Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots

Must-know words for polyglots.

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see SIL and Wiktionary

Branches of Linguistics

• linguistics
  • theoretical linguistics
    • phonology
    • morphology
    • syntax
    • semantics
    • pragmatics
  • descriptive linguistics
    • anthropological linguistics
    • historical linguistics
    • phonetics
    • etymology
    • sociolinguistics
  • applied linguistics
    • computational linguistics
    • neurolinguistics
    • psycholinguistics
  • rhetoric
  • orthography
  • lexicology
  • lexicography
  • stylistics
• semiotics

Lexicology

• varity
• dialect
• ideolect
• standard language
• lexeme
• clitic
• word
• lemma
• transliteration
• transcription
• idiom
• proverb

Historical Linguistics

• cognate

Interlinguistics

• pidgin
• creole

Sociolinguistics

• register

Phonetics and Phonology

• phone
  • consonant
  • pulmonic consonant
  • ejective consonant
  • click consonant
  • implosive consonant
• place of articulation
  • labial consonant
    • bilabial consonant
    • labiodental consonant
  • coronal consonant
    • linguolabial consonant
    • interdental consonant
    • denti-alveolar consonant
    • dental consonant
    • apical consonant
    • alveolar consonant
    • postalveolar consonant
      • palato-alveolar consonant
      • retroflex consonant
  • dorsal consonant
    • postalveolar consonant
      • alveolo-palatal consonant
    • palatal consonant
    • velar consonant
    • uvular consonant
  • laryngeal consonant
    • pharyngeal consonant
    • glottal consonant
• manner of articulation
  • obstruent
    • consonant stop consonant
    • affricate consonant
    • fricative consonant
      • sibilant
  • sonorant
    • nasal consonant
    • approximant consonant
      • semivowel
    • vibrant consonant
      • flap/tap consonant
      • trill consonant
    • liquid consonant
      • rhotic consonant
      • lateral consonant
• occlusive

• continuant
• vowel
  • close vowel
  • near-close vowel
  • close-mid vowel
  • mid vowel
  • open-mid vowel
  • near-open vowel
  • open vowel
  • front vowel
  • central vowel
  • back vowel
  • unrounded vowel & rounded vowel
  • nasal vowel
• nasalisation
• phoneme
• syllable
• sound change
• International Phonetic Alphabet

Typography

• letter
• letter case
• diacritic
• glyph
• grapheme
• writing system
  • alphabet
  • abjad
  • abugida
  • syllabary
  • semi-syllabary
  • logogram
  • ideogram
    • pictogram
      • emoji
      • emoticon

Semantics

• seme
• sememe
• function word
• content word

Morphology

• morpheme
  • bound morpheme & free morpheme
• word formation
  • loanword
    • anglicism
  • derivation
  • compound
  • blend word
    • portmanteau
  • acronym
  • calque
  • neologism
  • backward-formation
• root
  • stem
  • affix
    • prefix
    • suffix
    • infix
    • circumfix
    • interfix
    • duplifix
    • transfix
    • simulfix
    • suprafix
    • disfix

Syntax

• parse tree
  • constituency-based parse tree
  • dependency-based parse tree
• part of speech
  • conjunction
  • interjection
  • contraction
  • particle
  • classifier
  • numeral
    • cardinal number
    • ordinal number
    • multiplier
    • distributive number
    • nominal number
  • adjective
    • attributive adjective
    • predicative adjective
    • nominalized adjective
  • adverb
  • determiner
    • article
      • definite article
      • indifinite article
      • zero article
    • demonstrative determiner
    • possessive determiner
    • quantifier
  • adposition
    • preposition
    • postposition
    • circumposition
  • noun
    • countable noun
    • uncountable noun
    • collective noun
    • abstract noun
    • concrete noun
    • common noun
    • proper noun
  • pronoun
    • personal pronoun
    • reflexive pronoun
    • reciprocal pronoun
    • relative pronoun
  • verb
    • impersonal verb
    • intransitive verb
    • transitive verb
    • ditransitive verb
    • tritransitive verb
    • modal verb
    • reflexive verb
    • auxiliary verb
    • finite verb
    • nonfinite verb
      • infinitive
      • participle
      • gerund

phrase adverbial phrase adjective phrase noun phrase adpositional phrase verb phrase clause argument clause adjuctive clause predicative clause clause dependent clause clause independent clause sentence simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence compound–complex sentence declaritive sentence interrogative sentence exclamatory sentence imperative sentence instructive sentence major sentence minor sentence

copula

grammar predicate attributive complement

typography punctuation comma period exclamation mark question mark colon semicolon quotation mark guillemet apostrophe hyphen dash ellipsis slash brackets round brackets curly brackets square brackets angle brackets interpunct space typeface roman type sans-serif serif font computer font character encoding ASCII Unicode mojibake emphasis italic bold underline

calligraphy

grammatical category person first person second person third person subject object argument adjunct complement valency honorifics gender masculine feminine neuter animate inanimate case nominative case accusative case dative case ablative case genitive case vocative case locative case instrumental case oblique case tense past tense present tense future tense aspect simple aspect progressive aspect & continous aspect perfect aspect prospective aspect mood realis mood indicative mood energenic mood irrealis mood subjunctive mood conditional mood optative mood imperative mood interrogative mood jussive mood potential mood desiderative mood voice active voice passive voice inflection conjugation declension comparison positive comparative superlative polarity affirmation negation number singular plural clusivity animacy telicity topic & comment serial verb construction

attributive adverbial

hyponym and hypernym meronym holonym synonym antonym

figure of speech allusion analogy anthropomorphism cliché euphemism irony metaphor personification parallelism parody satire simile synecdoche

apposition

collocation

linguistic typology word order analystic language isolating language synthetic language fusional language agglutinative language polysynthetic language language family dialect continuum language isolate proto-language constructed language

linguistic relativity

Historical Linguistics

• Kurgan hypothesis

Lexicostatistics

• Swadesh list

-- AUTHOR --

GrimPixel

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