Language/Turkish/Grammar/Adjectives
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| ◀️ Verbs — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Pronouns ▶️ |
Introduction
In this lesson, we will focus on Turkish adjectives. Adjectives are an important part of any language as they help us describe and provide more information about nouns. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to form and use Turkish adjectives correctly.
Forms of Adjectives
Turkish adjectives have two forms: positive and attributive. The positive form is used to describe a noun directly, while the attributive form is used when the adjective is preceded by a possessive pronoun or a definite article. Let's take a look at some examples:
Positive Form
Positive adjectives are used to directly describe a noun. They usually come after the noun they modify. Here are some examples:
| Turkish | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| güzel ev | goo-zel ev | beautiful house |
| büyük şehir | boo-yook she-hir | big city |
| sıcak çay | suh-jak chai | hot tea |
Attributive Form
Attributive adjectives are used when the adjective is preceded by a possessive pronoun or a definite article. They agree with the noun they modify in terms of number and case. Here are some examples:
| Turkish | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| benim güzel evim | ben-im goo-zel ev-im | my beautiful house |
| onun büyük şehri | on-un boo-yook sheh-ri | his/her big city |
| o sıcak çayı içti | o suh-jak chai-i eech-tee | he/she drank the hot tea |
Agreement with Nouns
In Turkish, adjectives agree with the noun they modify in terms of number and case. This means that the ending of the adjective changes according to the number (singular or plural) and case (nominative, accusative, etc.) of the noun. Let's take a look at some examples:
Singular Nouns
When the noun is singular, the adjective takes the following endings:
- Nominative case: -dir, -dır, -dur, -dür
- Accusative case: -i, -ı, -u, -ü
- Locative case: -de, -da
Here are some examples:
| Turkish | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| güzel ev | goo-zel ev | beautiful house |
| sıcak çayı içtim | suh-jak chai-i eech-teem | I drank the hot tea |
| büyük şehirde | boo-yook she-hir-de | in a big city |
Plural Nouns
When the noun is plural, the adjective takes the following endings:
- Nominative case: -ler, -lar
- Accusative case: -leri, -ları
- Locative case: -lerde, -larda
Here are some examples:
| Turkish | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| güzel evler | goo-zel ev-ler | beautiful houses |
| sıcak çayları içtik | suh-jak chai-la-ree eech-teek | we drank the hot teas |
| büyük şehirlerde | boo-yook she-hir-ler-de | in big cities |
Comparison of Adjectives
Turkish adjectives can also be compared to express degrees of comparison. There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. Let's see how they are formed:
Positive Degree
The positive degree is used to simply describe a noun without making any comparison. It is formed by adding the adjective directly after the noun. Here are some examples:
| Turkish | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| güzel ev | goo-zel ev | beautiful house |
| uzun yol | oo-zoon yol | long road |
| zengin adam | zen-geen a-dam | rich man |
Comparative Degree
The comparative degree is used to compare two nouns or two qualities. It is formed by adding the suffix "-den" to the end of the adjective. Here are some examples:
| Turkish | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| daha güzel ev | da-ha goo-zel ev | more beautiful house |
| daha uzun yol | da-ha oo-zoon yol | longer road |
| daha zengin adam | da-ha zen-geen a-dam | richer man |
Superlative Degree
The superlative degree is used to express the highest degree of a quality. It is formed by adding the suffix "-en" to the end of the adjective. Here are some examples:
| Turkish | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| en güzel ev | en goo-zel ev | the most beautiful house |
| en uzun yol | en oo-zoon yol | the longest road |
| en zengin adam | en zen-geen a-dam | the richest man |
Irregular Adjectives
While most Turkish adjectives follow regular patterns, there are some adjectives that are irregular and do not follow the usual rules. Here are some examples of irregular adjectives and their forms:
| Turkish | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| iyi | ee-yee | good |
| kötü | kur-too | bad |
| büyük | boo-yook | big |
| küçük | koo-chook | small |
Conclusion
In this lesson, we have learned about Turkish adjectives and how to form and use them correctly. We have seen the positive and attributive forms of adjectives, as well as their agreement with nouns and degrees of comparison. Adjectives are an important part of Turkish grammar, and mastering them will greatly enhance your ability to communicate effectively in Turkish.
Now that you have a good understanding of adjectives, you can move on to the next lesson in the course, where we will focus on pronouns.
| ◀️ Verbs — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Pronouns ▶️ |