Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Logic"

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[[Category:Sci–Tech_Index]]
{{Sci-Tech-Index-Intro}}
Hello polyglots, 😀


{| class="wikitable sortable"
! cmn-Hans-CN: 科目
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: kēmù
! deu-Latn-DE: Fach [n]
! eng-Latn-US: subject
! fra-Latn-FR: matière [f]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 科目
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: か↑もく
! rus-Cyrl-RU: предме́т
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 形式逻辑
| xíngshì luóji
| formale Logik
| formal logic
| logique formelle
| 形式論理
| け↑いしきろ↓んり
| форма́льная ло́гика
|-
| 经典逻辑，标准逻辑
| jīngdiǎn luóji, biāozhǔn luóji
| klassische Logik
| classical logic, standard logic
| logique [f] classique
| 古典論理，標準論理
| こ↑てんろ↓んり，ひょ↑うじゅんろ↓んり
| класси́ческая ло́гика
|-
| 非经典逻辑，替代逻辑
| fēi jīngdiǎn luóji, tìdài luóji
| nichtklassische Logik
| non-classical logic, alternative logic
| logique [f] non classique
| 非古典論理
| ひ↑こてんろ↓んり
| некласси́ческие ло́гики
|-
| 非形式逻辑
| fēi xíngshì luóji
| informelle Logik
| informal logic
| logique informelle
| 非形式論理
| ひ↑けいしきろ↓んり
| неформа́льная ло́гика
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


On this page you will find a part of the [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Introduction-to-Sci%E2%80%93Tech-Index Sci–Tech Index], a project for science and technology learners.
== Formal Logic ==
 
In progress.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
Line 17: Line 77:
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|-
| logic ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
Line 25: Line 84:
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||
|-
| 矛盾 ||
| máodùn ||
| Kontradiktion [f] ||
| contradiction || proposition
| contradiction [f], antilogie [f] ||
| 矛盾 ||
| む↑じゅん ||
| противоре́чие ||
|-
| 推论 ||
| tuīlùn ||
| Korollar ||
| corollary || theorem; deduction; statement
| corollaire [m], corolaire [m] ||
| 系 ||
| け↓い ||
| сле́дствие ||
|-
| 解释 ||
| jiěshì ||
| Interpretation [f] ||
| interpretation || symbol; formal language
| interprétation [f] ||
| 解釈 ||
| か↓いしゃく ||
| толкова́ние ||
|-
| 形式语言 ||
| xíngshì yǔyán ||
| formale Sprache ||
| formal language ||
| langage formel ||
| 形式言語 ||
| け↑いしきげ↓んご ||
| форма́льный язы́к ||
|-
| 必要条件 ||
| bìyào tiáojiàn ||
| notwendige Bedingung ||
| necessary condition || necessity
| condition nécessaire ||
| 必要条件 ||
| ひ↑つようじょ↓うけん ||
| необходи́мое усло́вие ||
|-
| 充分必要条件 ||
| chōngfèn bìyào tiáojiàn ||
| notwendige und hinreichende Bedingung ||
| necessary and sufficient condition || sufficiency
| condition nécessaire et suffisante ||
| 必要十分条件 ||
| ひ↑つよう↓じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん ||
| необходи́мое и доста́точное усло́вие ||
|-
| 必要性 ||
| bìyào xìng ||
| Notwendigkeit [f] ||
| necessity || statement; material implimentation
| nécessité  [f] ||
| 必要性 ||
| ひ↑つようせい ||
| необходи́мость ||
|-
| 充分性 ||
| chōngfèn xìng ||
| Hinlänglichkeit [f] ||
| sufficiency || statement; material implimentation
| suffisance [f] ||
| 十分性 ||
| じゅ↑うぶんせい ||
| доста́точность ||
|-
| 充分条件 ||
| chōngfèn tiáojiàn ||
| hinreichende Bedingung ||
| sufficient condition || sufficiency
| condition suffisante ||
| 十分条件 ||
| じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん ||
| доста́точное усло́вие ||
|-
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| syntax ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
| syntaxe [f] ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| ||  
| си́нтаксис ||  
| ||  
|-
| ||  
| 恒真式 ||
| héngzhēn shì ||
| Tautologie [f] ||
| tautology || well-formed formula
| tautologie [f] ||
| 恒真式，トートロジー ||
| こ↑うし↓んしき，ト↑ート↓ロジー ||  
| тавтоло́гией ||  
|-
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
Line 45: Line 195:
|}
|}


=== Classical Logic ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
Line 64: Line 215:
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
|-
| contradiction || proposition
| 前件 ||  
| 矛盾 ||  
| qián jiàn ||
| máodùn ||  
| Antezedens [n] ||
| Kontradiktion [f] ||  
| antecedent || hypothesis; proposition
| contradiction [f], antilogie [f] ||  
| antécédent [m] ||
| 矛盾 ||  
| 前件 ||
| む↑じゅん ||  
| ぜ↑んけん ||
| противоре́чие ||  
| антецеде́нт ||
|-
| 后件 ||
| hòu jiàn ||
| Sukzedens [n] ||
| consequent || hypothesis; proposition
| conséquent [m] ||
| 後件 ||
| こ↑うけん ||
| консекве́нт ||
|-
| 解释 ||
| jiěshì ||
| Erklärung [f] ||  
| explanation || statement; description; causality; logical consequence
| explication [f] ||  
| 説明 ||
| せ↑つめい ||
| объясне́ние ||
|-
| 假说 ||
| jiǎshō ||
| Hypothese [f] ||
| hypothesis [pl:hypotheses] || explanation; phenomenon
| hypothèse [f] ||
| 仮説 ||
| か↑せつ ||
| гипо́теза ||
|-
| 蕴涵 ||
| yùnhán ||
| Implikation [f] ||
| logical consequence, entailment || statement
| déduction [f] logique ||
| 論理的帰結 ||
| ろ↑んりてき↓き↑けつ ||
| сле́дствие ||
|-
| 现象 ||
| xiànxiàng ||
| Phänomen [n] ||
| phenomenon [pl:phenomena] ||
| phénomène [m] ||
| 現象 ||
| げ↑んしょう ||
| фено́мен ||
|-
| 前提 ||
| qiántí ||
| Prämisse [f], Vordersatz [m] ||
| premise, premiss || argument; logical consequence
| prémisse [f] ||
| 前提 ||
| ぜ↑んてい ||
| посы́лка ||
|-
| 充足理由律 ||
| chōngzú lǐyóu lǜ ||
| Satz [m] vom zureichenden Grund [m] ||
| principle of sufficient reason || reason; causality
| principe [f] de raison suffisante ||
| 充足理由律 ||
| じゅ↑うそくりゆ↓うりつ ||
| зако́н доста́точного основа́ния ||
|-
| 命题 ||
| mìngtí ||
| Aussage [f] ||
| proposition ||
| proposition [f] ||  
| 命題 ||  
| め↑いだい ||  
| пропози́ция ||  
|-
|-
| interpretation || symbol; formal language
| 可靠性 ||
| kěkào xìng ||
| Korrektheit [f] ||
| soundness || validity
| correction [f] ||
| 健全性 ||
| け↑んぜんせい ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| 有效性 ||
| yǒuxiào xìng ||
| Allgemeingültigkeit [f] ||
| validity || premise; tautology
| validité [f] ||
| 妥当性 ||
| だ↑とうせい ||
| общезна́чимость [ж] ||
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
Line 81: Line 320:
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| formal language ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ law of thought
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
| 思维规律，思考规律 ||
| sīwéi guīlǜ, sīkǎo guīlǜ ||
| Denkgesetz [n] ||
| law of thought ||
| loi [f] de la pensée ||
| 思考の原理 ||
| し↑こうのげ↓んり ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| proposition ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| 同一律 ||
| tóngyī lǜ ||
| Identitätsprinzip [n] ||
| law of identity, principle of identity ||
| principe [m] d'identité ||
| 同一律，同一原理 ||
| ど↓ういちりつ，ど↑ういつげ↓んり ||
| зако́н то́ждества ||
|-
| 无矛盾律，矛盾律 ||
| wú máodùn lǜ, máodùn lǜ ||
| Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Widerspruch, Satz [m] vom Widerspruch ||
| law of non-contradiction, principle of non-contradiction, law of contradiction, principle of contradiction ||
| principe [m] de non-contradiction, principe [m] de contradiction ||
| 無矛盾律，矛盾律 ||
| む↑むじゅ↓んりつ，む↑じゅ↓んりつ ||
| зако́н непротиворечия, зако́н противоречия ||
|-
| 排中律 ||
| páizhōng lǜ ||
| Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten ||
| law of excluded middle, principle of excluded middle, law of the excluded third, principle of the excluded third ||
| principe [m] du tiers exclu ||
| 排中律 ||
| は↑いちゅ↓うりつ ||
| зако́н исключённого тре́тьего ||
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| syntax ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
Line 106: Line 388:
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|}
==== Propositional Calculus ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| tautology || well-formed formula
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| tautologie [f] ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| 逻辑运算 ||
| luóji yùnsuàn ||
| logische Operation ||
| logical operation || binary operation; well-formed formula
| opération [f] logique ||
| 論理演算 ||
| ろ↑んりえ↓んざん  ||
| логи́ческая опера́ция ||
|-
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
Line 129: Line 430:


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ logical connective
|+ logical operator
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
Line 139: Line 440:
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|-
| logical connective, logical operator, sentential connective, sentential operator ||  
| 逻辑运算符，逻辑联结词 ||  
| ||  
| luóji yùnsuàn fú, luóji liánjié cí ||  
| ||  
| Logische Verknüpfung ||  
| ||  
| logical operator, logical connective, sentential connective, sentential operator || logical operation
| connecteur [m] logique ||  
| connecteur [m] logique ||  
| ||  
| 論理演算子，論理結合子 ||  
|  ||  
| ろ↑んりえんざ↓んし，ろ↑んりけつご↓うし ||  
| ||  
| логи́ческий опера́тор, логи́ческая свя́зка, пропозициона́льная свя́зка ||  
|-
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
Line 157: Line 458:
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
|-
| alternative denial || negation; conjunction
| 谢费尔竖线 ||  
| ||  
| Xièfèi'ěr shùxiàn ||  
| ||  
| shefferscher Strich ||  
| ||  
| alternative denial, Sheffer stroke || negation; conjunction
| ||  
| barre [f] de Sheffer ||  
| ||  
| 否定論理積，シェファーの棒記号 ||  
| ||  
| ひ↑ていろんりせ↓き，シェ↑ファーの↓ぼ↑うき↓ごう ||  
| ||  
| штрих Ше́ффера ||  
|-
|-
| 合取，与 ||
| héqǔ, yǔ ||
| Konjunktion [f] ||
| conjunction || set <mathematical logic>
| conjunction || set <mathematical logic>
|  ||
|  ||
|  ||
| conjonction [f] ||  
| conjonction [f] ||  
| ||  
| 論理積 ||  
| ||  
| ろ↓んりせき ||  
| ||
| конъю́нкция ||  
|  ||  
|-
|-
| 逆 ||
| nì ||
| Gegenteil [n] ||
| converse || statement
| converse || statement
|  ||
|  ||
|  ||
| implication [f] réciproque ||  
| implication [f] réciproque ||  
| ||  
| 逆 ||  
| ||  
| ぎゃ↑く ||  
| ||  
| обра́тное утвержде́ние, обра́тная теоре́ма ||  
|-
|-
| 析取，或 ||
| xīqǔ, huò ||
| Disjunktion [f] ||
| disjunction || set <mathematical logic>
| disjunction || set <mathematical logic>
| disjonction [f] ||
| 論理和 ||
| ろ↑んり↓わ ||
| дизъю́нкция ||
|-
| 互斥或，异或 ||
| hùchì huò, yì huò ||
| Kontravalenz [f], ausschließende Disjunktion, Antivalenz [f], Kontrajunktion [f], Alternation [f] ||
| exclusive disjunction, exclusive or ||
| disjonction exclusive, ou exclusif ||
| 排他的論理和 ||
| は↑いたてきろんり↓わ ||
| исключа́ющее «или» ||
|-
| 或非 ||
| huò fēi ||
| NICHT-ODER-Gatter [n], Peirce-Funktion [f] ||
| joint denial ||
| non-ou [m] ||
| 否定論理和 ||
| ひ↑ていろんり↓わ ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| 双条件 ||
| shuāng tiáojiàn ||
| Bikonditional [n] ||
| material biconditional ||
| biconditionnel [m], biconditionnel matériel ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| disjonction [f] ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| 实质条件 ||
| shízhì tiáojiàn ||
| Subjunktion [f], Konditional [m], materiale Implikation ||
| material conditional, material implication ||
| conditionnel [m], implication matérielle ||
| 論理包含 ||
| ろ↑んりほ↓うがん ||
| имплика́ция ||
|-
| 当且仅当 ||
| dāng qiě jǐn dāng ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
| material equivalence, if and only if ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
| 同値，等価 ||
| ど↓うち，と↓うか ||
| тогда́ и то́лько тогда́ ||
|-
| 非 ||
| fēi ||
| Negation [f] ||
| negation || set <mathematical logic>
| négation [f] ||
| 否定 ||
| ひ↑てい ||
| отрица́ние, инве́рсия ||
|-
|-
| exclusive disjunction, exclusive or ||  
| 陈述 ||
| chén shù ||
| Aussagesatz [n] ||
| statement ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| disjonction [f] exclusive, ou [m] exclusif ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
| joint denial, nor ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| non-ou [m] ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ rule of inference
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|-
| biconditional, material biconditional ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| biconditionnel [m], biconditionnel [m] matériel ||  
| rule of inference ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
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|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
|-
| conditional, material conditional, material implication ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| conditionnel [m], implication [f] matérielle ||  
| ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
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|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
|-
| negation || set <mathematical logic>
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| négation [f] ||  
| affirming the antecedent, ''modus ponens'', ''modus ponendo ponens'' ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
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|  ||  
|  ||  
|-
|-
| statement ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
| denying the consequent, ''modus tollens'', ''modus tollendo tollens'' ||
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
|  ||  
Line 262: Line 625:
|}
|}


[[File:Modus_ponens.png|500px]]
=== Non-Classical Logic ===
 
== * Appendix * ==
=== Adjective & Adjective Phrase; Verb & Verb Phrase ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|  ||
|  ||
|  ||
|  ||
|  ||
|  ||
|  ||
|  ||
|-
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
Line 295: Line 646:
|}
|}


=== Symbol ===
== Informal Logic ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! symbol
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! eng-Latn-US: concept
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m]
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ logical connective
! symbol
! eng-Latn-US: concept
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m]
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん
! pes-Aran-IR: مَفهوم
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ≔, ≡, :⇔
| definition
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ⊤, T, 1, ■
| tautology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ⊥, F, 0, □
| contradition
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ¬, ~, !
| negation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ∧, &, ·
| conjunction
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ∨, ∥, +
| disjunction
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ←
| converse
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ↑, <nowiki>|</nowiki>
| alternative denial
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| →, ⇒, ⊃
| material implication
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ↓
| joint denial
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ↔, ⇔, ≡, ⟷, ⟺
| material equivalence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ↚
| converse nonimplimencation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ↛
| nonimplimencation
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ↮, ⊻, ⩒, ⩛, ⊕, ≢
| exclusive disjunction
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
=== Process ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! eng-Latn-US: process !! eng-Latn-US: constituent
! cmn-Hans-CN: 过程 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 构件
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: guòchéng !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gòujiàn
! deu-Latn-DE: Prozess [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Bestandteil [m]
! fra-Latn-FR: procès [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: composant [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 過程 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 構材
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: か↑てい !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: こ↑うざい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: проце́сс !! rus-Cyrl-RU: соста́вная часть
|-
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
Line 546: Line 676:
|}
|}


=== Related Free Educational Resources ===
<center>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Modus_ponens.png
! branch
</center>
! name
! link
! language
! public license
|-
|
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|}


{{Sci-Tech-Index-Menu}}
{{Sci-Tech-Index-Menu}}
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/False-Friends|False Friends]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Greetings-Where-are-you-going|Greetings Where are you going]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots|Must‐Know Words for Polyglots]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Collocations-with-have|Collocations with have]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Collocations-with-take|Collocations with take]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Emotions-in-many-languages|Emotions in many languages]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Similarities-between-French-and-Italian|Similarities between French and Italian]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Airport-in-Many-Languages|Airport in Many Languages]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Hydraulics-and-Pneumatics|Hydraulics and Pneumatics]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Animal-sounds-in-many-languages|Animal sounds in many languages]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 19:47, 27 March 2023

Hello polyglots, 😀

On this page you will find a part of the Sci–Tech Index, a project for science and technology learners.

cmn-Hans-CN: 科目 cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: kēmù deu-Latn-DE: Fach [n] eng-Latn-US: subject fra-Latn-FR: matière [f] jpn-Jpan-JP: 科目 jpn-Hrkt-JP: か↑もく rus-Cyrl-RU: предме́т
形式逻辑 xíngshì luóji formale Logik formal logic logique formelle 形式論理 け↑いしきろ↓んり форма́льная ло́гика
经典逻辑，标准逻辑 jīngdiǎn luóji, biāozhǔn luóji klassische Logik classical logic, standard logic logique [f] classique 古典論理，標準論理 こ↑てんろ↓んり，ひょ↑うじゅんろ↓んり класси́ческая ло́гика
非经典逻辑，替代逻辑 fēi jīngdiǎn luóji, tìdài luóji nichtklassische Logik non-classical logic, alternative logic logique [f] non classique 非古典論理 ひ↑こてんろ↓んり некласси́ческие ло́гики
非形式逻辑 fēi xíngshì luóji informelle Logik informal logic logique informelle 非形式論理 ひ↑けいしきろ↓んり неформа́льная ло́гика

Formal Logic[edit | edit source]

cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] eng-Latn-US: concept eng-Latn-US: prerequisite fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
矛盾 máodùn Kontradiktion [f] contradiction proposition contradiction [f], antilogie [f] 矛盾 む↑じゅん противоре́чие
推论 tuīlùn Korollar corollary theorem; deduction; statement corollaire [m], corolaire [m] 系 け↓い сле́дствие
解释 jiěshì Interpretation [f] interpretation symbol; formal language interprétation [f] 解釈 か↓いしゃく толкова́ние
形式语言 xíngshì yǔyán formale Sprache formal language langage formel 形式言語 け↑いしきげ↓んご форма́льный язы́к
必要条件 bìyào tiáojiàn notwendige Bedingung necessary condition necessity condition nécessaire 必要条件 ひ↑つようじょ↓うけん необходи́мое усло́вие
充分必要条件 chōngfèn bìyào tiáojiàn notwendige und hinreichende Bedingung necessary and sufficient condition sufficiency condition nécessaire et suffisante 必要十分条件 ひ↑つよう↓じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん необходи́мое и доста́точное усло́вие
必要性 bìyào xìng Notwendigkeit [f] necessity statement; material implimentation nécessité [f] 必要性 ひ↑つようせい необходи́мость
充分性 chōngfèn xìng Hinlänglichkeit [f] sufficiency statement; material implimentation suffisance [f] 十分性 じゅ↑うぶんせい доста́точность
充分条件 chōngfèn tiáojiàn hinreichende Bedingung sufficient condition sufficiency condition suffisante 十分条件 じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん доста́точное усло́вие
syntax syntaxe [f] си́нтаксис
恒真式 héngzhēn shì Tautologie [f] tautology well-formed formula tautologie [f] 恒真式，トートロジー こ↑うし↓んしき，ト↑ート↓ロジー тавтоло́гией

Classical Logic[edit | edit source]

cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] eng-Latn-US: concept eng-Latn-US: prerequisite fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
前件 qián jiàn Antezedens [n] antecedent hypothesis; proposition antécédent [m] 前件 ぜ↑んけん антецеде́нт
后件 hòu jiàn Sukzedens [n] consequent hypothesis; proposition conséquent [m] 後件 こ↑うけん консекве́нт
解释 jiěshì Erklärung [f] explanation statement; description; causality; logical consequence explication [f] 説明 せ↑つめい объясне́ние
假说 jiǎshō Hypothese [f] hypothesis [pl:hypotheses] explanation; phenomenon hypothèse [f] 仮説 か↑せつ гипо́теза
蕴涵 yùnhán Implikation [f] logical consequence, entailment statement déduction [f] logique 論理的帰結 ろ↑んりてき↓き↑けつ сле́дствие
现象 xiànxiàng Phänomen [n] phenomenon [pl:phenomena] phénomène [m] 現象 げ↑んしょう фено́мен
前提 qiántí Prämisse [f], Vordersatz [m] premise, premiss argument; logical consequence prémisse [f] 前提 ぜ↑んてい посы́лка
充足理由律 chōngzú lǐyóu lǜ Satz [m] vom zureichenden Grund [m] principle of sufficient reason reason; causality principe [f] de raison suffisante 充足理由律 じゅ↑うそくりゆ↓うりつ зако́н доста́точного основа́ния
命题 mìngtí Aussage [f] proposition proposition [f] 命題 め↑いだい пропози́ция
可靠性 kěkào xìng Korrektheit [f] soundness validity correction [f] 健全性 け↑んぜんせい
有效性 yǒuxiào xìng Allgemeingültigkeit [f] validity premise; tautology validité [f] 妥当性 だ↑とうせい общезна́чимость [ж]
law of thought
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] eng-Latn-US: concept eng-Latn-US: prerequisite fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
思维规律，思考规律 sīwéi guīlǜ, sīkǎo guīlǜ Denkgesetz [n] law of thought loi [f] de la pensée 思考の原理 し↑こうのげ↓んり
同一律 tóngyī lǜ Identitätsprinzip [n] law of identity, principle of identity principe [m] d'identité 同一律，同一原理 ど↓ういちりつ，ど↑ういつげ↓んり зако́н то́ждества
无矛盾律，矛盾律 wú máodùn lǜ, máodùn lǜ Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Widerspruch, Satz [m] vom Widerspruch law of non-contradiction, principle of non-contradiction, law of contradiction, principle of contradiction principe [m] de non-contradiction, principe [m] de contradiction 無矛盾律，矛盾律 む↑むじゅ↓んりつ，む↑じゅ↓んりつ зако́н непротиворечия, зако́н противоречия
排中律 páizhōng lǜ Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten law of excluded middle, principle of excluded middle, law of the excluded third, principle of the excluded third principe [m] du tiers exclu 排中律 は↑いちゅ↓うりつ зако́н исключённого тре́тьего

Propositional Calculus[edit | edit source]

cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] eng-Latn-US: concept eng-Latn-US: prerequisite fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
逻辑运算 luóji yùnsuàn logische Operation logical operation binary operation; well-formed formula opération [f] logique 論理演算 ろ↑んりえ↓んざん логи́ческая опера́ция
logical operator
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] eng-Latn-US: concept eng-Latn-US: prerequisite fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
逻辑运算符，逻辑联结词 luóji yùnsuàn fú, luóji liánjié cí Logische Verknüpfung logical operator, logical connective, sentential connective, sentential operator logical operation connecteur [m] logique 論理演算子，論理結合子 ろ↑んりえんざ↓んし，ろ↑んりけつご↓うし логи́ческий опера́тор, логи́ческая свя́зка, пропозициона́льная свя́зка
谢费尔竖线 Xièfèi'ěr shùxiàn shefferscher Strich alternative denial, Sheffer stroke negation; conjunction barre [f] de Sheffer 否定論理積，シェファーの棒記号 ひ↑ていろんりせ↓き，シェ↑ファーの↓ぼ↑うき↓ごう штрих Ше́ффера
合取，与 héqǔ, yǔ Konjunktion [f] conjunction set <mathematical logic> conjonction [f] 論理積 ろ↓んりせき конъю́нкция
逆 nì Gegenteil [n] converse statement implication [f] réciproque 逆 ぎゃ↑く обра́тное утвержде́ние, обра́тная теоре́ма
析取，或 xīqǔ, huò Disjunktion [f] disjunction set <mathematical logic> disjonction [f] 論理和 ろ↑んり↓わ дизъю́нкция
互斥或，异或 hùchì huò, yì huò Kontravalenz [f], ausschließende Disjunktion, Antivalenz [f], Kontrajunktion [f], Alternation [f] exclusive disjunction, exclusive or disjonction exclusive, ou exclusif 排他的論理和 は↑いたてきろんり↓わ исключа́ющее «или»
或非 huò fēi NICHT-ODER-Gatter [n], Peirce-Funktion [f] joint denial non-ou [m] 否定論理和 ひ↑ていろんり↓わ
双条件 shuāng tiáojiàn Bikonditional [n] material biconditional biconditionnel [m], biconditionnel matériel
实质条件 shízhì tiáojiàn Subjunktion [f], Konditional [m], materiale Implikation material conditional, material implication conditionnel [m], implication matérielle 論理包含 ろ↑んりほ↓うがん имплика́ция
当且仅当 dāng qiě jǐn dāng material equivalence, if and only if 同値，等価 ど↓うち，と↓うか тогда́ и то́лько тогда́
非 fēi Negation [f] negation set <mathematical logic> négation [f] 否定 ひ↑てい отрица́ние, инве́рсия
陈述 chén shù Aussagesatz [n] statement
rule of inference
cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] eng-Latn-US: concept eng-Latn-US: prerequisite fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
rule of inference
affirming the antecedent, modus ponens, modus ponendo ponens
denying the consequent, modus tollens, modus tollendo tollens

Non-Classical Logic[edit | edit source]

cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] eng-Latn-US: concept eng-Latn-US: prerequisite fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка

Informal Logic[edit | edit source]

cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 cmn-Hans-CN: 前提 cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f] eng-Latn-US: concept eng-Latn-US: prerequisite fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m] jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提 jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка

Modus_ponens.png

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Sci–Tech Index

40px-3-4.svg.png Introduction

Philosophy

40px-1-4.svg.png Logic

40px-0-4.svg.png Metaphysics

Mathematics

40px-2-4.svg.png Mathematical Logic

40px-0-4.svg.png Category Theory


40px-2-4.svg.png Number Theory


40px-1-4.svg.png Algebra


40px-1-4.svg.png Geometry


40px-1-4.svg.png Probability Theory

40px-1-4.svg.png Statistics

40px-1-4.svg.png Information Theory


40px-1-4.svg.png Mathematical Analysis


40px-1-4.svg.png Topology

40px-1-4.svg.png Discrete Mathematics


40px-1-4.svg.png Computational Science

Physics

40px-1-4.svg.png Mechanics

└ 40px-1-4.svg.png Structural Analysis

└ 40px-1-4.svg.png Tribology

40px-1-4.svg.png Thermodynamics


40px-1-4.svg.png Optics


40px-1-4.svg.png Acoustics


40px-1-4.svg.png Electromagnetism

40px-1-4.svg.png Electronic Component


40px-0-4.svg.png Metrology

└ 40px-1-4.svg.png Unit of Measurement


40px-0-4.svg.png Particle Physics

Biology

40px-1-4.svg.png Cell Biology

Chemistry

40px-1-4.svg.png Chemical Element

40px-0-4.svg.png Material Science

└ 40px-0-4.svg.png Metallurgy

40px-0-4.svg.png Computer Science
40px-1-4.svg.png Technical Drawing
Mechanical Engineering

40px-0-4.svg.png Mechanism

40px-1-4.svg.png Machine Element

40px-1-4.svg.png Metalworking


40px-0-4.svg.png Hydraulics and Pneumatics


40px-1-4.svg.png Theory of Inventive Problem Solving

Software Engineering

40px-1-4.svg.png Computer Language

Systems Science

40px-0-4.svg.png Chaos Theory

40px-0-4.svg.png Cybernetics

└ 40px-0-4.svg.png Control Theory

40px-0-4.svg.png Robotics

40px-0-4.svg.png Anthropology

40px-0-4.svg.png Psychology
40px-0-4.svg.png Linguistics

Sci–Tech Index is under the CC BY 4.0 license

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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