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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Sindhi|Sindhi]]  → [[Language/Sindhi/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Sindhi/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Advanced Grammar Concepts → Relative Clauses</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Sindhi|Sindhi]]  → [[Language/Sindhi/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Sindhi/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Relative Clauses</div>
 
Welcome to another exciting lesson in our "Complete 0 to A1 Sindhi Course"! Today, we will explore the fascinating world of '''relative clauses''' in the Sindhi language. Understanding relative clauses is essential for forming complex sentences and expressing detailed ideas, which in turn will enhance your conversational skills and comprehension in Sindhi.
 
In this lesson, we will cover:
 
* What relative clauses are and why they are important.
 
* The relative pronouns used in Sindhi.
 
* How to construct relative clauses.
 
* Examples to illustrate their usage.
 
* Practice exercises to reinforce your learning.
 
Let's dive right in!


__TOC__
__TOC__


Introduction:
=== What are Relative Clauses? ===
Relative clauses play a crucial role in Sindhi grammar as they allow us to provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence. In this lesson, we will explore the concept of relative clauses in Sindhi. We will learn how to form them, use relative pronouns, and construct complex sentences. By understanding relative clauses, you will be able to express yourself more effectively and add depth to your Sindhi conversations and writing. So let's dive into the fascinating world of relative clauses in Sindhi!
 
Relative clauses are parts of sentences that provide additional information about a noun. They help us connect ideas and add depth to our statements. For example, in English, you might say, "The book '''that I read''' was interesting." The phrase "that I read" is a relative clause that tells us more about "the book."
 
In Sindhi, relative clauses work similarly. They allow you to combine sentences and provide more context, making your language richer and more expressive.
 
=== Importance of Relative Clauses in Sindhi ===
 
Using relative clauses effectively can greatly enhance your Sindhi language skills. Here are a few reasons why they are important:
 
* '''Clarity''': They help clarify which person or thing you are talking about.
 
* '''Detail''': They allow you to provide more information in a single sentence.
 
* '''Complexity''': They enable you to create more complex sentence structures, which is a key aspect of advanced language skills.
 
Now, let's look at the relative pronouns used in Sindhi.
 
=== Relative Pronouns in Sindhi ===
 
In Sindhi, the primary relative pronoun is '''"جي" (ji)'''. This pronoun is used to introduce relative clauses and is used similarly to "that" or "who" in English.
 
Here’s a simple breakdown of how to use it:
 
* '''جي (ji)''': Used for both people and things.
 
=== Constructing Relative Clauses ===
 
To form a relative clause in Sindhi, follow these steps:
 
1. '''Identify the noun''' you want to provide more information about.
 
2. '''Use the relative pronoun "جي (ji)"''' in your clause.
 
3. '''Add the additional information''' that describes the noun.
 
For example:


== Formation of Relative Clauses ==
* "The girl who is singing is my sister."


A relative clause is a dependent clause that provides additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. In Sindhi, relative clauses are formed by using relative pronouns and relative adverbs. Let's take a closer look at each of these elements.
* In Sindhi: "جي ڳائڻ وارا ڇوڪري منهنجي ڀيڻ آهي." (ji gā'īṇ wārā chōkarī manhji bhīṇ āhe.)


=== Relative Pronouns ===
Let’s see more examples to clarify how relative clauses are structured in Sindhi.


In Sindhi, relative pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses. They serve as a bridge between the main clause and the relative clause, connecting the two together. Here are the relative pronouns commonly used in Sindhi:
=== Examples of Relative Clauses ===
 
Here are 20 examples demonstrating the use of relative clauses in Sindhi:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Sindhi !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
! Sindhi !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| ڇوڪري جيڪا ڳائيندي آهي || chōkarī jēkā gā'īndī āhe || The girl who is singing
 
|-
 
| ڪتاب جيڪو مون پڙهيو || kitāb jēkō mūn paṛhiyō || The book that I read
 
|-
 
| ماڻهو جيڪو هتي آهي || mānū jēkō hite āhe || The person who is here
 
|-
 
| گھر جيڪو نئين آهي || ghar jēkō na'īn āhe || The house that is new
 
|-
 
| پل جيڪو تباهه آهي || pal jēkō tabāh āhe || The bridge that is destroyed
 
|-
 
| کيلو جيڪو سٺو آهي || khīlō jēkō suṭhō āhe || The fruit that is good
 
|-
 
| باغ جيڪو پھلدار آهي || bāgh jēkō phaldār āhe || The garden that is fruitful
 
|-
 
| ڪم جيڪو مون ڪيو || kam jēkō mūn kiyō || The work that I did
 
|-
 
| دوست جيڪو ملڻ آيو || dōst jēkō milṇ āyō || The friend who came to meet
 
|-
|-
| جي (ji) || [ji] || who, which, that
 
| رستو جيڪو سٺو آهي || rastō jēkō suṭhō āhe || The road that is good
 
|-
|-
| کي (ki) || [ki] || whom, which, that
 
| طعام جيڪو اڄ آيو || ta'ām jēkō aĵ āyō || The food that came today
 
|-
|-
| جو (jo) || [jo] || whose, which, that
 
| گيت جيڪو توهان ڳايو || gīt jēkō tuhān gā'iyō || The song that you sang
 
|-
|-
| جيڪي (jeki) || [jeki] || whoever, whichever
|}


Let's see these relative pronouns in action with some examples:
| گاڏي جيڪا نئين آهي || gāḍī jēkā na'īn āhe || The car that is new


# هيڪ ڪتاب آهي جي چونڊي سڄي آهي. (Heek kitaab aahe ji chondi sacchi aahe.)
|-
# She is a book whose content is true.


# ھن دڪان ۾ اوھان جي چيجون آهن. (Han dukaan mein uhan ji cheejon aahin.)
| ڪتاب جيڪو اسان خريد ڪيو || kitāb jēkō asān kharīd kiyō || The book that we bought
# These are the things that are on the shop.
 
|-


# مان جو ڪون آهي علي جي دوست آهي. (Man jo kon aahe Ali ji dost aahe.)
| وڻ جيڪو هتي آهي || vaṇ jēkō hite āhe || The tree that is here
# The person who is standing is Ali's friend.


# جيڪي ڪوئي پڙهو ٿا هو پوءَ ٿي جيڏو. (Jeki koi parho tha ho poo-a thi jido.)
|-
# Whoever reads this will understand it.


As you can see, the relative pronouns "جي (ji)", "کي (ki)", "جو (jo)", and "جيڪي (jeki)" introduce the relative clauses and establish a connection with the main clause.
| تفريح جنهن ۾ مان ويندس || tafrīh jēn mān wēndas || The fun that I will go to


=== Relative Adverbs ===
|-


Apart from relative pronouns, Sindhi also uses relative adverbs to introduce relative clauses. These adverbs provide additional information about time, place, reason, or manner. Let's take a look at some commonly used relative adverbs in Sindhi:
| ميوو جيڪو مٺو آهي || mīwō jēkō miṭhō āhe || The fruit that is sweet


{| class="wikitable"
! Sindhi !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
|-
| جيہن (jihen) || [jihen] || where
 
| ڪتا جيڪو ٻاهر آهي || kutā jēkō bāhar āhe || The dog that is outside
 
|-
|-
| جيڪا (jika) || [jika] || when
 
| نوعمر جيڪو پڙهائي ۾ آهي || na'umar jēkō paṛhā'ī mein āhe || The teenager who is in school
 
|-
|-
| جيڪي (jeki) || [jeki] || why
 
| پٽ جيڪو سکيو آهي || puṭ jēkō sikhiyō āhe || The son who has learned
 
|-
|-
| جيسا (jaisa) || [jaisa] || as
 
| مڇي جيڪا سمنڊ ۾ آهي || machhī jēkā samundar mein āhe || The fish that is in the sea
 
|}
|}


Here are a few examples to illustrate the use of relative adverbs in Sindhi:
Now that you have a good grasp of forming relative clauses, it's time to practice! Below are some exercises designed to help reinforce your understanding.
 
=== Exercises ===
 
1. '''Translate the following sentences into Sindhi using relative clauses:'''
 
* The teacher who is speaking is my friend.
 
* The movie that we watched was exciting.


# هن ٻيٽ جيہن ڪنڊا مٿي ٿيا ويو. (Han beet jehen kanda mithi thiyo wayo.)
* The flower that bloomed is beautiful.
# This is the well where I drank sweet water.


# مان سچ ڪرڻ جيڪا ڪيئن آهي سچ ڪريان آهي. (Man sach karn ji jikka kiyaan aahe sach karyan aahe.)
2. '''Combine the following sentences using relative clauses:'''
# The person who does good is good.


# جيڪي ڪوئي ڪرڻ آهي، اوھان کيونڊا اچيون آهن. (Jeki koi karn aahe, uhan kiyanda achiyon aahin.)
* The boy is my cousin. He is playing outside.
# Why do they do what they do?


# توهان ٻيٽ ۾ جيسا ڪرڻ چاهيو ويو. (Tohan beet mein jaisa karn chaheyo wayo.)
* The restaurant serves delicious food. It is nearby.
# You should do as I did.


By using relative adverbs, we can provide additional information about the time, place, reason, or manner of an action or event in Sindhi.
* The book is on the table. It is mine.


== Constructing Complex Sentences with Relative Clauses ==
3. '''Complete the sentences with the correct form of the relative clause:'''


Relative clauses allow us to construct complex sentences by adding more information to the main clause. In Sindhi, relative clauses are usually placed immediately after the noun or pronoun they modify. Let's look at some examples to understand how to construct complex sentences using relative clauses:
* The car ___ (that) is parked is red.


# هيڪ مٿي ٿيون ٿا چونڊي سڄي آهي. (Heek mithi thyo tha chondi sacchi aahe.)
* The girl ___ (who) is dancing is talented.
# This is the well where sweet water was found.


# مان کي جو پتنجو آهي، اوھان کي مانجھندو ڀرائيو آهي. (Man ki jo patnjo aahe, uhan ki manjhando bharaiyo aahe.)
4. '''Identify the relative clause in the following sentences:'''
# The person whom I met is the one who won the competition.


# چوڇو جيڪي هو بچو کي مدد ڪندو آهي. (Chocho jeki ho bacho ki madad kando aahe.)
* The dog that barked last night woke me up.
# The boy whom he helps is my friend.


# مري چوڻ آهي جيڪي ٻن ڪرڻ آهي. (Mari chon aahe jeki ban karn aahe.)
* She has a friend who is a doctor.
# The task I have to do is difficult.


As you can see from these examples, relative clauses provide additional information about the noun or pronoun in the main clause, allowing us to construct more detailed and nuanced sentences in Sindhi.
5. '''Rewrite the sentences by adding relative clauses:'''


== Cultural Insights ==
* I met a man. He was very friendly.


Relative clauses are an integral part of the Sindhi language and are used extensively in both spoken and written communication. Sindhi culture places a strong emphasis on family and community, and this is reflected in the language as well. In Sindhi, it is common to use relative clauses to provide detailed information about family relationships, community connections, and social dynamics.
* They have a house. It is located in the city.


For example, a sentence like "هن کي جيڪي مان جو ئي وياهي آهي" (Han ki jeki man jo ee wiyaahi aahe) translates to "She is the one who is my sister-in-law." Here, the relative clause "جيڪي مان جو ئي وياهي آهي" (jeki man jo ee wiyaahi aahe) provides information about the speaker's relationship with the person being referred to.
=== Solutions and Explanations ===


Sindhi culture is also deeply rooted in traditional values and customs. Relative clauses are often used to describe cultural practices, traditions, and rituals. For example, a sentence like "جو ڪنهن کي جوهري چڙيو ويو" (Jo kenhin ki johri chadhiyo wayo) translates to "The person who wore the traditional jewelry." Here, the relative clause "جوهري چڙيو ويو" (johri chadhiyo wayo) provides information about the cultural practice of wearing traditional jewelry.
1.  


Sindhi literature and poetry also make extensive use of relative clauses to add depth and beauty to the language. Poets often employ relative clauses to create vivid imagery and evoke emotions in their works. By understanding relative clauses, you will not only enhance your language skills but also gain insights into the rich cultural heritage of Sindhi-speaking communities.
* "جو استاد ڳالهائي رهيو آهي، هو منهنجو دوست آهي." (jo ustād gālhā'ī rahiyō āhe, hō manhjo dōst āhe.)


== Exercises ==
* "جو فلم اسان ڏٺي، اهو دلچسپ هو." (jo film asān diṭhī, ahō dilchasap hō.)


Now, let's practice what we have learned by doing some exercises. Choose the correct relative pronoun or adverb to complete each sentence:
* "جو گلاب کليو آهي، اهو خوبصورت آهي." (jo gulāb kaliyō āhe, ahō khūbsūrat āhe.)


1. ڪون آهي جيڪي ________ سچ پڑهو ٿا؟
2.
a) جو
b) جي
c) کي
d) جيڪي


2. هي ڪتاب آهي ________ هو پڙهو ٿا ٿيو.
* "جو ڇوڪرو منهنجو کزن آهي، هو ٻاهر کيڏي رهيو آهي." (jo chōkrō manhjo kuzīn āhe, hō bāhar kheḍī rahiyō āhe.)
a) جو
b) کي
c) جي
d) جيڪي


3. توهان ڪٽي جيهن ________ سفر ڪريو ويو؟
* "جو ريسٽورنٽ مزيدار کاڌو پيش ڪري ٿو، اهو ويجهو آهي." (jo restaurant mazdār kādhō pēsh karī thō, ahō wījhō āhe.)
a) کي
b) جين
c) جيہن
d) جيڪا


4. ھو ________ پاني پيو ويو.
* "جو ڪتاب ميز تي آهي، اهو منهنجو آهي." (jo kitāb mēz tī āhe, ahō manhjo āhe.)
a) جين
b) جو
c) جوهري
d) جيڪا


5. توهان ____ کچهريءَ چڙيو ويو.
3.
a) جو
b) جيهن
c) جيڪي
d) جين


Now, let's check the answers:
* "جو گاڏي پارڪ ٿيل آهي، اهو ڳاڙهو آهي." (jo gāḍī pārk thēl āhe, ahō gāṛhō āhe.)


1. b) جي
* "جو ڇوڪري نچندي آهي، اهو باصلاحيت آهي." (jo chōkarī nachindī āhe, ahō bāsalāhit āhe.)
2. a) جو
3. c) جيہن
4. b) جو
5. c) جيڪي


== Solutions ==
4.


1. ڪون آهي جيڪي جو سچ پڑهو ٿا؟
* "جو ڪتا جيڪو گذريل رات ڀاڻو، مون کي اٿاريو." (jo kutā jēkō guzril rāt bhāṇō, mūn kē uthāriō.)
a) جو
b) جي
c) کي
d) جيڪي


2. هي ڪتاب آهي جو هو پڙهو ٿا ٿيو.
* "هن وٽ هڪ دوست آهي جيڪو ڊاڪٽر آهي." (hīṅ waṭ hik dōst āhe jēkō ḍākṭar āhe.)
a) جو
b) کي
c) جي
d) جيڪي


3. توهان ڪٽي جيهن جيہن توهان سفر ڪريو ويو؟
5.
a) کي
b) جين
c) جيہن
d) جيڪا


4. ھو جو پاني پيو ويو.
* "مون هڪ مرد سان ملڻ ڪيو، جيڪو تمام دوستانه هو." (mūn hik mard sāṅ milṇa kiyō, jēkō tamām dōstānā hō.)
a) جين
b) جو
c) جوهري
d) جيڪا


5. توهان جيڪي کچهريءَ چڙيو ويو.
* "انهن وٽ هڪ گهر آهي، جيڪو شهر ۾ آهي." (unhān waṭ hik ghar āhe, jēkō shahr mein āhe.)
a) جو
b) جيهن
c) جيڪي
d) جين


== Conclusion ==
By completing these exercises, you will reinforce your understanding of relative clauses in Sindhi. Remember, practice makes perfect!


Congratulations! You have successfully learned how to form relative clauses in Sindhi. You have explored the use of relative pronouns and relative adverbs to construct complex sentences. By mastering relative clauses, you can now add depth and nuance to your Sindhi communication. Keep practicing and incorporating relative clauses into your conversations and writing to become a more fluent and confident Sindhi speaker. Well done!
Now, as you continue your journey in learning Sindhi, keep experimenting with relative clauses in your conversations. They will not only enrich your sentences but also make your communication more effective.
 
Happy learning!


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==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 11:14, 2 August 2024

◀️ Subjunctive Mood — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Reported Speech ▶️

Sindhi-Language-PolyglotClub.png
SindhiGrammar0 to A1 Course → Relative Clauses

Welcome to another exciting lesson in our "Complete 0 to A1 Sindhi Course"! Today, we will explore the fascinating world of relative clauses in the Sindhi language. Understanding relative clauses is essential for forming complex sentences and expressing detailed ideas, which in turn will enhance your conversational skills and comprehension in Sindhi.

In this lesson, we will cover:

  • What relative clauses are and why they are important.
  • The relative pronouns used in Sindhi.
  • How to construct relative clauses.
  • Examples to illustrate their usage.
  • Practice exercises to reinforce your learning.

Let's dive right in!

What are Relative Clauses?[edit | edit source]

Relative clauses are parts of sentences that provide additional information about a noun. They help us connect ideas and add depth to our statements. For example, in English, you might say, "The book that I read was interesting." The phrase "that I read" is a relative clause that tells us more about "the book."

In Sindhi, relative clauses work similarly. They allow you to combine sentences and provide more context, making your language richer and more expressive.

Importance of Relative Clauses in Sindhi[edit | edit source]

Using relative clauses effectively can greatly enhance your Sindhi language skills. Here are a few reasons why they are important:

  • Clarity: They help clarify which person or thing you are talking about.
  • Detail: They allow you to provide more information in a single sentence.
  • Complexity: They enable you to create more complex sentence structures, which is a key aspect of advanced language skills.

Now, let's look at the relative pronouns used in Sindhi.

Relative Pronouns in Sindhi[edit | edit source]

In Sindhi, the primary relative pronoun is "جي" (ji). This pronoun is used to introduce relative clauses and is used similarly to "that" or "who" in English.

Here’s a simple breakdown of how to use it:

  • جي (ji): Used for both people and things.

Constructing Relative Clauses[edit | edit source]

To form a relative clause in Sindhi, follow these steps:

1. Identify the noun you want to provide more information about.

2. Use the relative pronoun "جي (ji)" in your clause.

3. Add the additional information that describes the noun.

For example:

  • "The girl who is singing is my sister."
  • In Sindhi: "جي ڳائڻ وارا ڇوڪري منهنجي ڀيڻ آهي." (ji gā'īṇ wārā chōkarī manhji bhīṇ āhe.)

Let’s see more examples to clarify how relative clauses are structured in Sindhi.

Examples of Relative Clauses[edit | edit source]

Here are 20 examples demonstrating the use of relative clauses in Sindhi:

Sindhi Pronunciation English
ڇوڪري جيڪا ڳائيندي آهي chōkarī jēkā gā'īndī āhe The girl who is singing
ڪتاب جيڪو مون پڙهيو kitāb jēkō mūn paṛhiyō The book that I read
ماڻهو جيڪو هتي آهي mānū jēkō hite āhe The person who is here
گھر جيڪو نئين آهي ghar jēkō na'īn āhe The house that is new
پل جيڪو تباهه آهي pal jēkō tabāh āhe The bridge that is destroyed
کيلو جيڪو سٺو آهي khīlō jēkō suṭhō āhe The fruit that is good
باغ جيڪو پھلدار آهي bāgh jēkō phaldār āhe The garden that is fruitful
ڪم جيڪو مون ڪيو kam jēkō mūn kiyō The work that I did
دوست جيڪو ملڻ آيو dōst jēkō milṇ āyō The friend who came to meet
رستو جيڪو سٺو آهي rastō jēkō suṭhō āhe The road that is good
طعام جيڪو اڄ آيو ta'ām jēkō aĵ āyō The food that came today
گيت جيڪو توهان ڳايو gīt jēkō tuhān gā'iyō The song that you sang
گاڏي جيڪا نئين آهي gāḍī jēkā na'īn āhe The car that is new
ڪتاب جيڪو اسان خريد ڪيو kitāb jēkō asān kharīd kiyō The book that we bought
وڻ جيڪو هتي آهي vaṇ jēkō hite āhe The tree that is here
تفريح جنهن ۾ مان ويندس tafrīh jēn mān wēndas The fun that I will go to
ميوو جيڪو مٺو آهي mīwō jēkō miṭhō āhe The fruit that is sweet
ڪتا جيڪو ٻاهر آهي kutā jēkō bāhar āhe The dog that is outside
نوعمر جيڪو پڙهائي ۾ آهي na'umar jēkō paṛhā'ī mein āhe The teenager who is in school
پٽ جيڪو سکيو آهي puṭ jēkō sikhiyō āhe The son who has learned
مڇي جيڪا سمنڊ ۾ آهي machhī jēkā samundar mein āhe The fish that is in the sea

Now that you have a good grasp of forming relative clauses, it's time to practice! Below are some exercises designed to help reinforce your understanding.

Exercises[edit | edit source]

1. Translate the following sentences into Sindhi using relative clauses:

  • The teacher who is speaking is my friend.
  • The movie that we watched was exciting.
  • The flower that bloomed is beautiful.

2. Combine the following sentences using relative clauses:

  • The boy is my cousin. He is playing outside.
  • The restaurant serves delicious food. It is nearby.
  • The book is on the table. It is mine.

3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the relative clause:

  • The car ___ (that) is parked is red.
  • The girl ___ (who) is dancing is talented.

4. Identify the relative clause in the following sentences:

  • The dog that barked last night woke me up.
  • She has a friend who is a doctor.

5. Rewrite the sentences by adding relative clauses:

  • I met a man. He was very friendly.
  • They have a house. It is located in the city.

Solutions and Explanations[edit | edit source]

1.

  • "جو استاد ڳالهائي رهيو آهي، هو منهنجو دوست آهي." (jo ustād gālhā'ī rahiyō āhe, hō manhjo dōst āhe.)
  • "جو فلم اسان ڏٺي، اهو دلچسپ هو." (jo film asān diṭhī, ahō dilchasap hō.)
  • "جو گلاب کليو آهي، اهو خوبصورت آهي." (jo gulāb kaliyō āhe, ahō khūbsūrat āhe.)

2.

  • "جو ڇوڪرو منهنجو کزن آهي، هو ٻاهر کيڏي رهيو آهي." (jo chōkrō manhjo kuzīn āhe, hō bāhar kheḍī rahiyō āhe.)
  • "جو ريسٽورنٽ مزيدار کاڌو پيش ڪري ٿو، اهو ويجهو آهي." (jo restaurant mazdār kādhō pēsh karī thō, ahō wījhō āhe.)
  • "جو ڪتاب ميز تي آهي، اهو منهنجو آهي." (jo kitāb mēz tī āhe, ahō manhjo āhe.)

3.

  • "جو گاڏي پارڪ ٿيل آهي، اهو ڳاڙهو آهي." (jo gāḍī pārk thēl āhe, ahō gāṛhō āhe.)
  • "جو ڇوڪري نچندي آهي، اهو باصلاحيت آهي." (jo chōkarī nachindī āhe, ahō bāsalāhit āhe.)

4.

  • "جو ڪتا جيڪو گذريل رات ڀاڻو، مون کي اٿاريو." (jo kutā jēkō guzril rāt bhāṇō, mūn kē uthāriō.)
  • "هن وٽ هڪ دوست آهي جيڪو ڊاڪٽر آهي." (hīṅ waṭ hik dōst āhe jēkō ḍākṭar āhe.)

5.

  • "مون هڪ مرد سان ملڻ ڪيو، جيڪو تمام دوستانه هو." (mūn hik mard sāṅ milṇa kiyō, jēkō tamām dōstānā hō.)
  • "انهن وٽ هڪ گهر آهي، جيڪو شهر ۾ آهي." (unhān waṭ hik ghar āhe, jēkō shahr mein āhe.)

By completing these exercises, you will reinforce your understanding of relative clauses in Sindhi. Remember, practice makes perfect!

Now, as you continue your journey in learning Sindhi, keep experimenting with relative clauses in your conversations. They will not only enrich your sentences but also make your communication more effective.

Happy learning!

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]




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