Difference between revisions of "Language/Kazakh/Grammar/Comparative-and-Superlative-Degrees"

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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Kazakh|Kazakh]]  → [[Language/Kazakh/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Kazakh/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Adjectives → Comparative and Superlative Degrees</div>


<div class="pg_page_title">Kazakh Grammar →  → Comparative and Superlative Degrees</div>
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== Introduction ==


As a Kazakh language teacher with over 20 years of experience, one important aspect of the language that I always make sure my students know is how to form and use comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in Kazakh. In this lesson, I will take you through the rules and guidelines on how to use these degrees in Kazakh.
Welcome to the lesson on comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in the Kazakh language! In this lesson, we will explore how to form and use comparative and superlative degrees to compare and describe different qualities of nouns in Kazakh. Understanding comparative and superlative degrees is an important aspect of building your vocabulary and expressing yourself accurately in Kazakh.


Throughout the lesson, we will provide clear explanations, numerous examples, and engaging practice exercises to help you grasp the concepts fully. We will also delve into the cultural aspects of the topic, exploring any regional variations or historical reasons for differences in usage. So let's dive in and discover the fascinating world of comparative and superlative degrees in Kazakh!


<span link>Don't miss the chance to check out these pages as you wrap up this lesson: [[Language/Kazakh/Grammar/Dative-Case|Dative Case]] & [[Language/Kazakh/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]].</span>
== Comparative Degree ==
== Comparative Degree ==


The comparative degree is used to compare two things or people. In Kazakh, the comparative degree is formed by adding the suffix "-п" directly to the adjective. If the word ends in a consonant, the suffix is added without any change. However, if the word ends in a vowel, then the suffix "-п" follows the consonant that precedes the vowel.
The comparative degree is used to compare two things or to express a higher degree of a quality. In Kazakh, the comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding the suffix "-таған" ("-tağan") to the adjective stem. Let's take a look at some examples to understand this better:
 
Here is an example table to illustrate the comparative degree:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Kazakh !! Pronunciation !! English
! Kazakh !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| бала || bala || child
|-
|-
| кіші || kishi || small
| үлкен || ülken || big
|-
|-
| бөлігі || bolіgi || part
| үлкентаған || ülken-tağan || bigger
|-
|-
| әдебиет || adəbıet || literature
| кішкентай || kişkentai || small
|-
|-
| ең сұлу || en sulu || the most expensive
| кішкентайтаған || kişkentai-tağan || smaller
|-
|-
| кішіптеу || kishipteu || smaller than
| жақсы || jaqsı || good
|-
|-
| бірдеңе || birdeñe || more beautiful than
| жақсытаған || jaqsy-tağan || better
|}
|}


As you can see from the table above, the comparative degree is formed by adding the suffix "-п" to the end of the adjective. In addition, some adjectives add the suffix "-теу" to indicate "less than". To indicate "more than," Kazakh uses the word "бірдеңе" (birdeñe), which means "one more".
As you can see from the examples, the comparative degree is formed by adding "-таған" ("-tağan") to the adjective stem. It is important to note that the vowel in the stem may change depending on the adjective. For example, in the adjective "қымбат" ("qymbat" - expensive), the vowel "ы" changes to "и" before adding the suffix, resulting in "қымбаттаған" ("qymbat-tağan" - more expensive).
 
When using the comparative degree, it is common to include the particle "жатса" ("jatsa") before the adjective to indicate the comparison. For example:
 
* Бұл кітап осы кітаптан жақсытаған. (Bul kitap osy kitap-tan jaqsy-tağan.) - This book is better than that book.
 
In this sentence, we use the comparative degree "жақсытаған" ("jaqsy-tağan") to compare the two books. The particle "жатса" ("jatsa") indicates the comparison.
 
Let's practice forming comparative degrees with some exercises.
 
=== Exercise 1 ===
Form the comparative degree of the following adjectives:
 
* қымбат (qymbat) - expensive
* жақсы (jaqsy) - good
* үлкен (ülken) - big
* кішкентай (kişkentai) - small
 
Solution:
* қымбаттаған (qymbat-tağan) - more expensive
* жақсытаған (jaqsy-tağan) - better
* үлкентаған (ülken-tağan) - bigger
* кішкентайтаған (kişkentai-tağan) - smaller
 
=== Exercise 2 ===
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate comparative degree:
 
* Осы киім озықтаған. (Osı kiim ozıq-tağan.) - This dress is ________.
* Тау өзенден тұрамақтаған. (Tau özen-den turamaq-tağan.) - The mountain is ________.
* Сендердің ойыңыз менің ойымдан ________. (Senderdıń oyıńyz meniń oym-dan ________.) - Your opinion is ________ than mine.
 
Solution:
* Осы киім озықтаған. (Osı kiim ozıq-tağan.) - This dress is tighter.
* Тау өзенден тұрамақтаған. (Tau özen-den turamaq-tağan.) - The mountain is higher.
* Сендердің ойыңыз менің ойымдан қараған. (Senderdıń oyıńyz meniń oym-dan qarağan.) - Your opinion is different than mine.


== Superlative Degree ==
== Superlative Degree ==


The superlative degree is used to indicate the highest degree or quality of something or someone. In Kazakh, the superlative degree is formed by adding the suffix "-тің ең" (ting en) to the adjective.
The superlative degree is used to express the highest or most extreme degree of a quality. In Kazakh, the superlative degree of adjectives is formed by adding the suffix "-тай" ("-tai") to the comparative degree of the adjective. Let's look at some examples:
 
Here is an example table to illustrate the superlative degree:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Kazakh !! Pronunciation !! English
! Kazakh !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| бала || bala || child
| үлкентаған || ülken-tağan || bigger
|-
|-
| кіші || kishi || small
| үлкентағантай || ülken-tağan-tai || biggest
|-
|-
| бөлігі || bolіgi || part
| кішкентайтаған || kişkentai-tağan || smaller
|-
|-
| әдебиет || adəbıet || literature
| кішкентайтағантай || kişkentai-tağan-tai || smallest
|-
|-
| ең кіші || en kishi || the smallest
| жақсытаған || jaqsy-tağan || better
|-
|-
| ең үлкен || en ulken || the biggest
| жақсытағантай || jaqsy-tağan-tai || best
|-
| ең аса || en asa || the easiest
|}
|}


As you can see from the table above, the superlative degree is formed by adding the suffix "-тің ең" to the end of the adjective. In addition, Kazakh also uses the words "ен кіші" (en kishi) and "ен үлкен" (en ulken) to mean "the smallest" and "the biggest", respectively.
As you can see from the examples, the superlative degree is formed by adding "-тай" ("-tai") to the comparative degree of the adjective. Again, it is important to note that the vowel in the comparative degree may change depending on the adjective.


When using comparative and superlative degrees in Kazakh, it is important to keep in mind the rules for forming each degree. This will help you to accurately and clearly compare and describe things or people in Kazakh.
When using the superlative degree, it is common to include the particle "ең" ("en") before the adjective to indicate the superlative degree. For example:


== Practice Exercise ==
* Осы қоныс озықтағантай күшті. (Osı qonys ozıq-tağan-tai kushti.) - This friendship is the strongest.


Now, let's practice what we learned with a few exercises. For each of the following adjectives, indicate the correct comparative and superlative degrees:
In this sentence, we use the superlative degree "озықтағантай" ("ozıq-tağan-tai") to indicate the highest degree of strength in the friendship. The particle "ең" ("en") indicates the superlative degree.


* үздік (uzdik) - unique
Now, let's practice forming superlative degrees with some exercises.
* көп (kop) - many
* жақсы (jaksy) - good
* тәжірибелі (ta'jiribe li) - experienced


Answers:
=== Exercise 3 ===
Form the superlative degree of the following adjectives:


* Comparative degree: үздікпе (uzdikpe); тәжірибеліптеу (ta'jiribe lipteu)
* қымбаттаған (qymbat-tağan) - more expensive
* Superlative degree: үздіктің ең (uzdikting en); көптің ең (kopting en); жақсылықтың ең (jaksylyktyng en); тәжірибеліліктің ең (ta'jiribe lilikting en)
* жақсытаған (jaqsy-tağan) - better
* үлкентаған (ülken-tağan) - bigger
* кішкентайтаған (kişkentai-tağan) - smaller


<span class='maj'></span>
Solution:
==Sources==
* қымбаттағантай (qymbat-tağan-tai) - most expensive
* [https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/kazakh-grammar.pdf A Grammar of Kazakh Zura Dotton, Ph.D John Doyle Wagner]
* жақсытағантай (jaqsy-tağan-tai) - best
* [https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Turkic/Kazakh%20Grammar%20with%20Affix%20List%20%28Krippes%29%20%281%29.pdf Kazakh Grammar - with Affix List]
* үлкентағантай (ülken-tağan-tai) - biggest
* кішкентайтағантай (kişkentai-tağan-tai) - smallest
 
=== Exercise 4 ===
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate superlative degree:
 
* Бұл киім озықтағантай. (Bul kiim ozıq-tağan-tai.) - This dress is ________.
* Тау өзенден тұрамақтағантай. (Tau özen-den turamaq-tağan-tai.) - The mountain is ________.
* Сендердің ойыңыз менің ойымдан ________. (Senderdıń oyıńyz meniń oym-dan ________.) - Your opinion is ________.
 
Solution:
* Бұл киім озықтағантай. (Bul kiim ozıq-tağan-tai.) - This dress is the tightest.
* Тау өзенден тұрамақтағантай. (Tau özen-den turamaq-tağan-tai.) - The mountain is the highest.
* Сендердің ойыңыз менің ойымдан қарағантай. (Senderdıń oyıńyz meniń oym-dan qarağan-tai.) - Your opinion is different than mine.
 
== Cultural Insights ==
 
Comparative and superlative degrees are used in various contexts in Kazakh society. One interesting cultural aspect is the use of comparative and superlative degrees in describing hospitality. Kazakhs take pride in their hospitality and often compete with each other in providing the best possible experience for their guests. This can be seen in the way they describe their homes or the food they offer. For example, it is common to hear phrases like "жақсытаған үй" ("jaqsy-tağan üy" - the best house) or "әдемііміздің ең жақсы бесіңіз" ("ademii-mizdiń en jaqsy besińiz" - our best five (guests)). These phrases reflect the Kazakh tradition of showing utmost respect and hospitality to guests.
 
== Conclusion ==
 
Congratulations! You have successfully learned how to form and use comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in Kazakh. This knowledge will greatly enhance your ability to express yourself accurately and compare different qualities in Kazakh. Remember to practice using comparative and superlative degrees in your conversations and written exercises to reinforce your understanding.
 
In the next lesson, we will explore another important aspect of adjectives in Kazakh - possessive adjectives. Stay tuned and keep up the great work!


{{#seo:
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|title=Kazakh Grammar → Adjectives → Comparative and Superlative Degrees
|keywords=Kazakh, grammar, comparative degree, superlative degree, adjectives
|keywords=Kazakh grammar, adjectives in Kazakh, comparative degree in Kazakh, superlative degree in Kazakh, Kazakh language, Kazakh course
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in Kazakh to compare and describe things or people accurately and clearly.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in the Kazakh language. Clear explanations, numerous examples, and engaging practice exercises are provided.
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==Sources==
* [https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/kazakh-grammar.pdf A Grammar of Kazakh Zura Dotton, Ph.D John Doyle Wagner]
* [https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Turkic/Kazakh%20Grammar%20with%20Affix%20List%20%28Krippes%29%20%281%29.pdf Kazakh Grammar - with Affix List]


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Kazakh/Grammar/Genitive-Case|Genitive Case]]
* [[Language/Kazakh/Grammar/Genitive-Case|Genitive Case]]
* [[Language/Kazakh/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]]
* [[Language/Kazakh/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]]


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Latest revision as of 00:21, 19 June 2023

◀️ Attributive and Predicative Adjectives — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Possessive Adjectives ▶️

Kazakh-language-lesson-polyglot-club.jpg
Kazakh → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Adjectives → Comparative and Superlative Degrees

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Welcome to the lesson on comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in the Kazakh language! In this lesson, we will explore how to form and use comparative and superlative degrees to compare and describe different qualities of nouns in Kazakh. Understanding comparative and superlative degrees is an important aspect of building your vocabulary and expressing yourself accurately in Kazakh.

Throughout the lesson, we will provide clear explanations, numerous examples, and engaging practice exercises to help you grasp the concepts fully. We will also delve into the cultural aspects of the topic, exploring any regional variations or historical reasons for differences in usage. So let's dive in and discover the fascinating world of comparative and superlative degrees in Kazakh!

Comparative Degree[edit | edit source]

The comparative degree is used to compare two things or to express a higher degree of a quality. In Kazakh, the comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding the suffix "-таған" ("-tağan") to the adjective stem. Let's take a look at some examples to understand this better:

Kazakh Pronunciation English Translation
үлкен ülken big
үлкентаған ülken-tağan bigger
кішкентай kişkentai small
кішкентайтаған kişkentai-tağan smaller
жақсы jaqsı good
жақсытаған jaqsy-tağan better

As you can see from the examples, the comparative degree is formed by adding "-таған" ("-tağan") to the adjective stem. It is important to note that the vowel in the stem may change depending on the adjective. For example, in the adjective "қымбат" ("qymbat" - expensive), the vowel "ы" changes to "и" before adding the suffix, resulting in "қымбаттаған" ("qymbat-tağan" - more expensive).

When using the comparative degree, it is common to include the particle "жатса" ("jatsa") before the adjective to indicate the comparison. For example:

  • Бұл кітап осы кітаптан жақсытаған. (Bul kitap osy kitap-tan jaqsy-tağan.) - This book is better than that book.

In this sentence, we use the comparative degree "жақсытаған" ("jaqsy-tağan") to compare the two books. The particle "жатса" ("jatsa") indicates the comparison.

Let's practice forming comparative degrees with some exercises.

Exercise 1[edit | edit source]

Form the comparative degree of the following adjectives:

  • қымбат (qymbat) - expensive
  • жақсы (jaqsy) - good
  • үлкен (ülken) - big
  • кішкентай (kişkentai) - small

Solution:

  • қымбаттаған (qymbat-tağan) - more expensive
  • жақсытаған (jaqsy-tağan) - better
  • үлкентаған (ülken-tağan) - bigger
  • кішкентайтаған (kişkentai-tağan) - smaller

Exercise 2[edit | edit source]

Complete the following sentences with the appropriate comparative degree:

  • Осы киім озықтаған. (Osı kiim ozıq-tağan.) - This dress is ________.
  • Тау өзенден тұрамақтаған. (Tau özen-den turamaq-tağan.) - The mountain is ________.
  • Сендердің ойыңыз менің ойымдан ________. (Senderdıń oyıńyz meniń oym-dan ________.) - Your opinion is ________ than mine.

Solution:

  • Осы киім озықтаған. (Osı kiim ozıq-tağan.) - This dress is tighter.
  • Тау өзенден тұрамақтаған. (Tau özen-den turamaq-tağan.) - The mountain is higher.
  • Сендердің ойыңыз менің ойымдан қараған. (Senderdıń oyıńyz meniń oym-dan qarağan.) - Your opinion is different than mine.

Superlative Degree[edit | edit source]

The superlative degree is used to express the highest or most extreme degree of a quality. In Kazakh, the superlative degree of adjectives is formed by adding the suffix "-тай" ("-tai") to the comparative degree of the adjective. Let's look at some examples:

Kazakh Pronunciation English Translation
үлкентаған ülken-tağan bigger
үлкентағантай ülken-tağan-tai biggest
кішкентайтаған kişkentai-tağan smaller
кішкентайтағантай kişkentai-tağan-tai smallest
жақсытаған jaqsy-tağan better
жақсытағантай jaqsy-tağan-tai best

As you can see from the examples, the superlative degree is formed by adding "-тай" ("-tai") to the comparative degree of the adjective. Again, it is important to note that the vowel in the comparative degree may change depending on the adjective.

When using the superlative degree, it is common to include the particle "ең" ("en") before the adjective to indicate the superlative degree. For example:

  • Осы қоныс озықтағантай күшті. (Osı qonys ozıq-tağan-tai kushti.) - This friendship is the strongest.

In this sentence, we use the superlative degree "озықтағантай" ("ozıq-tağan-tai") to indicate the highest degree of strength in the friendship. The particle "ең" ("en") indicates the superlative degree.

Now, let's practice forming superlative degrees with some exercises.

Exercise 3[edit | edit source]

Form the superlative degree of the following adjectives:

  • қымбаттаған (qymbat-tağan) - more expensive
  • жақсытаған (jaqsy-tağan) - better
  • үлкентаған (ülken-tağan) - bigger
  • кішкентайтаған (kişkentai-tağan) - smaller

Solution:

  • қымбаттағантай (qymbat-tağan-tai) - most expensive
  • жақсытағантай (jaqsy-tağan-tai) - best
  • үлкентағантай (ülken-tağan-tai) - biggest
  • кішкентайтағантай (kişkentai-tağan-tai) - smallest

Exercise 4[edit | edit source]

Complete the following sentences with the appropriate superlative degree:

  • Бұл киім озықтағантай. (Bul kiim ozıq-tağan-tai.) - This dress is ________.
  • Тау өзенден тұрамақтағантай. (Tau özen-den turamaq-tağan-tai.) - The mountain is ________.
  • Сендердің ойыңыз менің ойымдан ________. (Senderdıń oyıńyz meniń oym-dan ________.) - Your opinion is ________.

Solution:

  • Бұл киім озықтағантай. (Bul kiim ozıq-tağan-tai.) - This dress is the tightest.
  • Тау өзенден тұрамақтағантай. (Tau özen-den turamaq-tağan-tai.) - The mountain is the highest.
  • Сендердің ойыңыз менің ойымдан қарағантай. (Senderdıń oyıńyz meniń oym-dan qarağan-tai.) - Your opinion is different than mine.

Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]

Comparative and superlative degrees are used in various contexts in Kazakh society. One interesting cultural aspect is the use of comparative and superlative degrees in describing hospitality. Kazakhs take pride in their hospitality and often compete with each other in providing the best possible experience for their guests. This can be seen in the way they describe their homes or the food they offer. For example, it is common to hear phrases like "жақсытаған үй" ("jaqsy-tağan üy" - the best house) or "әдемііміздің ең жақсы бесіңіз" ("ademii-mizdiń en jaqsy besińiz" - our best five (guests)). These phrases reflect the Kazakh tradition of showing utmost respect and hospitality to guests.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations! You have successfully learned how to form and use comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives in Kazakh. This knowledge will greatly enhance your ability to express yourself accurately and compare different qualities in Kazakh. Remember to practice using comparative and superlative degrees in your conversations and written exercises to reinforce your understanding.

In the next lesson, we will explore another important aspect of adjectives in Kazakh - possessive adjectives. Stay tuned and keep up the great work!

Table of Contents - Kazakh Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Kazakh Pronunciation


Greetings and Basic Expressions


Kazakh Cases


Food and Drink


Verbs


Traditions and Customs


Family and Relationships


Adjectives


Traveling and Directions


Pronouns


Shopping and Consumerism


Art and Literature


Adverbs


Health and Medical Emergencies


Sports and Recreation


Prepositions and Postpositions


Nature and Environment


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Attributive and Predicative Adjectives — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Possessive Adjectives ▶️

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