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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Japanese|Japanese]]  → [[Language/Japanese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Japanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Particles and Conjunctions → Particles も and しか</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Japanese|Japanese]]  → [[Language/Japanese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Japanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Particles も and しか</div>


__TOC__
Welcome to today's lesson on Japanese particles, focusing specifically on '''も''' (mo) and '''しか''' (shika). Understanding these particles is crucial for expressing similarity and restriction in Japanese. As you navigate your journey through the language, mastering these particles will help you create more nuanced and meaningful sentences.


== Introduction ==
In this lesson, we will explore:


In this lesson, we will explore the usage of two important particles in Japanese grammar: も (mo) and しか (shika). These particles play a significant role in expressing similarity and restriction in sentences. Understanding how to use these particles correctly is essential for constructing meaningful and accurate Japanese sentences. Through comprehensive explanations, numerous examples, and cultural insights, you will gain a deep understanding of the usage and nuances of も and しか. Let's dive in!
* The definitions and functions of '''も''' and '''しか'''.


== The Particle も (mo) ==
* How to use these particles in various sentence structures.


The particle も (mo) is used to express similarity or inclusion in Japanese sentences. It can be translated as "also" or "too" in English. も is often used to emphasize that the subject or object of a sentence shares a particular characteristic or action with something else. Let's take a look at some examples:
* A variety of illustrative examples to solidify your understanding.


=== Examples ===
* Practical exercises to apply what you've learned.
 
Before we dive into the details, let's take a moment to understand the role of particles in Japanese. Particles are like glue that hold words together in a sentence, indicating relationships and nuances. They are essential for constructing clear and coherent expressions.
 
Now, without further ado, let’s get started!
 
__TOC__
 
=== The Particle も (mo) ===
 
'''も''' is a versatile particle that translates to "also" or "too" in English. It is used to express similarity or addition, indicating that the information presented is applicable to more than one subject or object.
 
==== Usage of も ====
 
1. '''Adding Information''': It can be used to add information about another subject or object.
 
2. '''Expressing Agreement''': It can also express agreement or similarity to a previous statement.
 
=== Examples of も ====
 
Let's look at some examples to clarify how '''も''' works in sentences.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| 彼も学生です。 || Kare mo gakusei desu. || He is also a student.
 
|-
 
| 私も行きます。 || Watashi mo ikimasu. || I will go too.
 
|-
 
| 猫も好きです。 || Neko mo suki desu. || I like cats too.
 
|-
 
| 彼女も日本人です。 || Kanojo mo Nihonjin desu. || She is also Japanese.
 
|-
 
| この本も面白いです。 || Kono hon mo omoshiroi desu. || This book is interesting too.
 
|-
 
| 兄も料理が得意です。 || Ani mo ryouri ga tokui desu. || My older brother is also good at cooking.
 
|-
 
| 私たちも参加します。 || Watashitachi mo sankashimasu. || We will also participate.
 
|-
|-
| 私 も 日本語 を 勉強しました。|| Watashi mo nihongo o benkyou shimashita. || I also studied Japanese.
 
| 友達も来ます。 || Tomodachi mo kimasu. || My friend will come too.
 
|-
|-
| 彼 も 犬 を 飼っています。|| Kare mo inu o katteimasu. || He also has a dog.
 
| 彼はピアノも弾けます。 || Kare wa piano mo hikemasu. || He can also play the piano.
 
|-
|-
| 彼女 も 映画が 好きです。|| Kanojo mo eiga ga suki desu. || She also likes movies.
 
| 彼女も英語を話します。 || Kanojo mo Eigo o hanashimasu. || She also speaks English.
 
|}
|}


In the first example, we see that the speaker is emphasizing that they studied Japanese as well. The particle も is used after the subject "私" (watashi) to indicate that the speaker shares the action of studying Japanese with someone or something else.
=== The Particle しか (shika) ===
 
On the flip side, '''しか''' is used to express limitation or restriction. It translates to "only" or "nothing but" in English. When you use '''しか''' in a sentence, you're indicating that the information that follows is the only option or is restricted.
 
==== Usage of しか ====
 
1. '''Limiting Information''': It restricts the subject or object to one option.
 
2. '''Negative Construction''': '''しか''' is often used with a negative verb to emphasize exclusivity.
 
=== Examples of しか ====
 
Now, let's see how '''しか''' functions in various sentences.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| りんごしか食べない。 || Ringo shika tabenai. || I only eat apples.
 
|-
 
| 彼女しか知らない。 || Kanojo shika shiranai. || I only know her.
 
|-
 
| この映画しか見たことがない。 || Kono eiga shika mita koto ga nai. || I've only seen this movie.
 
|-
 
| お金しか持っていない。 || Okane shika motte inai. || I only have money.
 
|-
 
| 日本語しか話せません。 || Nihongo shika hanasemasen. || I can only speak Japanese.
 
|-
 
| 彼しか頼れない。 || Kare shika tayorenai. || I can only rely on him.
 
|-
 
| 週末しか時間がない。 || Shuumatsu shika jikan ga nai. || I only have time on the weekend.
 
|-
 
| 私の犬しか遊ばない。 || Watashi no inu shika asobanai. || My dog only plays.
 
|-
 
| それしか解決策がない。 || Sore shika kaiketsusaku ga nai. || There is no solution but that.
 
|-
 
| 友達しか呼ばなかった。 || Tomodachi shika yobanakatta. || I only called friends.  


In the second example, the particle も is used after the subject "彼" (kare) to show that he also has a dog. This emphasizes the similarity between the speaker and the subject in terms of pet ownership.
|}


The third example demonstrates the use of も after the object "映画" (eiga) to express that the subject, "彼女" (kanojo), also likes movies. This highlights the shared characteristic of liking movies between the speaker and the subject.
=== Comparing も and しか ====


=== Usage Notes ===
It's important to understand the difference between '''も''' and '''しか'''. While '''も''' adds information and indicates that something is inclusive, '''しか''' restricts and indicates exclusivity.


- The particle も (mo) is placed immediately after the subject or object it modifies.
To summarize:
- When used with a subject, も emphasizes similarity or inclusion between the subject and someone or something else.
- When used with an object, も emphasizes similarity or inclusion between the object and someone or something else.


== The Particle しか (shika) ==
* '''も''' = also, too (inclusive)


The particle しか (shika) is used to express restriction or limitation in Japanese sentences. It can be translated as "only" or "nothing but" in English. しか is often used to indicate that there is a limited or exclusive option or possibility within a given context. Let's take a look at some examples:
* '''しか''' = only, nothing but (exclusive)


=== Examples ===
Here’s a quick comparison table:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Japanese !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
! Particle !! Meaning !! Example
 
|-
|-
| 私 しか 知りません。|| Watashi shika shirimasen. || I only know.
 
| も || also, too || 私も行きます。 (Watashi mo ikimasu.) - I will go too.
 
|-
|-
| 彼 は 日本語 しか 話せません。|| Kare wa nihongo shika hanasemasen. || He can only speak Japanese.
 
|-
| しか || only, nothing but || 猫しか飼っていない。 (Neko shika katte inai.) - I only have cats.
| その店 では 寿司 しか 売っていません。|| Sono mise de wa sushi shika utteimasen. || That store only sells sushi.
 
|}
|}


In the first example, the particle しか is used after the subject "私" (watashi) to express that the speaker only knows or has knowledge of a specific thing or situation. This emphasizes the limitation or exclusivity of the speaker's knowledge.
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now that we've covered the theory, let’s put your understanding to the test! Below are some exercises to help you practice using '''も''' and '''しか'''.
 
==== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ====
 
Complete the sentences with either '''も''' or '''しか'''.
 
1. 私は日本語が好きです。英語______話せます。
 
2. 彼はサッカー______できない。
 
3. りんご______食べたいです。
 
4. 私の友達______知らない。
 
5. 昨日は雨______降らなかった。
 
==== Exercise 2: Sentence Translation ====
 
Translate the following sentences into Japanese using '''も''' or '''しか'''.
 
1. I only drink coffee.
 
2. She is also a teacher.
 
3. We only have one hour.
 
4. He likes sushi too.
 
5. I can only play the guitar.
 
==== Exercise 3: Identify the Particle ====
 
Read the following sentences and identify which particle (も or しか) is being used.
 
1. 彼は学生です。私______学生です。
 
2. 猫______好きです。
 
3. これ______好きじゃない。
 
4. 彼女______来ない。
 
5. 日本に行ったことがあるのは彼______だ。
 
==== Exercise 4: Sentence Creation ====
 
Create your own sentences using '''も''' and '''しか'''. Try to use each particle at least twice.
 
1.
 
2.  


In the second example, the particle しか is used after the object "日本語" (nihongo) to indicate that the subject, "彼" (kare), can only speak Japanese. This highlights the restriction or limitation of the subject's language abilities.
3.  


The third example demonstrates the use of しか after the object "寿司" (sushi) to express that the store only sells sushi. This emphasizes the exclusive nature of the store's product offerings.
=== Solutions and Explanations ===


=== Usage Notes ===
Now, let’s go over the solutions to the exercises.


- The particle しか (shika) is placed immediately after the subject or object it modifies.
==== Solutions to Exercise 1 ====
- When used with a subject, しか emphasizes restriction or limitation on the subject.
- When used with an object, しか emphasizes restriction or limitation on the object.


== Cultural Insights ==
1. 私は日本語が好きです。英語'''も'''話せます。


Understanding the cultural context and usage of particles も and しか can greatly enhance your comprehension and communication in Japanese. Let's explore some cultural insights related to the usage of these particles.
2. 彼はサッカー'''しか'''できない。


In Japanese society, the concept of harmony and avoiding direct confrontation is highly valued. This cultural aspect often influences the use of particles like も and しか. By using these particles, speakers can indirectly express their opinions, preferences, or limitations without explicitly stating them. This indirectness allows for smoother communication and helps maintain social harmony.
3. りんご'''も'''食べたいです。


For example, when declining an invitation or request, Japanese speakers may use しか to express their limitations or unavailability without directly saying "no." By using しか, they can imply that they have no other options or possibilities within the given context. This approach helps to soften the refusal and avoids causing offense or discomfort to the other party involved.
4. 私の友達'''しか'''知らない。


Similarly, も can be used to express inclusion or similarity without explicitly stating differences or exceptions. This allows speakers to emphasize shared characteristics or actions while avoiding potential conflicts or disagreements. By using も, speakers can create a sense of unity and connection, which is highly valued in Japanese culture.
5. 昨日は雨'''も'''降らなかった。


== Practice Exercises ==
==== Solutions to Exercise 2 ====


Now, let's practice using the particles も and しか in various sentence structures. Choose the correct particle to complete each sentence.
1. 私はコーヒー'''しか'''飲まない。


Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with も or しか.
2. 彼女は'''も'''教師です。


1. 彼 は 英語 しか __ 話せません。
3. 私たちは一時間'''しか'''ない。
2. 私 も その 映画 __ 見ました。
3. あの 店 では ラーメン しか __ ありません。
4. 彼女 は ピアノ しか __ 弾けません。
5. 私 は その レストラン __ 行きました。


Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Japanese.
4. 彼は寿司'''も'''好きです。


1. I can only eat vegetables.
5. 私はギター'''しか'''弾けません。
2. He also likes sushi.
3. The store only sells books.
4. She can only speak French.
5. We also visited Kyoto.


== Exercise Solutions ==
==== Solutions to Exercise 3 ====


Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with も or しか.
1. も


1. 彼 は 英語 しか 話せません。
2. も
2. 私 も その 映画 を 見ました。
3. あの 店 では ラーメン しか ありません。
4. 彼女 は ピアノ しか 弾けません。
5. 私 は その レストラン に 行きました。


Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Japanese.
3. しか


1. 野菜 しか 食べられません。
4. しか
2. 彼 も 寿司 が 好きです。
3. その 店 では 本 しか 売っていません。
4. 彼女 は フランス語 しか 話せません。
5. 私たち も 京都 を 訪れました。


== Conclusion ==
5. しか


Congratulations! You have successfully learned how to use and contrast the particles も and しか in Japanese sentences. These particles play a crucial role in expressing similarity and restriction, and understanding their usage is vital for effective communication in Japanese. Remember to practice using も and しか in various sentence structures to reinforce your understanding. Keep up the great work, and continue exploring the fascinating world of the Japanese language and culture!
==== Solutions to Exercise 4 ====
 
(Students' answers will vary; be creative and encourage them to use their own examples.)
 
=== Conclusion ===
 
In this lesson, we explored the Japanese particles '''も''' and '''しか''' in-depth. Mastering these particles will greatly enhance your ability to express similarity and restriction in Japanese. Practice using them in your conversations, and soon they will become second nature!
 
Remember, language learning is a journey. Keep practicing, and don’t hesitate to experiment with new sentences and structures. Happy studying!


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==Videos==
==Videos==

Latest revision as of 23:22, 31 July 2024

◀️ Particles へ and を — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Conjunctions and Compound Sentences ▶️

Japan-flag-Japanese-Lessons-PolyglotClub.png
Japanese → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Particles も and しか

Welcome to today's lesson on Japanese particles, focusing specifically on も (mo) and しか (shika). Understanding these particles is crucial for expressing similarity and restriction in Japanese. As you navigate your journey through the language, mastering these particles will help you create more nuanced and meaningful sentences.

In this lesson, we will explore:

  • The definitions and functions of も and しか.
  • How to use these particles in various sentence structures.
  • A variety of illustrative examples to solidify your understanding.
  • Practical exercises to apply what you've learned.

Before we dive into the details, let's take a moment to understand the role of particles in Japanese. Particles are like glue that hold words together in a sentence, indicating relationships and nuances. They are essential for constructing clear and coherent expressions.

Now, without further ado, let’s get started!

The Particle も (mo)[edit | edit source]

も is a versatile particle that translates to "also" or "too" in English. It is used to express similarity or addition, indicating that the information presented is applicable to more than one subject or object.

Usage of も[edit | edit source]

1. Adding Information: It can be used to add information about another subject or object.

2. Expressing Agreement: It can also express agreement or similarity to a previous statement.

Examples of も =[edit | edit source]

Let's look at some examples to clarify how も works in sentences.

Japanese Pronunciation English
彼も学生です。 Kare mo gakusei desu. He is also a student.
私も行きます。 Watashi mo ikimasu. I will go too.
猫も好きです。 Neko mo suki desu. I like cats too.
彼女も日本人です。 Kanojo mo Nihonjin desu. She is also Japanese.
この本も面白いです。 Kono hon mo omoshiroi desu. This book is interesting too.
兄も料理が得意です。 Ani mo ryouri ga tokui desu. My older brother is also good at cooking.
私たちも参加します。 Watashitachi mo sankashimasu. We will also participate.
友達も来ます。 Tomodachi mo kimasu. My friend will come too.
彼はピアノも弾けます。 Kare wa piano mo hikemasu. He can also play the piano.
彼女も英語を話します。 Kanojo mo Eigo o hanashimasu. She also speaks English.

The Particle しか (shika)[edit | edit source]

On the flip side, しか is used to express limitation or restriction. It translates to "only" or "nothing but" in English. When you use しか in a sentence, you're indicating that the information that follows is the only option or is restricted.

Usage of しか[edit | edit source]

1. Limiting Information: It restricts the subject or object to one option.

2. Negative Construction: しか is often used with a negative verb to emphasize exclusivity.

Examples of しか =[edit | edit source]

Now, let's see how しか functions in various sentences.

Japanese Pronunciation English
りんごしか食べない。 Ringo shika tabenai. I only eat apples.
彼女しか知らない。 Kanojo shika shiranai. I only know her.
この映画しか見たことがない。 Kono eiga shika mita koto ga nai. I've only seen this movie.
お金しか持っていない。 Okane shika motte inai. I only have money.
日本語しか話せません。 Nihongo shika hanasemasen. I can only speak Japanese.
彼しか頼れない。 Kare shika tayorenai. I can only rely on him.
週末しか時間がない。 Shuumatsu shika jikan ga nai. I only have time on the weekend.
私の犬しか遊ばない。 Watashi no inu shika asobanai. My dog only plays.
それしか解決策がない。 Sore shika kaiketsusaku ga nai. There is no solution but that.
友達しか呼ばなかった。 Tomodachi shika yobanakatta. I only called friends.

Comparing も and しか =[edit | edit source]

It's important to understand the difference between も and しか. While も adds information and indicates that something is inclusive, しか restricts and indicates exclusivity.

To summarize:

  • も = also, too (inclusive)
  • しか = only, nothing but (exclusive)

Here’s a quick comparison table:

Particle Meaning Example
も also, too 私も行きます。 (Watashi mo ikimasu.) - I will go too.
しか only, nothing but 猫しか飼っていない。 (Neko shika katte inai.) - I only have cats.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we've covered the theory, let’s put your understanding to the test! Below are some exercises to help you practice using も and しか.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with either も or しか.

1. 私は日本語が好きです。英語______話せます。

2. 彼はサッカー______できない。

3. りんご______食べたいです。

4. 私の友達______知らない。

5. 昨日は雨______降らなかった。

Exercise 2: Sentence Translation[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences into Japanese using も or しか.

1. I only drink coffee.

2. She is also a teacher.

3. We only have one hour.

4. He likes sushi too.

5. I can only play the guitar.

Exercise 3: Identify the Particle[edit | edit source]

Read the following sentences and identify which particle (も or しか) is being used.

1. 彼は学生です。私______学生です。

2. 猫______好きです。

3. これ______好きじゃない。

4. 彼女______来ない。

5. 日本に行ったことがあるのは彼______だ。

Exercise 4: Sentence Creation[edit | edit source]

Create your own sentences using も and しか. Try to use each particle at least twice.

1.

2.

3.

Solutions and Explanations[edit | edit source]

Now, let’s go over the solutions to the exercises.

Solutions to Exercise 1[edit | edit source]

1. 私は日本語が好きです。英語も話せます。

2. 彼はサッカーしかできない。

3. りんごも食べたいです。

4. 私の友達しか知らない。

5. 昨日は雨も降らなかった。

Solutions to Exercise 2[edit | edit source]

1. 私はコーヒーしか飲まない。

2. 彼女はも教師です。

3. 私たちは一時間しかない。

4. 彼は寿司も好きです。

5. 私はギターしか弾けません。

Solutions to Exercise 3[edit | edit source]

1. も

2. も

3. しか

4. しか

5. しか

Solutions to Exercise 4[edit | edit source]

(Students' answers will vary; be creative and encourage them to use their own examples.)

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we explored the Japanese particles も and しか in-depth. Mastering these particles will greatly enhance your ability to express similarity and restriction in Japanese. Practice using them in your conversations, and soon they will become second nature!

Remember, language learning is a journey. Keep practicing, and don’t hesitate to experiment with new sentences and structures. Happy studying!

Table of Contents - Japanese Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Hiragana Basics


Greetings and Introductions


Geography and History


Adjectives and Adverbs


Family and Social Relations


Religion and Philosophy


Particles and Conjunctions


Travel and Tourism


Education and Science


Prepositions and Interjections


Arts and Media


Politics and Society

Videos[edit | edit source]

Learn Japanese Grammar Particle | soudesuka そうですか - YouTube[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Particles へ and を — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Conjunctions and Compound Sentences ▶️

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