | edit source]

Create five sentences in Polish using the SVO structure.

Solutions for Exercise 5[edit | edit source]

(Answers will vary; students should provide their own sentences.)

1. (Your sentence)

2. (Your sentence)

3. (Your sentence)

4. (Your sentence)

5. (Your sentence)

Summary[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we have learned about the Subject-Verb-Object structure in Polish sentences. You practiced identifying and constructing sentences, as well as rearranging and translating them. Mastering the SVO structure will aid you greatly as you continue your journey in learning Polish.

Keep practicing the examples and exercises provided, and don’t hesitate to revisit this lesson if you need a refresher. In our next lesson, we will dive into Questions and Negations, which will build upon your understanding of sentence structure.

Table of Contents - Polish Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Alphabet and Pronunciation


Greetings and Introductions


Basic Sentence Structure


Numbers and Time


Nouns and Articles


Family and Relationships


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Verbs and Tenses


Travel and Transportation


Polish Customs and Traditions

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Introducing Yourself — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Questions and Negations ▶️

Retrieved from "https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/index.php?title=Language/Polish/Grammar/Subject-Verb-Object&oldid=296650"