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|[[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Gurmukhi-Matra|Next Lesson — Gurmukhi Matra ▶️]]
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{{Panjabi-Page-Top}}
{{Panjabi-Page-Top}}
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Panjabi|Panjabi]]  → [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Gurmukhi Alphabet</div>


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Panjabi|Panjabi]]  → [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Introduction to Panjabi Script → Gurmukhi Alphabet</div>
Welcome to this exciting lesson on the '''Gurmukhi Alphabet'''! As a beginner in the Panjabi language, understanding the Gurmukhi script is your first step towards mastering communication in Panjabi. The Gurmukhi alphabet is not just a collection of characters; it is the foundation of the language and a gateway to the rich culture and traditions of Punjab.


__TOC__
In this lesson, we will explore:


As a Panjabi language teacher with 20 years of experience, I am excited to introduce you to the beautiful and unique Gurmukhi script. Gurmukhi is the script used to write the Panjabi language and is the official script of the state of Punjab in India. In this lesson, we will be focusing on the Gurmukhi alphabet, its vowels, consonants, and their pronunciation.
* The structure of the Gurmukhi alphabet, including vowels and consonants.


* The pronunciation of each letter.


<span link>With the completion of this lesson, consider investigating these related pages: [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]] & [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Future-Tense|Future Tense]].</span>
* Practical examples to help you connect the letters with their sounds and meanings.
== Gurmukhi Alphabet ==


The Gurmukhi alphabet consists of 35 consonants, 10 vowel symbols, and two symbols used for nasalization. The alphabet is written from left to right and does not have any capital or lowercase letters.
Let's embark on this journey together to unlock the beauty of the Panjabi language!


=== Consonants ===
__TOC__


Let's start with the consonants in the Gurmukhi alphabet. These consonants are usually arranged in the following order:
=== Understanding the Gurmukhi Alphabet ===


| ਅ || ਆ || ਇ || ਈ || ਉ || ਊ || ਏ || ਐ || ਓ || ਔ ||
The Gurmukhi script consists of 35 letters, which include vowels and consonants. Each letter has a unique sound and is integral in forming words. The beauty of Gurmukhi lies in its simplicity and phonetic nature, which means that words are pronounced as they are written.
|-
 
| a || aa || i || ee || u || oo || ae || ai || o || au |
==== Vowels in Gurmukhi ====


These vowel symbols are pronounced in a unique way in Panjabi. Their pronunciation is different from how they are pronounced in English or other languages. It is essential to learn the correct pronunciation of these vowels to speak Panjabi accurately.
Vowels are crucial in forming syllables and words. In Gurmukhi, there are '''10 vowels'''. Below, you will see the vowels along with their pronunciation and examples.


Now, let’s move on to the consonants. In the Gurmukhi alphabet, there are five rows of consonants, each representing a different part of the mouth where the sound is produced. The first row represents sounds produced from the throat, the second row represents sounds produced from the back of the mouth, the third row represents sounds produced from the middle of the mouth, the fourth row represents sounds produced from the front of the mouth, and the fifth row represents sounds produced using the lips.
{| class="wikitable"


Here is a table that lists all of the consonants in the Gurmukhi alphabet, their pronunciation, and an English equivalent sound.
! Panjabi !! Pronunciation !! English


{| class="wikitable"
! Gurmukhi !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| ਕ || k || k as in "kite"
 
| ਅ || /ə/ (a) || a
 
|-
|-
| ਖ || kh || kh as in "khaki"
 
| ਆ || /aː/ (aa) || aa
 
|-
|-
| ਗ || g || g as in "goat"
 
| ਇ || /ɪ/ (i) || i
 
|-
|-
| ਘ || gh || gh as in "ghost"
 
| ਈ || /iː/ (ee) || ee
 
|-
|-
| ਙ || ng || ng as in "sing"
 
| ਉ || /ʊ/ (u) || u
 
|-
|-
| ਚ || ch || ch as in "church"
 
| ਊ || /uː/ (oo) || oo
 
|-
|-
| ਛ || chh || chh as in "chhad (Umbrella in Panjabi)"
 
| ਏ || /eː/ (e) || e
 
|-
|-
| ਜ || j || j as in "jaguar"
 
| ਐ || /æː/ (ai) || ai
 
|-
|-
| ਝ || jh || jh as in "jheenga (prawn in Panjabi)"
 
| ਓ || /oː/ (o) || o
 
|-
|-
| ਞ || ny || ny as in "canyon"
 
| ਔ || /aʊ/ (au) || au
 
|}
 
These vowels can be combined with consonants to create various sounds in Panjabi words.
 
==== Consonants in Gurmukhi ====
 
The Gurmukhi alphabet has '''35 consonants'''. Each consonant represents a specific sound, and they can be combined with vowels to form syllables. Below is a table showcasing some of the key consonants.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Panjabi !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
|-
| ਟ || tt || tt with the tongue touching the upper teeth (no English equivalent)
 
| ਕ || /kə/ (k) || k
 
|-
|-
| ਠ || tth || tth with the tongue touching the upper teeth (no English equivalent)
 
| ਖ || /kʰə/ (kh) || kh
 
|-
|-
| ਡ || dd || dd with the tongue touching the upper teeth (no English equivalent)
 
| ਗ || /gə/ (g) || g
 
|-
|-
| ਢ || ddh || ddh with the tongue touching the upper teeth (no English equivalent)
 
| ਘ || /gʰə/ (gh) || gh
 
|-
|-
| ਣ || n || n as in "night"
 
| ਚ || /tʃə/ (ch) || ch
 
|-
|-
| ਤ || t || t as in "top"
 
| ਛ || /tʃʰə/ (chh) || chh
 
|-
|-
| ਥ || th || th as in "thin"
 
| ਜ || /dʒə/ (j) || j
 
|-
|-
| ਦ || d || d as in "dog"
 
| ਝ || /dʒʰə/ (jh) || jh
 
|-
|-
| ਧ || dh || dh as in "dhamaka (explosion in Panjabi)"
 
| ਟ || /ʈə/ (t) || t
 
|-
|-
| ਨ || n || n as in "no"
 
| ਠ || /ʈʰə/ (th) || th
 
|-
|-
| ਪ || p || p as in "pass"
 
| ਡ || /ɖə/ (d) || d
 
|-
|-
| ਫ || ph || ph as in "phone"
 
| ਢ || /ɖʰə/ (dh) || dh
 
|-
|-
| ਬ || b || b as in "boy"
 
| ਤ || /t̪ə/ (t) || t
 
|-
|-
| ਭ || bh || bh as in "bhaji (vegetable fritter in Panjabi)"
 
| ਥ || /t̪ʰə/ (th) || th
 
|-
|-
| ਮ || m || m as in "man"
 
| ਦ || /d̪ə/ (d) || d
 
|-
|-
| ਯ || y || y as in "yes"
 
| ਧ || /d̪ʰə/ (dh) || dh
 
|-
|-
| ਰ || r || r as in "run"
 
| ਪ || /pə/ (p) || p
 
|-
|-
| ਲ || l || l as in "lot"
 
| ਫ || /pʰə/ (ph) || ph
 
|-
|-
| ਵ || v || v as in "very"
 
| ਬ || /bə/ (b) || b
 
|-
|-
| ਸ਼ || sh || sh as in "sheep"
 
| ਭ || /bʰə/ (bh) || bh
 
|-
|-
| ਸ || s || s as in "same"
 
| ਮ || /mə/ (m) || m
 
|-
|-
| ਹ || h || h as in "hot"
 
| ਯ || /jə/ (y) || y
 
|-
|-
| ਕ੍ਸ || ksh || ksh as in "moksha"
 
| ਰ || /rə/ (r) || r
 
|-
|-
| ਗ੍ਹ || gh || gh as in "bagh (garden in Panjabi)"
 
| ਲ || /lə/ (l) || l
 
|-
|-
| ਜ੍ਹ || jh || jh as in "jhoomar (a folk dance)"
 
| ਵ || /və/ (v) || v
 
|-
|-
| ਫ਼ || f || f as in "fun"
 
| ਸ || /sə/ (s) || s
 
|-
|-
| ਲ਼ || l || l as in "lentil"
 
|-
| ਹ || /hə/ (h) || h
| ਖ਼ || kh || kh as in "khush (happy in Panjabi)"
 
|-
| ਸ਼ || sh || sh as in "shampoo"
|}
|}


It is essential to pay close attention to the pronunciation of each consonant when learning the Gurmukhi alphabet. The same sound may be produced differently in the Gurmukhi script, as compared to English or other languages.
With these letters, you can start forming words and sentences in Panjabi.
 
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now that you have a grasp of the Gurmukhi alphabet, it’s time to put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises designed to help you practice what you've learned.
 
==== Exercise 1: Identify the Vowel ====
 
Match the Gurmukhi vowels with their correct English pronunciation.
 
| Vowels | Match |
 
| --- | --- |
 
| 1. ਅ | A. ee |


Also, remember that every syllable in Panjabi ends with a vowel sound, which is represented by one of the ten vowels we discussed earlier or the symbols used for nasalization. When a consonant does not have an accompanying vowel, it is pronounced with an "a" sound at the end.
| 2. ਇ | B. a |


=== Vowels ===
| 3. ਆ | C. ai |


Now, let's focus on learning the ten vowel symbols in the Gurmukhi script:
| 4. ਈ | D. u |


| ਅ || ਆ || ਇ || ਈ || ਉ || ਊ || ਏ || ਐ || ਓ || ਔ ||
| 5. ਉ | E. aː |
|-
 
| a || aa || i || ee || u || oo || ae || ai || o || au |
'''Answer Key:'''
 
1. B
 
2. A
 
3. E
 
4. D
 
5. C
 
==== Exercise 2: Consonant Recognition ====
 
Identify the consonant from the given sound.
 
| Sound | Consonant |
 
| --- | --- |
 
| 1. /kə/ | A. ਖ |
 
| 2. /dʒə/ | B. ਜ |
 
| 3. /pʰə/ | C. ਪ |
 
| 4. /mə/ | D. ਮ |
 
| 5. /sə/ | E. ਸ |
 
'''Answer Key:'''
 
1. A
 
2. B
 
3. C
 
4. D
 
5. E
 
==== Exercise 3: Vowel Combinations ====
 
Fill in the blanks with the correct vowel to complete the Gurmukhi word.
 
1. ਕ__ਲ (k__l)
 
2. ਮ__ਤ (m__t)
 
3. ਚ__ਕ (ch__k)
 
'''Answer Key:'''
 
1. ਕਾ (kāl)
 
2. ਮੀ (mīt)
 
3. ਚੀ (chīk)
 
==== Exercise 4: Pronunciation Practice ====
 
Practice the following Gurmukhi words and their English meanings.
 
| Gurmukhi | English |
 
| --- | --- |
 
| ਮਾਂ | Mother |
 
| ਪਿਤਾ | Father |
 
| ਭਾਈ | Brother |
 
| ਬਹਿਨ | Sister |
 
| ਦੋਸਤ | Friend |
 
'''Answer Key:'''
 
* Pronounce each word in Gurmukhi as you read its English meaning.
 
==== Exercise 5: Construct Words ====
 
Using the vowels and consonants, create as many words as possible. For example, using ਕ (k) and ਉ (u), you can form the word ਕੁ (ku).
 
'''Answer Key:'''
 
* Possible words: ਕੁ (ku), ਖੁ (khu), ਬੁ (bu), etc.
 
==== Exercise 6: Word Matching ====
 
Match the Gurmukhi words with their English meanings.
 
| Gurmukhi | Match |
 
| --- | --- |
 
| 1. ਸੂਰਜ | A. Moon |
 
| 2. ਚੰਨ | B. Sun |
 
| 3. ਤਾਰਾ | C. Star |
 
| 4. ਅਸਮਾਨ | D. Sky |
 
'''Answer Key:'''
 
1. B
 
2. A
 
3. C
 
4. D
 
==== Exercise 7: Fill in the Gaps ====
 
Fill in the blanks with the correct Gurmukhi letters.
 
1. __ਮ (m__)
 
2. __ਪ (p__)
 
3. __ਸ (s__)
 
'''Answer Key:'''
 
1. ਮ
 
2. ਪ
 
3. ਸ
 
==== Exercise 8: Create Sentences ====
 
Using the words learned, create simple sentences.
 
| Example | Sentence |
 
| --- | --- |
 
| 1. ਮਾਂ | My mother |
 
| 2. ਪਿਤਾ | My father |
 
| 3. ਭਾਈ | My brother |
 
'''Answer Key:'''
 
* Sentences should reflect a simple structure using the vocabulary.
 
==== Exercise 9: Identify the Letter ====
 
Identify the following letters in Gurmukhi.
 
| Letter | Identification |
 
| --- | --- |
 
| 1. ਕ | A. Kh |
 
| 2. ਗ | B. G |
 
| 3. ਚ | C. Ch |
 
'''Answer Key:'''
 
1. A
 
2. B
 
3. C


Each of these vowels has a unique pronunciation that is different from the English language. For example, the vowel "a" is pronounced as "a" in "amazing" in English, while in the Gurmukhi alphabet, it is pronounced as "uh" as in "cup." Similarly, the vowel "o" is pronounced as "oh" in "go" in English, while in Panjabi, it is pronounced as "ooh" as in "boot."
==== Exercise 10: Listening Practice ====


It is crucial to practice the pronunciation of each vowel to develop a strong foundation in the Gurmukhi script.
Listen to a native speaker pronounce the following words and try to repeat them.


=== Nasalization ===
| Gurmukhi | English |


In addition to the vowels and consonants, there are two symbols used for nasalization in the Gurmukhi script. These symbols modify the pronunciation of the preceding consonant by making it sound nasal.
| --- | --- |


The first symbol for nasalization is a small dot called "bindi," which is placed above the consonant. For example:
| ਸੱਚ | Truth |


| ਮ || ਂ ||
| ਝਗੜਾ | Fight |
|-
| m || .n |


The second symbol for nasalization is a straight line called "tippi," which is placed above the consonant. For example:
| ਸਿਖ | Sikh |


| ਨ || ਃ ||
'''Answer Key:'''
|-
| n || .h |


It is essential to learn how to use these symbols correctly to accurately pronounce words in the Panjabi language.
* Focus on mimicking the pronunciation as closely as possible.


== Conclusion ==
=== Conclusion ===


Congratulations! You have learned the Gurmukhi alphabet, its vowels, consonants, and their pronunciation. With practice, you will be able to read and write in the Gurmukhi script with ease. In the next lesson, we will be learning about Gurmukhi matras and how they modify the pronunciation of consonants. Until then, keep practicing!
Congratulations on completing this lesson on the Gurmukhi alphabet! Mastering these letters is a significant step towards your journey in learning Panjabi. As you progress through this course, you will find that your understanding of these fundamentals will serve you well in constructing sentences and communicating effectively.


Keep practicing your pronunciation and writing, and don't hesitate to revisit this material as needed. Remember, learning a new language is a journey, and every step you take adds to your skills and confidence.


<span link>Excellent job on conquering this lesson! Consider delving into these related pages: [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] & [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Conjunctions|Conjunctions]].</span>
{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Panjabi Grammar → Introduction to Panjabi Script → Gurmukhi Alphabet
 
|keywords=Panjabi script, Gurmukhi alphabet, Panjabi vowels, Panjabi consonants, Panjabi language, Panjabi pronunciation
|title=Learn the Gurmukhi Alphabet for Beginners - Panjabi Language Course
|description=Learn the Gurmukhi alphabet, its vowels, consonants, and their pronunciation in this Panjabi language lesson. Explore the unique beauty of the Panjabi script and develop your skills in reading and writing in Gurmukhi.
 
|keywords=Gurmukhi Alphabet, Panjabi Language, Learn Panjabi, Gurmukhi Vowels, Gurmukhi Consonants
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn the Gurmukhi alphabet, its vowels, consonants, and their pronunciation as part of the Complete 0 to A1 Panjabi Course.
 
}}
}}


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==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Conjunctions|Conjunctions]]
* [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Conjunctions|Conjunctions]]
* [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]
* [[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]


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|[[Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Gurmukhi-Matra|Next Lesson — Gurmukhi Matra ▶️]]
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Latest revision as of 21:52, 1 August 2024

Next Lesson — Gurmukhi Matra ▶️

Punjabi-language-polyglotclub.png
Panjabi → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Gurmukhi Alphabet

Welcome to this exciting lesson on the Gurmukhi Alphabet! As a beginner in the Panjabi language, understanding the Gurmukhi script is your first step towards mastering communication in Panjabi. The Gurmukhi alphabet is not just a collection of characters; it is the foundation of the language and a gateway to the rich culture and traditions of Punjab.

In this lesson, we will explore:

  • The structure of the Gurmukhi alphabet, including vowels and consonants.
  • The pronunciation of each letter.
  • Practical examples to help you connect the letters with their sounds and meanings.

Let's embark on this journey together to unlock the beauty of the Panjabi language!

Understanding the Gurmukhi Alphabet[edit | edit source]

The Gurmukhi script consists of 35 letters, which include vowels and consonants. Each letter has a unique sound and is integral in forming words. The beauty of Gurmukhi lies in its simplicity and phonetic nature, which means that words are pronounced as they are written.

Vowels in Gurmukhi[edit | edit source]

Vowels are crucial in forming syllables and words. In Gurmukhi, there are 10 vowels. Below, you will see the vowels along with their pronunciation and examples.

Panjabi Pronunciation English
ਅ /ə/ (a) a
ਆ /aː/ (aa) aa
ਇ /ɪ/ (i) i
ਈ /iː/ (ee) ee
ਉ /ʊ/ (u) u
ਊ /uː/ (oo) oo
ਏ /eː/ (e) e
ਐ /æː/ (ai) ai
ਓ /oː/ (o) o
ਔ /aʊ/ (au) au

These vowels can be combined with consonants to create various sounds in Panjabi words.

Consonants in Gurmukhi[edit | edit source]

The Gurmukhi alphabet has 35 consonants. Each consonant represents a specific sound, and they can be combined with vowels to form syllables. Below is a table showcasing some of the key consonants.

Panjabi Pronunciation English
ਕ /kə/ (k) k
ਖ /kʰə/ (kh) kh
ਗ /gə/ (g) g
ਘ /gʰə/ (gh) gh
ਚ /tʃə/ (ch) ch
ਛ /tʃʰə/ (chh) chh
ਜ /dʒə/ (j) j
ਝ /dʒʰə/ (jh) jh
ਟ /ʈə/ (t) t
ਠ /ʈʰə/ (th) th
ਡ /ɖə/ (d) d
ਢ /ɖʰə/ (dh) dh
ਤ /t̪ə/ (t) t
ਥ /t̪ʰə/ (th) th
ਦ /d̪ə/ (d) d
ਧ /d̪ʰə/ (dh) dh
ਪ /pə/ (p) p
ਫ /pʰə/ (ph) ph
ਬ /bə/ (b) b
ਭ /bʰə/ (bh) bh
ਮ /mə/ (m) m
ਯ /jə/ (y) y
ਰ /rə/ (r) r
ਲ /lə/ (l) l
ਵ /və/ (v) v
ਸ /sə/ (s) s
ਹ /hə/ (h) h

With these letters, you can start forming words and sentences in Panjabi.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that you have a grasp of the Gurmukhi alphabet, it’s time to put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises designed to help you practice what you've learned.

Exercise 1: Identify the Vowel[edit | edit source]

Match the Gurmukhi vowels with their correct English pronunciation.

| Vowels | Match |

| --- | --- |

| 1. ਅ | A. ee |

| 2. ਇ | B. a |

| 3. ਆ | C. ai |

| 4. ਈ | D. u |

| 5. ਉ | E. aː |

Answer Key:

1. B

2. A

3. E

4. D

5. C

Exercise 2: Consonant Recognition[edit | edit source]

Identify the consonant from the given sound.

| Sound | Consonant |

| --- | --- |

| 1. /kə/ | A. ਖ |

| 2. /dʒə/ | B. ਜ |

| 3. /pʰə/ | C. ਪ |

| 4. /mə/ | D. ਮ |

| 5. /sə/ | E. ਸ |

Answer Key:

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. E

Exercise 3: Vowel Combinations[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct vowel to complete the Gurmukhi word.

1. ਕ__ਲ (k__l)

2. ਮ__ਤ (m__t)

3. ਚ__ਕ (ch__k)

Answer Key:

1. ਕਾ (kāl)

2. ਮੀ (mīt)

3. ਚੀ (chīk)

Exercise 4: Pronunciation Practice[edit | edit source]

Practice the following Gurmukhi words and their English meanings.

| Gurmukhi | English |

| --- | --- |

| ਮਾਂ | Mother |

| ਪਿਤਾ | Father |

| ਭਾਈ | Brother |

| ਬਹਿਨ | Sister |

| ਦੋਸਤ | Friend |

Answer Key:

  • Pronounce each word in Gurmukhi as you read its English meaning.

Exercise 5: Construct Words[edit | edit source]

Using the vowels and consonants, create as many words as possible. For example, using ਕ (k) and ਉ (u), you can form the word ਕੁ (ku).

Answer Key:

  • Possible words: ਕੁ (ku), ਖੁ (khu), ਬੁ (bu), etc.

Exercise 6: Word Matching[edit | edit source]

Match the Gurmukhi words with their English meanings.

| Gurmukhi | Match |

| --- | --- |

| 1. ਸੂਰਜ | A. Moon |

| 2. ਚੰਨ | B. Sun |

| 3. ਤਾਰਾ | C. Star |

| 4. ਅਸਮਾਨ | D. Sky |

Answer Key:

1. B

2. A

3. C

4. D

Exercise 7: Fill in the Gaps[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct Gurmukhi letters.

1. __ਮ (m__)

2. __ਪ (p__)

3. __ਸ (s__)

Answer Key:

1. ਮ

2. ਪ

3. ਸ

Exercise 8: Create Sentences[edit | edit source]

Using the words learned, create simple sentences.

| Example | Sentence |

| --- | --- |

| 1. ਮਾਂ | My mother |

| 2. ਪਿਤਾ | My father |

| 3. ਭਾਈ | My brother |

Answer Key:

  • Sentences should reflect a simple structure using the vocabulary.

Exercise 9: Identify the Letter[edit | edit source]

Identify the following letters in Gurmukhi.

| Letter | Identification |

| --- | --- |

| 1. ਕ | A. Kh |

| 2. ਗ | B. G |

| 3. ਚ | C. Ch |

Answer Key:

1. A

2. B

3. C

Exercise 10: Listening Practice[edit | edit source]

Listen to a native speaker pronounce the following words and try to repeat them.

| Gurmukhi | English |

| --- | --- |

| ਸੱਚ | Truth |

| ਝਗੜਾ | Fight |

| ਸਿਖ | Sikh |

Answer Key:

  • Focus on mimicking the pronunciation as closely as possible.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations on completing this lesson on the Gurmukhi alphabet! Mastering these letters is a significant step towards your journey in learning Panjabi. As you progress through this course, you will find that your understanding of these fundamentals will serve you well in constructing sentences and communicating effectively.

Keep practicing your pronunciation and writing, and don't hesitate to revisit this material as needed. Remember, learning a new language is a journey, and every step you take adds to your skills and confidence.

Table of Contents - Panjabi Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Panjabi Script


Basic Words and Phrases


Basic Sentence Structure


Everyday Vocabulary


Verbs and Tenses


Travel and Transportation


Questions and Negation


Panjabi Customs and Traditions


Hobbies and Leisure Activities


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Panjabi Literature and Media


Health and Emergencies


Expressing Opinions and Emotions


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



Next Lesson — Gurmukhi Matra ▶️

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