Language/Panjabi/Grammar/Nouns

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Panjabi Grammar - Nouns

Hi Panjabi learners! ๐Ÿ˜Š
In this lesson, we will learn about Panjabi nouns. We will discover how to identify them, the different types of nouns in Panjabi, their gender, number, and case.


Take some time to dive into these other pages after completing this lesson: Panjabi Grammar โ†’ Basic Sentence Structure โ†’ Subject-Object ..., Panjabi Grammar โ†’ Introduction to Panjabi Script โ†’ Gurmukhi ..., Emotions and Feelings & How to Use Be.

What is a noun?[edit | edit source]

A noun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea. In Panjabi, a noun is called "เจธเจฟเฉฑเจ–" (sikkh).

Example:

Panjabi Pronunciation English
เจ•เจฎเจฒ kamal Lotus

In the example above, "เจ•เจฎเจฒ" (kamal) is a noun that refers to a type of flower.

Types of Nouns[edit | edit source]

There are different types of nouns in Panjabi. Here are some examples:

เจตเจพเจ• || Vak - Common or Countable Nouns[edit | edit source]

Vak refers to common or countable nouns. These nouns can be singular or plural.

Examples:

  • เจ—เจพเจฃเจพ - Gaana (Song)
  • เจ•เจฟเจคเจพเจฌ - Kitaab (Book)

When we use a countable noun in a sentence, it takes different forms depending on whether it's in the singular or plural form. This is called "เจตเจšเจจ" (Vachan) in Panjabi.

Here's an example in the singular and plural form:

  • "เจฎเฉˆเจ‚ เจ•เจฟเจคเจพเจฌ เจชเฉœเจฆเจพ/เจชเฉœเจฆเฉ€ เจนเจพเจ‚ เฅค" (Main kitaab pardaa/pardi haan.) - I am reading a book.
  • "เจ‰เจนเจจเจพเจ‚ เจ•เจฟเจคเจพเจฌเจพเจ‚ เจจเฉ‡ เจ‰เจนเจจเฉ‚เฉฐ เจฌเจนเฉเจค เจซเจพเจ‡เจฆเจพ เจฆเจฟเฉฑเจคเจพเฅค" (Unhaan kitaabaan ne unno bahut faidaa dittaa.) - Those books gave them a lot of benefit.

เจ…เจธเจพเจงเจพเจฐเจฃ เจตเจพเจ• || Asadharn Vak - Proper Nouns[edit | edit source]

Asadharn Vak refers to proper nouns. These nouns are specific and unique. In general, proper nouns in Panjabi are capitalized.

Examples:

  • เจญเจพเจฐเจค - Bharat (India)
  • เจ•เฉฐเจชเจฟเจŠเจŸเจฐ - Computer

When we use a proper noun in a sentence, it does not take different forms.

Example:

  • "เจนเจฐเจฎเจจ เจธเจฟเฉฐเจ˜ เจจเฉ‡ เจ†เจชเจฃเฉ‡ เจ•เฉฐเจชเจฟเจŠเจŸเจฐ เจฆเฉ€ เจฎเจฆเจฆ เจจเจพเจฒ เจ—เจพเจฃเจพ เจฌเจฃเจพเจ‡เจ†เฅค" (Harman Singh ne aapne computer di madad naal gaanaa banaaya.) - Harman Singh made a song with the help of his computer.

เจจเจพเจ‡เจ• || Naik - Abstract Nouns[edit | edit source]

Naik refers to abstract nouns. These nouns are intangible and refer to emotions, ideas or concepts.

Examples:

  • เจชเฉเจฐเฉ€เจค - Preet (Love)
  • เจ†เจชเจฃเจพเจชเจฃเจพเจ‚ - Apnapanaan (Belongingness)

When we use an abstract noun in a sentence, it does not take different forms.

Example:

  • "เจฎเฉˆเจ‚ เจจเฉ‡ เจ†เจชเจฃเฉ‡ เจชเฉเจฐเฉ€เจค เจฆเจพ เจ‡เจœเจนเจพเจฐ เจ•เฉ€เจคเจพเฅค" (Mainne aapne preet da ijhaar kiita.) - I expressed my love.

Gender of Nouns[edit | edit source]

Nouns in Panjabi also have genders. They can be:

  • เจชเฉเจฒเจฟเฉฐเจ— || Puling - Masculine Gender
  • เจธเจคเจฐเฉ€เฉฐเจ— || Strieng - Feminine Gender

Here are some examples:

Panjabi Pronunciation English
เจฎเฉเฉฐเจกเจพ Munda Boy (Masculine)
เจ•เฉเฉœเฉ€ Kudi Girl (Feminine)
เจ—เฉเจฐเฉ‚ Guru Guru (Masculine)

To identify the gender of a noun in Panjabi, we consider its ending. For example, nouns ending with "เจ†เจ‚" (aan) are usually feminine, such as "เจ•เฉเฉœเฉ€" (kudi), which means girl.

Example conversation:

  • เจ•เฉ€ เจคเฉเจธเฉ€เจ‚ เจ•เฉเฉœเฉ€ เจนเฉ‹? (Kee tusi kudi ho?) - Are you a girl?
  • เจœเฉ€ เจนเจพเจ‚, เจฎเฉˆเจ‚ เจ‡เฉฑเจ• เจ•เฉเฉœเฉ€ เจนเจพเจ‚เฅค (Jee haa, main ik kudi haan.) - Yes, I am a girl.

Number of Nouns[edit | edit source]

We have already seen that in Panjabi, countable nouns can be singular or plural. Here's more detail:

  • เจ‡เจ• || Ik - One
  • เจฆเฉ‹ || Do - Two
  • เจคเจฟเฉฐเจจ || Tinn - Three
  • เจšเจพเจฐ || Char - Four
  • เจชเฉฐเจœ || Panj - Five
  • เจ›เฉ‡ || Chhe - Six
  • เจธเฉฑเจค || Satt - Seven
  • เจ…เฉฑเจ  || Att - Eight
  • เจจเฉŒเจ‚ || Nau - Nine
  • เจฆเจธ || Das - Ten

To make a noun plural, we add suffixes to the noun based on its ending.

Example:

Singular Plural
เจจเจฒ เจจเจฒเจพเจ‚

In the example above, "เจจเจฒ" (nal) is masculine and singular, whereas "เจจเจฒเจพเจ‚" (nalaan) is its plural form.

In general, masculine nouns that end with a consonant use "เจ†เจ‚" (aan) suffix for the plural form. Feminine nouns that end with a consonant use "เจˆเจ†เจ‚" (eeaan), and those that end with "เจ†" (aa) use "เจ‰เจ‚" (oon).

Example conversation:

  • เจฐเจพเจœเจพเจ‚ เจฆเจพ เจ˜เจฐ เจ•เจฟเฉฑเจฅเฉ‡ เจนเฉˆ? (Rajaan da ghar kithhe hai?) - Where is the king's palace?
  • เจฐเจพเจœเจพเจ‚ เจฆเฉ‡ เจ˜เจฐ เจตเจฟเฉฑเจš เจนเฉˆเฅค (Rajaan de ghar vich hai.) - It's inside the king's palace.

Cases of Nouns[edit | edit source]

Cases refer to the different forms a noun can take based on its function in a sentence. In Panjabi, there are ten cases for nouns.

Here are some examples:

Case Purpose Example
เจ‡เจน Nominative This is a book
เจ‰เจธ Accusative He read that book
เจ‰เจธเจจ Ergative He gave me a gift
เจ‰เจธ Vocative Girl, are you learning Hindi?

Example conversation:

  • เจ•เฉ€ เจคเฉเจธเฉ€เจ‚ เจชเฉฐเจœเจพเจฌเฉ€ เจธเจฟเฉฑเจ–เจฆเฉ‡ เจนเฉ‹? (Kee tusi panjabi sikhde ho?) - Are you learning Panjabi?
  • เจœเฉ€ เจนเจพเจ‚, เจฎเฉˆเจ‚ เจชเฉฐเจœเจพเจฌเฉ€ เจธเจฟเฉฑเจ–เจฆเฉ€ เจนเจพเจ‚เฅค (Jee haa, main panjabi sikhdi haan.) - Yes, I am learning Panjabi.

To improve your Panjabi Grammar, you can also use the Polyglot Club website. Find native speakers and ask them any questions!

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