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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Standard-arabic|Standard Arabic]]  → [[Language/Standard-arabic/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Standard-arabic/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Relative clauses in Arabic → Formation and usage</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Standard-arabic|Standard Arabic]]  → [[Language/Standard-arabic/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Standard-arabic/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Formation and usage</div>
 
Welcome to this lesson on the '''Passive Voice in Arabic'''! Today, we will explore how to form and use the passive voice in Standard Arabic, a vital component of the language that adds depth and variety to your communication. Understanding the passive voice is essential for expressing actions without focusing on the doer, which can be particularly useful in various contexts, such as storytelling, formal writing, and everyday conversation.
 
The passive voice is commonly used in Arabic literature and spoken language, helping convey messages more subtly and elegantly. This lesson will provide you with the tools you need to grasp the formation of the passive voice and how to use it effectively in sentences.
 
In this lesson, you can expect to find the following:
 
* An introduction to the passive voice in Arabic
 
* Detailed explanations of its formation
 
* Examples to illustrate each point
 
* Practice exercises for you to apply what you've learned
 
Let's dive into the world of the passive voice!


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Introduction to the Passive Voice ===
 
The passive voice in Arabic shifts the focus from the subject to the action itself, allowing the speaker to highlight the event rather than the actor. This can be particularly useful in formal contexts or when the doer is unknown or irrelevant. In Arabic, the passive voice is formed by modifying the verb, and it can be applied to various tenses.
 
=== Formation of the Passive Voice ===
 
In Standard Arabic, the passive voice is typically formed by altering the verb’s structure. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you understand this process.


In this lesson, we will explore the topic of relative clauses in Arabic. Relative clauses are a key component of Arabic grammar and are used to provide additional information about a noun or pronoun. Understanding how to form and use relative clauses will greatly enhance your ability to express yourself in Arabic and create more complex sentences. So let's dive in and learn all about it!
==== 1. Present Tense Passive Formation ====


== What are relative clauses? ==
To form the passive voice in the present tense, the verb is modified by adding a prefix and changing the vowel patterns. The general formula is:


A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause that provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. It begins with a relative pronoun or adverb and functions as an adjective, modifying the noun or pronoun it is related to. Relative clauses are commonly used to describe people, things, or ideas and are an essential part of Arabic sentence structure.
* '''Active Voice:''' يُكتب (yuktub) - "he writes"


== Formation of relative clauses ==
* '''Passive Voice:''' يُكتب (yuktab) - "it is written"


Relative clauses in Arabic are formed using relative pronouns or adverbs. These words serve as the link between the main clause and the subordinate clause, connecting the additional information to the noun or pronoun being described. Let's take a look at the different relative pronouns and adverbs used in Arabic:
Another example:


=== Relative pronouns ===
* '''Active Voice:''' تأكل (ta’kul) - "she eats"


Arabic has several relative pronouns that are used to introduce relative clauses. These pronouns vary depending on the gender and number of the noun or pronoun being described. Here are the most commonly used relative pronouns in Arabic:
* '''Passive Voice:''' تُؤكل (tu’kal) - "it is eaten"
 
Here is a table summarizing some present tense examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Arabic !! Pronunciation !! English
! Standard Arabic !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| يُكتب || yuktab || it is written
|-
|-
| الذي (al-ladhi) || al-ði || who, that, which
 
| تُقرأ || tuqra || it is read
 
|-
|-
| اللذان (al-lithan) || al-lðan || who, that, which (dual)
 
| تُطبخ || tutbakh || it is cooked
 
|-
|-
| اللواتي (al-lawati) || al-lawati || who, that, which (feminine plural)
 
| تُكتب || tuktab || it is written
 
|-
|-
| الذين (al-ladhina) || al-ðin || who, that, which (masculine plural)
 
| تُغسل || tughal || it is washed
 
|}
|}


=== Relative adverbs ===
==== 2. Past Tense Passive Formation ====


In addition to relative pronouns, Arabic also uses relative adverbs to introduce relative clauses. These adverbs provide further information about time, place, or reason. Here are some commonly used relative adverbs in Arabic:
To form the passive voice in the past tense, the verb is modified similarly, usually by changing the vowels and adding a prefix. The structure changes slightly based on the subject’s gender and number.
 
* '''Active Voice:''' كتب (kataba) - "he wrote"
 
* '''Passive Voice:''' كُتب (kutiba) - "it was written"
 
Here is a table summarizing some past tense examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Arabic !! Pronunciation !! English
! Standard Arabic !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| عندما (ʿindamā) || ʿindama || when
 
| كُتب || kutiba || it was written
 
|-
|-
| حيث (ḥaythu) || ḥayθu || where
 
| أُكلت || ukilat || it was eaten
 
|-
|-
| لماذا (limāḏā) || limaða || why
 
| طُبخت || tubikhat || it was cooked
 
|-
|-
| من (min) || min || from
 
| كُتبت || kutibat || it was written
 
|-
|-
| في (fī) || fi || in, at
 
| غُسلت || ghusilat || it was washed
 
|}
|}


== Usage of relative clauses ==
==== 3. Future Tense Passive Formation ====
 
In the future tense, the passive voice is formed by incorporating the appropriate future tense prefix along with the passive verb form.


Relative clauses in Arabic are used to provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. They can be used to describe people, things, or ideas, and are an essential tool for creating complex sentences. Let's explore some common ways in which relative clauses are used in Arabic:
* '''Active Voice:''' سيكتب (sayaktub) - "he will write"


=== Describing people ===
* '''Passive Voice:''' سيُكتب (sayuktab) - "it will be written"


Relative clauses are commonly used to describe people in Arabic. They provide additional information about a person's characteristics, qualities, or actions. Here are some examples:
Here is a table summarizing some future tense examples:


* هذا هو الرجل الذي يعيش في البيت. (hāḏā huwa ar-rajul al-ladhi yaʿīšu fī al-bayt.) - This is the man who lives in the house.
{| class="wikitable"
* الطبيب الذي عالجني كان محترفاً. (aṭ-ṭabīb al-ladhi ʿālaǧanī kāna muḥtarifan.) - The doctor who treated me was professional.


=== Describing things ===
! Standard Arabic !! Pronunciation !! English


Relative clauses can also be used to describe things or objects. They provide additional information about the characteristics, qualities, or functions of a particular item. Here are some examples:
|-


* هذا هو الكتاب الذي اشتريته أمس. (hāḏā huwa al-kitāb al-ladhi ištaraytuhu ʾams.) - This is the book that I bought yesterday.
| سيُكتب || sayuktab || it will be written
* السيارة التي رأيتها في الشارع كانت حمراء. (as-sayyārah allatī raʾaytuhā fī aš-šāriʿ kānat ḥamrāʾa.) - The car that I saw on the street was red.


=== Describing ideas ===
|-


Relative clauses can also be used to describe ideas, concepts, or situations. They provide additional information about the nature, cause, or effect of a particular concept. Here are some examples:
| ستُقرأ || sataqra || it will be read


* هذا هو السبب الذي أدى إلى هذه الحالة. (hāḏā huwa as-sabab al-ladhi ʾadā ʾilā haḏihi al-ḥālah.) - This is the reason that led to this situation.
|-
* القرار الذي اتخذته كان صائباً. (al-qarar al-ladhi ʾatakhaḏtuhu kāna ṣāʾiban.) - The decision that I made was correct.


== Differences from English relative clauses ==
| ستُطبخ || satutbakh || it will be cooked


While relative clauses in Arabic and English serve a similar purpose, there are some key differences in their formation and usage. Here are a few important differences to keep in mind:
|-


* Verb placement: In Arabic, the verb in a relative clause comes before the relative pronoun or adverb, whereas in English, it comes after. For example, "The book that I read" would be "الكتاب الذي قرأته" (al-kitāb al-ladhi qaraʾtuhu) in Arabic.
| ستُكتب || satuktab || it will be written
* Relative pronoun agreement: In Arabic, the relative pronoun agrees in gender and number with the noun or pronoun it is referring to. This is not the case in English. For example, "The woman who is singing" would be "المرأة التي تغني" (al-marʾah allatī taghnī) in Arabic.
* Relative pronoun omission: In Arabic, it is common to omit the relative pronoun if it is the object of the clause and preceded by a preposition. This is not possible in English. For example, "The man I saw" would be "الرجل الذي رأيته" (ar-rajul al-ladhi raʾaytuhu) in Arabic.


== Summary ==
|-


Relative clauses are an important aspect of Arabic grammar and are used to provide additional information about a noun or pronoun. They are formed using relative pronouns or adverbs and can be used to describe people, things, or ideas. Understanding how to form and use relative clauses will greatly enhance your ability to express yourself in Arabic and create more complex sentences. So keep practicing and incorporating relative clauses into your Arabic conversations and writing!
| ستُغسل || satughall || it will be washed
 
|}
 
=== Usage of the Passive Voice ===
 
Now that we've covered the formation, let's discuss when and why we use the passive voice in Arabic.
 
* '''Emphasizing the Action:''' The passive voice is particularly useful when the focus should be on the action rather than the doer. For example, in a news report, one might say "The law was passed" instead of mentioning who passed it.
 
* '''Unknown Actor:''' When the doer is unknown or irrelevant, the passive voice can be employed. For instance, "The book was lost" does not specify who lost the book.
 
* '''Formal Contexts:''' In formal writing, such as academic papers or legal documents, the passive voice is often preferred to maintain an objective tone.
 
Here are some examples illustrating these points:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Standard Arabic !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| تم إقرار القانون || tamm iqrar alqanoon || The law was passed
 
|-
 
| فُقد الكتاب || fuqda alkitab || The book was lost
 
|-
 
| أُقيم الحفل || uqim alhafl || The party was held
 
|-
 
| تمت الموافقة على الطلب || tamat almawafaqa ealaa altalab || The request was approved
 
|-
 
| وُضع الحجر الأساس || wudae alhajar al’asas || The foundation stone was laid
 
|}
 
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
To solidify your understanding of the passive voice, let’s practice! Below are some exercises designed for you to apply what you've learned.
 
==== Exercise 1: Identify the Passive Voice ====
 
Read the following sentences and identify whether they are in the passive voice or the active voice.
 
1. كُتب الدرس. 
 
2. يكتب الطالب. 
 
3. أُكلت الفاكهة. 
 
4. يقرأ المعلم الكتاب. 
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. Passive
 
2. Active
 
3. Passive
 
4. Active
 
==== Exercise 2: Convert to Passive Voice ====
 
Convert the following active sentences into passive voice.
 
1. كتب الطالب الدرس. 
 
2. أكلت الفتاة الفاكهة. 
 
3. قرأ المعلم الكتاب. 
 
4. غسلت الأم الملابس. 
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. كُتب الدرس بواسطة الطالب.
 
2. أُكلت الفاكهة بواسطة الفتاة.
 
3. أُقرأ الكتاب بواسطة المعلم.
 
4. غُسلت الملابس بواسطة الأم.
 
==== Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks ====
 
Use the correct passive form of the verb to complete the sentences.
 
1. الدرس ____ (كتب) في الساعة الثامنة. 
 
2. الطعام ____ (أُكل) بسرعة. 
 
3. الكتاب ____ (غسل) بعد القراءة. 
 
4. الحفل ____ (أُقيم) في الحديقة. 
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. كُتب
 
2. أُكل
 
3. غُسل
 
4. أُقيم
 
==== Exercise 4: Match the Sentences ====
 
Match the active sentences with their passive counterparts.
 
1. كتب المعلم الدرس. 
 
2. أكل الأطفال الطعام. 
 
3. قرأت الفتاة القصة. 
 
4. غسلت العائلة السيارة. 
 
a. أُكل الطعام. 
 
b. كُتب الدرس. 
 
c. غُسلت السيارة. 
 
d. أُقرأ القصة. 
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1 - b 
 
2 - a
 
3 - d 
 
4 - c 
 
==== Exercise 5: Rewrite the Sentences ====
 
Rewrite the following sentences in passive voice.
 
1. صنع المهندس المبنى. 
 
2. قرأ الطلاب الكتب. 
 
3. غسلت الأخت الصحون. 
 
4. أعدت الأم الطعام. 
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. أُعد المبنى بواسطة المهندس.
 
2. أُقرأ الكتب بواسطة الطلاب.
 
3. غُسلت الصحون بواسطة الأخت.
 
4. أُعد الطعام بواسطة الأم.
 
==== Exercise 6: Translate to English ====
 
Translate the following passive voice sentences into English.
 
1. كُتب الكتاب. 
 
2. أُكلت الحلوى. 
 
3. غُسلت الملابس. 
 
4. أُقيم الحفل في المدرسة. 
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. The book was written.
 
2. The dessert was eaten.
 
3. The clothes were washed.
 
4. The party was held at the school.
 
==== Exercise 7: Create Passive Sentences ====
 
Create your own passive sentences using the following verbs: كتب، قرأ، أكل، غسَل.
 
'''Example Solutions:'''
 
1. كُتب المقال.
 
2. أُقرأ الكتاب.
 
3. أُكلت الفاكهة.
 
4. غُسلت الصحون.
 
==== Exercise 8: Identify the Tense ====
 
Identify the tense of the following passive sentences.
 
1. كُتبت الرسالة. 
 
2. تُقرأ القصة. 
 
3. سُئل الطالب. 
 
4. ستُكتب الواجب. 
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. Past
 
2. Present
 
3. Past
 
4. Future
 
==== Exercise 9: Sentence Transformation ====
 
Transform the following sentences by changing them from passive to active voice.
 
1. أُقيم الحفل في المدينة. 
 
2. غُسلت السيارة. 
 
3. كُتبت الرسالة. 
 
4. أُكل الطعام. 
 
'''Solutions:'''
 
1. أقام الحفل في المدينة.
 
2. غسل السيارة.
 
3. كتب الرسالة.
 
4. أكل الطعام.
 
==== Exercise 10: Contextual Usage ====
 
Write a short paragraph using at least three passive voice sentences related to a specific event (e.g., a wedding, a festival, etc.).
 
'''Example Solution:'''
 
في حفل الزفاف، أُقيمت العديد من الفعاليات. كُتبت التهاني الجميلة في البطاقات. أُكلت الأطعمة الشهية من قبل الضيوف.
 
=== Conclusion ===
 
Congratulations on completing this lesson on the passive voice in Standard Arabic! You’ve learned how to form and use the passive voice across different tenses, as well as its significance in various contexts. Remember to practice regularly to master this essential aspect of the language.
 
As you continue your journey through the '''Complete 0 to A1 Standard Arabic Course''', keep an eye out for the next lesson, where we will explore relative clauses in Arabic!


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Latest revision as of 22:30, 29 July 2024

◀️ Differences from the active voice — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Differences from English relative clauses ▶️

Arabic-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Standard Arabic → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Formation and usage

Welcome to this lesson on the Passive Voice in Arabic! Today, we will explore how to form and use the passive voice in Standard Arabic, a vital component of the language that adds depth and variety to your communication. Understanding the passive voice is essential for expressing actions without focusing on the doer, which can be particularly useful in various contexts, such as storytelling, formal writing, and everyday conversation.

The passive voice is commonly used in Arabic literature and spoken language, helping convey messages more subtly and elegantly. This lesson will provide you with the tools you need to grasp the formation of the passive voice and how to use it effectively in sentences.

In this lesson, you can expect to find the following:

  • An introduction to the passive voice in Arabic
  • Detailed explanations of its formation
  • Examples to illustrate each point
  • Practice exercises for you to apply what you've learned

Let's dive into the world of the passive voice!

Introduction to the Passive Voice[edit | edit source]

The passive voice in Arabic shifts the focus from the subject to the action itself, allowing the speaker to highlight the event rather than the actor. This can be particularly useful in formal contexts or when the doer is unknown or irrelevant. In Arabic, the passive voice is formed by modifying the verb, and it can be applied to various tenses.

Formation of the Passive Voice[edit | edit source]

In Standard Arabic, the passive voice is typically formed by altering the verb’s structure. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you understand this process.

1. Present Tense Passive Formation[edit | edit source]

To form the passive voice in the present tense, the verb is modified by adding a prefix and changing the vowel patterns. The general formula is:

  • Active Voice: يُكتب (yuktub) - "he writes"
  • Passive Voice: يُكتب (yuktab) - "it is written"

Another example:

  • Active Voice: تأكل (ta’kul) - "she eats"
  • Passive Voice: تُؤكل (tu’kal) - "it is eaten"

Here is a table summarizing some present tense examples:

Standard Arabic Pronunciation English
يُكتب yuktab it is written
تُقرأ tuqra it is read
تُطبخ tutbakh it is cooked
تُكتب tuktab it is written
تُغسل tughal it is washed

2. Past Tense Passive Formation[edit | edit source]

To form the passive voice in the past tense, the verb is modified similarly, usually by changing the vowels and adding a prefix. The structure changes slightly based on the subject’s gender and number.

  • Active Voice: كتب (kataba) - "he wrote"
  • Passive Voice: كُتب (kutiba) - "it was written"

Here is a table summarizing some past tense examples:

Standard Arabic Pronunciation English
كُتب kutiba it was written
أُكلت ukilat it was eaten
طُبخت tubikhat it was cooked
كُتبت kutibat it was written
غُسلت ghusilat it was washed

3. Future Tense Passive Formation[edit | edit source]

In the future tense, the passive voice is formed by incorporating the appropriate future tense prefix along with the passive verb form.

  • Active Voice: سيكتب (sayaktub) - "he will write"
  • Passive Voice: سيُكتب (sayuktab) - "it will be written"

Here is a table summarizing some future tense examples:

Standard Arabic Pronunciation English
سيُكتب sayuktab it will be written
ستُقرأ sataqra it will be read
ستُطبخ satutbakh it will be cooked
ستُكتب satuktab it will be written
ستُغسل satughall it will be washed

Usage of the Passive Voice[edit | edit source]

Now that we've covered the formation, let's discuss when and why we use the passive voice in Arabic.

  • Emphasizing the Action: The passive voice is particularly useful when the focus should be on the action rather than the doer. For example, in a news report, one might say "The law was passed" instead of mentioning who passed it.
  • Unknown Actor: When the doer is unknown or irrelevant, the passive voice can be employed. For instance, "The book was lost" does not specify who lost the book.
  • Formal Contexts: In formal writing, such as academic papers or legal documents, the passive voice is often preferred to maintain an objective tone.

Here are some examples illustrating these points:

Standard Arabic Pronunciation English
تم إقرار القانون tamm iqrar alqanoon The law was passed
فُقد الكتاب fuqda alkitab The book was lost
أُقيم الحفل uqim alhafl The party was held
تمت الموافقة على الطلب tamat almawafaqa ealaa altalab The request was approved
وُضع الحجر الأساس wudae alhajar al’asas The foundation stone was laid

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

To solidify your understanding of the passive voice, let’s practice! Below are some exercises designed for you to apply what you've learned.

Exercise 1: Identify the Passive Voice[edit | edit source]

Read the following sentences and identify whether they are in the passive voice or the active voice.

1. كُتب الدرس.

2. يكتب الطالب.

3. أُكلت الفاكهة.

4. يقرأ المعلم الكتاب.

Solutions:

1. Passive

2. Active

3. Passive

4. Active

Exercise 2: Convert to Passive Voice[edit | edit source]

Convert the following active sentences into passive voice.

1. كتب الطالب الدرس.

2. أكلت الفتاة الفاكهة.

3. قرأ المعلم الكتاب.

4. غسلت الأم الملابس.

Solutions:

1. كُتب الدرس بواسطة الطالب.

2. أُكلت الفاكهة بواسطة الفتاة.

3. أُقرأ الكتاب بواسطة المعلم.

4. غُسلت الملابس بواسطة الأم.

Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Use the correct passive form of the verb to complete the sentences.

1. الدرس ____ (كتب) في الساعة الثامنة.

2. الطعام ____ (أُكل) بسرعة.

3. الكتاب ____ (غسل) بعد القراءة.

4. الحفل ____ (أُقيم) في الحديقة.

Solutions:

1. كُتب

2. أُكل

3. غُسل

4. أُقيم

Exercise 4: Match the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Match the active sentences with their passive counterparts.

1. كتب المعلم الدرس.

2. أكل الأطفال الطعام.

3. قرأت الفتاة القصة.

4. غسلت العائلة السيارة.

a. أُكل الطعام.

b. كُتب الدرس.

c. غُسلت السيارة.

d. أُقرأ القصة.

Solutions:

1 - b

2 - a

3 - d

4 - c

Exercise 5: Rewrite the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Rewrite the following sentences in passive voice.

1. صنع المهندس المبنى.

2. قرأ الطلاب الكتب.

3. غسلت الأخت الصحون.

4. أعدت الأم الطعام.

Solutions:

1. أُعد المبنى بواسطة المهندس.

2. أُقرأ الكتب بواسطة الطلاب.

3. غُسلت الصحون بواسطة الأخت.

4. أُعد الطعام بواسطة الأم.

Exercise 6: Translate to English[edit | edit source]

Translate the following passive voice sentences into English.

1. كُتب الكتاب.

2. أُكلت الحلوى.

3. غُسلت الملابس.

4. أُقيم الحفل في المدرسة.

Solutions:

1. The book was written.

2. The dessert was eaten.

3. The clothes were washed.

4. The party was held at the school.

Exercise 7: Create Passive Sentences[edit | edit source]

Create your own passive sentences using the following verbs: كتب، قرأ، أكل، غسَل.

Example Solutions:

1. كُتب المقال.

2. أُقرأ الكتاب.

3. أُكلت الفاكهة.

4. غُسلت الصحون.

Exercise 8: Identify the Tense[edit | edit source]

Identify the tense of the following passive sentences.

1. كُتبت الرسالة.

2. تُقرأ القصة.

3. سُئل الطالب.

4. ستُكتب الواجب.

Solutions:

1. Past

2. Present

3. Past

4. Future

Exercise 9: Sentence Transformation[edit | edit source]

Transform the following sentences by changing them from passive to active voice.

1. أُقيم الحفل في المدينة.

2. غُسلت السيارة.

3. كُتبت الرسالة.

4. أُكل الطعام.

Solutions:

1. أقام الحفل في المدينة.

2. غسل السيارة.

3. كتب الرسالة.

4. أكل الطعام.

Exercise 10: Contextual Usage[edit | edit source]

Write a short paragraph using at least three passive voice sentences related to a specific event (e.g., a wedding, a festival, etc.).

Example Solution:

في حفل الزفاف، أُقيمت العديد من الفعاليات. كُتبت التهاني الجميلة في البطاقات. أُكلت الأطعمة الشهية من قبل الضيوف.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations on completing this lesson on the passive voice in Standard Arabic! You’ve learned how to form and use the passive voice across different tenses, as well as its significance in various contexts. Remember to practice regularly to master this essential aspect of the language.

As you continue your journey through the Complete 0 to A1 Standard Arabic Course, keep an eye out for the next lesson, where we will explore relative clauses in Arabic!

Table of Contents - Standard Arabic Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Arabic script


Nouns and gender in Arabic


Verbs and conjugation in Arabic


Numbers and counting in Arabic


Everyday Arabic vocabulary


Food and drink vocabulary


Arabic customs and traditions


Arabic music and entertainment


Adjectives in Arabic


Pronouns in Arabic


Prepositions in Arabic


Interrogatives in Arabic


Adverbs in Arabic


Transportation vocabulary


Shopping and money vocabulary


Arabic literature and poetry


Arabic calligraphy and art


Weather vocabulary


Conditional sentences in Arabic


Passive voice in Arabic


Relative clauses in Arabic


Arabic adjectives and nouns


Arabic cinema and TV


Arabic fashion and beauty


Sports and leisure vocabulary


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Differences from the active voice — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Differences from English relative clauses ▶️

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