Difference between revisions of "Language/Japanese/Culture/Shinto-and-Buddhism"

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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Japanese|Japanese]]  → [[Language/Japanese/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Japanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Religion and Philosophy → Shinto and Buddhism</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Japanese|Japanese]]  → [[Language/Japanese/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Japanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Shinto and Buddhism</div>
 
In this lesson, we will explore two of the most significant religions in Japan: '''Shinto''' and '''Buddhism'''. Understanding these two spiritual traditions is essential for anyone interested in Japanese culture, as they have profoundly influenced Japanese society, customs, and even the language itself.
 
Shinto, the indigenous faith of Japan, is deeply rooted in the country's history and landscape. It is characterized by its reverence for nature, kami (spirits), and rituals that connect the physical and spiritual worlds. Buddhism, which arrived from China through Korea in the 6th century, introduced new philosophies and practices that complemented the existing Shinto beliefs.
 
In this lesson, we will discuss the origins, beliefs, practices, and the fascinating ways in which Shinto and Buddhism coexist and influence each other.
 
__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== The Origins of Shinto ===
 
Shinto, or "the way of the gods," is considered Japan's native religion. It lacks a formalized scripture or founder. Instead, it is based on ancient traditions and practices that honor kami, the spirits associated with natural elements, ancestors, and historical figures.
 
Some key features of Shinto include:


In this lesson, we will delve into the fascinating world of religion and philosophy in Japan. Specifically, we will explore the indigenous Shinto and the imported Buddhism religions, and examine how they coexist and influence each other. Religion and philosophy play a crucial role in the cultural fabric of Japan, shaping its values, customs, and traditions. Understanding these aspects is essential for any student of the Japanese language, as it provides valuable insights into the country's history, mindset, and social dynamics.
* '''Kami''': Spirits that can be found in natural elements like mountains, rivers, and trees.


Throughout this lesson, we will explore the key beliefs, practices, and rituals of Shinto and Buddhism. We will also discuss their historical origins, regional variations, and the impact they have on various aspects of Japanese society, including art, literature, and popular culture. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid foundation in the religious and philosophical underpinnings of Japan, enabling you to navigate and appreciate the country's cultural landscape with greater depth and understanding.
* '''Shrines (jinja)''': Sacred places where rituals and offerings are made to kami.


== Shinto: The Indigenous Religion of Japan ==
* '''Rituals''': Practices such as purification, offerings, and festivals that maintain harmony between humans and kami.


=== Historical Origins of Shinto ===
=== The Arrival of Buddhism ===


Shinto, which translates to "the way of the gods," is the indigenous religion of Japan. Its origins can be traced back thousands of years to the prehistoric times when the Japanese people revered nature and the spirits inhabiting it. Shinto is deeply rooted in the belief that every object, living or non-living, possesses a divine essence or spirit called "kami." These kami can range from natural elements like mountains and rivers to ancestral spirits and even concepts like luck and fertility.
Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Korea around the mid-6th century. It brought with it sophisticated philosophical concepts and practices that appealed to the Japanese people. Initially, Buddhism faced resistance from Shinto adherents, but over time, the two religions began to influence each other.


One of the defining characteristics of Shinto is its lack of formalized doctrine or centralized religious authority. Instead, Shinto is a collection of local and regional beliefs and practices that have evolved over time. This decentralized nature of Shinto allows for a wide variety of rituals, festivals, and customs to flourish throughout Japan, reflecting the unique cultural and geographical characteristics of each region.
Key elements of Buddhism include:


=== Key Beliefs and Practices ===
* '''Buddha''': The enlightened one, Siddhartha Gautama, who teaches the path to enlightenment.


Shinto revolves around the veneration of kami and the pursuit of harmony with nature. Central to this belief system is the concept of "miyabi," which emphasizes the aesthetic appreciation of the natural world and the pursuit of a balanced and harmonious life. Shinto teaches that by aligning oneself with the kami and living in harmony with nature, one can achieve spiritual fulfillment and personal well-being.
* '''Temples (tera or jiin)''': Places of worship where followers engage in meditation and rituals.


Shinto rituals and practices often take place at shrines, which are sacred spaces dedicated to specific kami. These shrines can range from small roadside altars to grand complexes like the famous Meiji Shrine in Tokyo. Visiting a shrine is a common practice for many Japanese people, especially during important life events such as weddings, births, and coming-of-age ceremonies. Worshipers typically cleanse themselves at a purification fountain before approaching the main shrine building, where they offer prayers, make monetary donations, and seek blessings from the kami.
* '''Teachings''': Concepts such as the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which guide followers towards enlightenment.


Another significant aspect of Shinto is the celebration of seasonal festivals, known as "matsuri." These festivals are held throughout the year and vary from region to region, showcasing local traditions, music, dance, and food. Matsuri provide an opportunity for the community to come together, express gratitude to the kami, and celebrate the abundance and beauty of nature.
=== The Coexistence of Shinto and Buddhism ===


=== Cultural Significance of Shinto ===
One of the most intriguing aspects of Japanese culture is how Shinto and Buddhism coexist. This syncretism is evident in various practices and beliefs:


Shinto has deeply influenced various aspects of Japanese culture, including art, architecture, and traditional customs. The reverence for nature and the pursuit of miyabi can be seen in the design of traditional Japanese gardens, where meticulous attention is given to creating a serene and harmonious environment. Shinto also inspired the concept of "wabi-sabi," which celebrates the beauty of imperfection and transience, and is reflected in traditional arts like tea ceremony and pottery.
* '''Jinja and Tera''': Many towns have both Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples, often located close to each other.


Furthermore, Shinto's emphasis on purity and cleanliness is evident in the Japanese custom of taking off shoes before entering homes and certain public spaces. The practice of bowing as a form of greeting and showing respect also has its roots in Shinto, where bowing is seen as a gesture of humility and reverence.
* '''Rituals''': It is common for individuals to participate in Shinto rituals for life events (like birth and marriage) and Buddhist rituals for funerals and memorials.


Shinto's influence extends beyond cultural practices and aesthetics. It has played a significant role in shaping Japan's national identity and fostering a sense of unity and pride among the Japanese people. The Imperial family, considered the direct descendants of the kami, is closely associated with Shinto, and the Emperor performs various Shinto rituals and ceremonies.
* '''Festivals''': Some festivals celebrate both Shinto and Buddhist traditions, showcasing their harmonious relationship.


== Buddhism: The Imported Religion ==
=== Examples of Shinto and Buddhism in Everyday Life ===


=== Historical Introduction of Buddhism to Japan ===
To better understand the influence of Shinto and Buddhism, here are some examples:


Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 6th century CE, originating from India via China and the Korean Peninsula. The arrival of Buddhism marked a significant turning point in Japanese history and had a profound impact on the country's religious and philosophical landscape. The integration of Buddhism with the existing Shinto beliefs created a unique syncretic tradition known as "Shinbutsu Shugo," where the two religions coexist and influence each other.
{| class="wikitable"


Prince Shotoku, a prominent figure in Japanese history, played a crucial role in the early propagation of Buddhism in Japan. He is credited with promoting Buddhist teachings, establishing temples, and fostering cultural exchange with other East Asian countries. Over time, different Buddhist sects and schools emerged in Japan, each with its own unique practices and interpretations of Buddhist philosophy.
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English


=== Key Beliefs and Practices ===
|-


Buddhism is a complex and diverse religion with a rich array of beliefs, practices, and philosophical teachings. At its core, Buddhism seeks to understand and transcend suffering through the practice of ethical conduct, meditation, and the pursuit of wisdom. While there are various sects and schools of Buddhism in Japan, we will focus on two of the most influential ones: Pure Land Buddhism and Zen Buddhism.
| 神社 (じんじゃ) || jinja || Shinto shrine


Pure Land Buddhism, also known as Jodo Buddhism, centers around the belief in Amitabha Buddha and his Pure Land, a realm of ultimate bliss and liberation. Pure Land Buddhists aspire to be reborn in the Pure Land after death, where they can continue their spiritual journey towards enlightenment. Devotion to Amitabha Buddha and the recitation of his name, known as "nembutsu," are key practices in Pure Land Buddhism.
|-


Zen Buddhism, on the other hand, emphasizes direct experience and meditation as a means to attain enlightenment. Zen practitioners seek to cultivate mindfulness, concentration, and insight through the practice of seated meditation, known as "zazen." The goal of Zen is to awaken to the true nature of reality and achieve enlightenment in the present moment. Zen has had a profound influence on Japanese culture, particularly in the fields of art, calligraphy, and tea ceremony.
| 仏教 (ぶっきょう) || bukkyou || Buddhism


=== Cultural Significance of Buddhism ===
|-


Buddhism has left an indelible mark on Japanese culture, influencing various artistic and literary traditions. Buddhist temples, with their intricate architecture and serene gardens, are not only places of religious worship but also cultural heritage sites. The famous Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion) in Kyoto and the Great Buddha of Kamakura are iconic examples of Buddhist art and architecture in Japan.
| お正月 (おしょうがつ) || oshougatsu || New Year, celebrated with Shinto rituals


Buddhist concepts and symbols are also woven into the fabric of Japanese society. The notion of impermanence, a central teaching in Buddhism, is reflected in the transient beauty of cherry blossoms, which hold profound cultural significance in Japan. The concept of karma, the belief in cause and effect, has shaped the Japanese view of personal responsibility and moral accountability.
|-


Moreover, Buddhist rituals and practices continue to be an integral part of Japanese life. Funerals, memorials, and ancestor worship ceremonies often incorporate Buddhist rituals and prayers. The Obon festival, a Japanese Buddhist tradition, is a time when families gather to honor their ancestors and pay respects at grave sites.
| お盆 (おぼん) || obon || Buddhist festival honoring ancestors


== Shinto and Buddhism: Coexistence and Influence ==
|-


Shinto and Buddhism have coexisted in Japan for centuries, with many Japanese people practicing both religions simultaneously. This syncretic relationship is evident in the religious landscape, where Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples often stand side by side. Many Japanese individuals incorporate elements of both religions into their daily lives, seeking blessings and guidance from both kami and Buddhas.
| 祭り (まつり) || matsuri || Festival, often celebrating kami or Buddha


The interplay between Shinto and Buddhism is particularly evident during important life events. For example, weddings in Japan often take place at Shinto shrines, where the couple receives blessings from the kami. However, it is not uncommon for the couple to later visit a Buddhist temple for a more formal marriage ceremony. Similarly, funerals typically involve Buddhist rituals and prayers, but Shinto customs, such as purifying the body with water, are also observed.
|-


In addition to individual practices, Shinto and Buddhism have influenced each other at a deeper philosophical and cultural level. Buddhist concepts of compassion and enlightenment have infused Shinto beliefs, while Shinto's reverence for nature and ancestral spirits has found its way into Buddhist rituals and customs. This mutual influence has given rise to unique religious practices and traditions that are distinctively Japanese.
| 参拝 (さんぱい) || sanpai || Visiting a shrine or temple


== Exercises ==
|-


Now that you have learned about the fascinating world of Shinto and Buddhism, let's put your knowledge into practice with some exercises.
| 供養 (くよう) || kuyō || Offering or memorial service in Buddhism


|-


Exercise 1: Multiple Choice
| 御神体 (ごしんたい) || goshintai || Sacred object of worship in Shinto


Choose the correct answer for each question.
|-


1. Which of the following is the indigenous religion of Japan?
| 禅 (ぜん) || zen || Zen Buddhism, emphasizing meditation
a) Christianity
b) Islam
c) Shinto
d) Buddhism


2. What is the central belief of Shinto?
|-
a) Reincarnation
b) Harmony with nature
c) Nirvana
d) Four Noble Truths


3. Which Buddhist sect emphasizes meditation as a means to enlightenment?
| 縁結び (えんむすび) || enmusubi || Marriage connection, often blessed at a shrine
a) Pure Land Buddhism
b) Zen Buddhism
c) Nichiren Buddhism
d) Shingon Buddhism


Exercise 2: Vocabulary Matching
|}


Match the Japanese words with their English translations.
=== Conclusion ===


1. 神道 (Shinto)        a) Enlightenment
In summary, Shinto and Buddhism are two integral parts of Japanese culture that enrich people's lives, offering spiritual guidance and community connection. They have shaped Japan's identity, influencing everything from art and literature to daily rituals and festivals. Understanding these religions will not only enhance your appreciation of Japanese culture but also deepen your insight into the language itself.
2. 仏教 (Buddhism)      b) Temple
3. 神社 (Jinja)        c) Pure Land
4. 仏塔 (Butsuto)      d) Shrine
5. 真言宗 (Shingonshu)  e) Buddhism
6. 浄土宗 (Jodo-shu)    f) Shinto


=== Exercises ===


Exercise 3: Discussion
Now that we have explored Shinto and Buddhism, let’s put your understanding to the test with some exercises:


Discuss the following questions with a partner.
==== Exercise 1: Vocabulary Matching ====


1. How do Shinto and Buddhism coexist in Japan?
Match the Japanese terms with their English meanings.
2. Have you ever visited a shrine or temple? What was your experience like?
3. What aspects of Shinto and Buddhism do you find most interesting?


== Solutions ==
{| class="wikitable"


Exercise 1: Multiple Choice
! Japanese !! English


1. c) Shinto
|-
2. b) Harmony with nature
3. b) Zen Buddhism


Exercise 2: Vocabulary Matching
| 神社 || A. Buddhism


1. a) Shinto
|-
2. e) Buddhism
3. d) Shrine
4. b) Temple
5. f) Shinto
6. c) Pure Land


Exercise 3: Discussion
| 仏教 || B. Shinto shrine


1. Shinto and Buddhism coexist in Japan through syncretism, where elements of both religions are incorporated into daily life and important ceremonies.
|-
2. (Open-ended)
3. (Open-ended)


| 供養 || C. Offering or memorial service
|-
| 祭り || D. Festival
|}
'''Answers''':
1. 神社 - B
2. 仏教 - A
3. 供養 - C
4. 祭り - D
==== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ====
Complete the sentences with the correct words from the box below.
* Shinto
* Kami
* Buddhism
* Temples
1. The indigenous religion of Japan is __________.
2. __________ are spirits worshipped in Shinto.
3. __________ was introduced in Japan in the 6th century.
4. __________ are places of worship in Buddhism.
'''Answers''':
1. Shinto
2. Kami
3. Buddhism
4. Temples
==== Exercise 3: Short Answer ====
Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.
1. What is the significance of kami in Shinto?
2. How do Shinto and Buddhism coexist in Japanese society?
'''Sample Answers''':
1. Kami are significant in Shinto as they represent spirits of nature and ancestors, and they are worshipped at shrines.
2. Shinto and Buddhism coexist harmoniously, with people often participating in rituals from both religions for different life events.
==== Exercise 4: True or False ====
Determine if the statements are true or false.
1. Shinto has a single founder.
2. Buddhism teaches the Four Noble Truths.
3. All Japanese people practice both Shinto and Buddhism.
4. Festivals can celebrate both Shinto and Buddhist traditions.
'''Answers''':
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
==== Exercise 5: Create a Dialogue ====
Write a short dialogue between two friends discussing their plans to visit a Shinto shrine and a Buddhist temple. Use at least five vocabulary words from the lesson.
'''Sample Dialogue''':
A: "I want to visit a 神社 (jinja) this weekend. Have you been to one before?"
B: "Yes, I went to a festival (祭り) at a shrine last month. It was beautiful!"
A: "That sounds great! After that, let's go to a 仏教 (bukkyou) temple nearby."
B: "Good idea! We can learn more about the teachings and maybe even meditate."
==== Exercise 6: Research Project ====
Choose a local Shinto shrine or Buddhist temple and research its history and significance. Write a short report (1-2 paragraphs) summarizing your findings.
'''Suggested Points to Cover''':
* Name and location
* Historical background
* Key features (like rituals, festivals, or architecture)
==== Exercise 7: Drawing Activity ====
Draw a picture of a Shinto shrine and label its important features, such as the torii gate and the main hall (honden).
==== Exercise 8: Group Discussion ====
In small groups, discuss how Shinto and Buddhism influence modern Japanese culture, such as in festivals, ceremonies, and daily life.
==== Exercise 9: Role-play ====
In pairs, role-play a scenario where one person is a Shinto priest and the other is a Buddhist monk. Discuss how they view their respective religions and their coexistence in Japan.
==== Exercise 10: Reflection ====
Write a short reflection (3-5 sentences) on what you found most interesting about the coexistence of Shinto and Buddhism.
In this lesson, we delved into the rich tapestry of Japanese spirituality, exploring how Shinto and Buddhism shape the lives of people in Japan. By engaging with the exercises, you can deepen your understanding and appreciation of these fascinating traditions.


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|keywords=Japanese culture, religion, philosophy, Shinto, Buddhism, indigenous religion, historical origins, key beliefs, practices, cultural significance, coexistence, influence
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|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the indigenous Shinto and the imported Buddhism religions of Japan, and how they coexist and influence each other. Discover the historical origins, key beliefs, practices, and cultural significance of Shinto and Buddhism in Japanese society.
 
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==Videos==
==Videos==

Latest revision as of 23:20, 31 July 2024

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Japanese → Culture → 0 to A1 Course → Shinto and Buddhism

In this lesson, we will explore two of the most significant religions in Japan: Shinto and Buddhism. Understanding these two spiritual traditions is essential for anyone interested in Japanese culture, as they have profoundly influenced Japanese society, customs, and even the language itself.

Shinto, the indigenous faith of Japan, is deeply rooted in the country's history and landscape. It is characterized by its reverence for nature, kami (spirits), and rituals that connect the physical and spiritual worlds. Buddhism, which arrived from China through Korea in the 6th century, introduced new philosophies and practices that complemented the existing Shinto beliefs.

In this lesson, we will discuss the origins, beliefs, practices, and the fascinating ways in which Shinto and Buddhism coexist and influence each other.

The Origins of Shinto[edit | edit source]

Shinto, or "the way of the gods," is considered Japan's native religion. It lacks a formalized scripture or founder. Instead, it is based on ancient traditions and practices that honor kami, the spirits associated with natural elements, ancestors, and historical figures.

Some key features of Shinto include:

  • Kami: Spirits that can be found in natural elements like mountains, rivers, and trees.
  • Shrines (jinja): Sacred places where rituals and offerings are made to kami.
  • Rituals: Practices such as purification, offerings, and festivals that maintain harmony between humans and kami.

The Arrival of Buddhism[edit | edit source]

Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Korea around the mid-6th century. It brought with it sophisticated philosophical concepts and practices that appealed to the Japanese people. Initially, Buddhism faced resistance from Shinto adherents, but over time, the two religions began to influence each other.

Key elements of Buddhism include:

  • Buddha: The enlightened one, Siddhartha Gautama, who teaches the path to enlightenment.
  • Temples (tera or jiin): Places of worship where followers engage in meditation and rituals.
  • Teachings: Concepts such as the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which guide followers towards enlightenment.

The Coexistence of Shinto and Buddhism[edit | edit source]

One of the most intriguing aspects of Japanese culture is how Shinto and Buddhism coexist. This syncretism is evident in various practices and beliefs:

  • Jinja and Tera: Many towns have both Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples, often located close to each other.
  • Rituals: It is common for individuals to participate in Shinto rituals for life events (like birth and marriage) and Buddhist rituals for funerals and memorials.
  • Festivals: Some festivals celebrate both Shinto and Buddhist traditions, showcasing their harmonious relationship.

Examples of Shinto and Buddhism in Everyday Life[edit | edit source]

To better understand the influence of Shinto and Buddhism, here are some examples:

Japanese Pronunciation English
神社 (じんじゃ) jinja Shinto shrine
仏教 (ぶっきょう) bukkyou Buddhism
お正月 (おしょうがつ) oshougatsu New Year, celebrated with Shinto rituals
お盆 (おぼん) obon Buddhist festival honoring ancestors
祭り (まつり) matsuri Festival, often celebrating kami or Buddha
参拝 (さんぱい) sanpai Visiting a shrine or temple
供養 (くよう) kuyō Offering or memorial service in Buddhism
御神体 (ごしんたい) goshintai Sacred object of worship in Shinto
禅 (ぜん) zen Zen Buddhism, emphasizing meditation
縁結び (えんむすび) enmusubi Marriage connection, often blessed at a shrine

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

In summary, Shinto and Buddhism are two integral parts of Japanese culture that enrich people's lives, offering spiritual guidance and community connection. They have shaped Japan's identity, influencing everything from art and literature to daily rituals and festivals. Understanding these religions will not only enhance your appreciation of Japanese culture but also deepen your insight into the language itself.

Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we have explored Shinto and Buddhism, let’s put your understanding to the test with some exercises:

Exercise 1: Vocabulary Matching[edit | edit source]

Match the Japanese terms with their English meanings.

Japanese English
神社 A. Buddhism
仏教 B. Shinto shrine
供養 C. Offering or memorial service
祭り D. Festival

Answers:

1. 神社 - B

2. 仏教 - A

3. 供養 - C

4. 祭り - D

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct words from the box below.

  • Shinto
  • Kami
  • Buddhism
  • Temples

1. The indigenous religion of Japan is __________.

2. __________ are spirits worshipped in Shinto.

3. __________ was introduced in Japan in the 6th century.

4. __________ are places of worship in Buddhism.

Answers:

1. Shinto

2. Kami

3. Buddhism

4. Temples

Exercise 3: Short Answer[edit | edit source]

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

1. What is the significance of kami in Shinto?

2. How do Shinto and Buddhism coexist in Japanese society?

Sample Answers:

1. Kami are significant in Shinto as they represent spirits of nature and ancestors, and they are worshipped at shrines.

2. Shinto and Buddhism coexist harmoniously, with people often participating in rituals from both religions for different life events.

Exercise 4: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine if the statements are true or false.

1. Shinto has a single founder.

2. Buddhism teaches the Four Noble Truths.

3. All Japanese people practice both Shinto and Buddhism.

4. Festivals can celebrate both Shinto and Buddhist traditions.

Answers:

1. False

2. True

3. False

4. True

Exercise 5: Create a Dialogue[edit | edit source]

Write a short dialogue between two friends discussing their plans to visit a Shinto shrine and a Buddhist temple. Use at least five vocabulary words from the lesson.

Sample Dialogue:

A: "I want to visit a 神社 (jinja) this weekend. Have you been to one before?"

B: "Yes, I went to a festival (祭り) at a shrine last month. It was beautiful!"

A: "That sounds great! After that, let's go to a 仏教 (bukkyou) temple nearby."

B: "Good idea! We can learn more about the teachings and maybe even meditate."

Exercise 6: Research Project[edit | edit source]

Choose a local Shinto shrine or Buddhist temple and research its history and significance. Write a short report (1-2 paragraphs) summarizing your findings.

Suggested Points to Cover:

  • Name and location
  • Historical background
  • Key features (like rituals, festivals, or architecture)

Exercise 7: Drawing Activity[edit | edit source]

Draw a picture of a Shinto shrine and label its important features, such as the torii gate and the main hall (honden).

Exercise 8: Group Discussion[edit | edit source]

In small groups, discuss how Shinto and Buddhism influence modern Japanese culture, such as in festivals, ceremonies, and daily life.

Exercise 9: Role-play[edit | edit source]

In pairs, role-play a scenario where one person is a Shinto priest and the other is a Buddhist monk. Discuss how they view their respective religions and their coexistence in Japan.

Exercise 10: Reflection[edit | edit source]

Write a short reflection (3-5 sentences) on what you found most interesting about the coexistence of Shinto and Buddhism.

In this lesson, we delved into the rich tapestry of Japanese spirituality, exploring how Shinto and Buddhism shape the lives of people in Japan. By engaging with the exercises, you can deepen your understanding and appreciation of these fascinating traditions.

Table of Contents - Japanese Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Hiragana Basics


Greetings and Introductions


Geography and History


Adjectives and Adverbs


Family and Social Relations


Religion and Philosophy


Particles and Conjunctions


Travel and Tourism


Education and Science


Prepositions and Interjections


Arts and Media


Politics and Society

Videos[edit | edit source]

What Is The Ancient Japanese Religion Shinto? - YouTube[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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