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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Standard-arabic|Standard Arabic]]  → [[Language/Standard-arabic/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Standard-arabic/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Arabic art and architecture</div>
Welcome to this exciting lesson on Arabic art and architecture! In our journey to learn Standard Arabic, it's essential to understand not just the language but also the vibrant culture that surrounds it. Arabic art and architecture are profoundly rich and diverse, reflecting the history, traditions, and values of the Arab world.
In this lesson, we'll explore various styles and characteristics of Arabic art and architecture, providing you with a deeper appreciation for the cultural context in which the language is used. You'll discover how art and architecture are not merely aesthetic expressions but also significant elements of social identity and community spirit.


<div class="pg_page_title">Standard Arabic Culture → Arabic calligraphy and art → Arabic art and architecture</div>
'''Outline of the Lesson:'''
 
1. '''Introduction to Arabic Art and Architecture''': Importance and historical background
 
2. '''Characteristics of Arabic Art''': Calligraphy, geometric patterns, and motifs
 
3. '''Famous Architectural Styles''': Islamic architecture, traditional houses, and modern influences
 
4. '''Cultural Significance of Art and Architecture''': How these elements reflect societal values
 
5. '''Exercises and Practice Scenarios''': To reinforce your understanding
 
Let's dive into the first section!


__TOC__
__TOC__


As an Arabic teacher with over 20 years of experience, I believe that understanding the art and architecture of the Arabic world is a crucial aspect of learning the language. Not only is it a beautiful and important part of Arabic culture, but it also provides insight into the history and values of the people who speak the language.
=== Introduction to Arabic Art and Architecture ===
 
Arabic art and architecture have evolved through centuries, influenced by various cultures, religions, and historical events. From the majestic mosques with their intricate designs to the vibrant calligraphy that graces many artworks, Arabic art serves as a medium of expression that transcends language barriers.
 
'''Key Points:'''
 
* Arabic art is characterized by its avoidance of images of living beings, particularly in religious contexts, leading to the unique use of geometric patterns and calligraphy.
 
* Architecture has served both functional and symbolic purposes, with significant structures often reflecting the values and aspirations of the society that built them.


Arabic art and architecture have been shaped by a variety of influences throughout history, including Islamic traditions, diverse cultural backgrounds, and exchanges with other civilizations. Let's delve deeper into this fascinating topic together.
=== Characteristics of Arabic Art ===


Arabic art is a fascinating fusion of various elements that come together to create a unique aesthetic. Here are some key characteristics:


<span link>Finish this lesson and explore these related pages: [[Language/Standard-arabic/Culture/Tunisia-Timeline|Tunisia Timeline]] & [[Language/Standard-arabic/Culture/Arabic-dance|Arabic dance]].</span>
==== Calligraphy ====
== Arabic Art ==


Arabic art is primarily known for its intricate calligraphy, which is most commonly seen in the writing of the Quran. The art of Arabic calligraphy has a long history and is regarded as one of the highest forms of Islamic art. It is a powerful and elegant form of artistic expression that is used not only for religious purposes but also for secular works of art.
Arabic calligraphy is one of the most revered forms of art in the Arab world. It is not just writing but a means to express beauty and spirituality.


The origins of Arabic calligraphy can be traced back to the early Islamic period, where it was used to preserve the words of the Quran. Since that time, calligraphy has been used in a wide range of settings, from religious manuscripts to public buildings and monuments, and has influenced the design of Arabic material culture.
Examples of calligraphy styles:


In addition to calligraphy, other forms of Arabic art include painting, sculpture, ceramics, and textiles. Like calligraphy, these forms of art are decorated with intricate patterns and designs, often featuring geometric shapes, floral motifs, and arabesques.
{| class="wikitable"


== Arabic Architecture ==
! Style !! Description


Arabic architecture, like Arabic art, has been deeply influenced by Islamic traditions and is known for its unique style and beauty, with its characteristic domes, arches, and intricate geometric patterns.
|-


One of the most famous examples of Arabic architecture is the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. This palace and fortress complex features a stunning blend of Islamic and Christian design elements, with its intricate tile work, horseshoe arches, and elaborate courtyards.
| Diwani || Ornate, cursive style often used in royal decrees


Another notable example of Arabic architecture is the Great Mosque of Cordoba, also in Spain. Built in the 8th century, the mosque features a distinctive red and white striped arch that is considered one of the most beautiful examples of Islamic design.
|-


Arabic architecture has also had a significant influence on the design of Islamic religious buildings around the world, including mosques and mausoleums. The unique design features and aesthetic beauty of Arabic architecture continue to inspire architects and designers around the world.
| Naskh || Clear and legible style, commonly used in print


== Vocabulary ==
|-


Here are some useful Arabic vocabulary words related to art and architecture:
| Thuluth || Bold and decorative style, often seen in mosques
 
|-
 
| Kufic || Angular and geometric style, used in early manuscripts
 
|}
 
==== Geometric Patterns ====
 
Geometric patterns are a hallmark of Arabic art. They symbolize unity and the infinite nature of creation.
 
Examples of geometric patterns:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Arabic !! Pronunciation !! English
 
! Pattern Name !! Description
 
|-
|-
| الفن || al-Fann || Art
 
| Arabesque || Floral and foliage patterns intertwined
 
|-
|-
| العمارة || al-ʿImārah || Architecture
 
| Star Patterns || Interlocking stars representing celestial harmony
 
|-
|-
| الزخرفة || az-Zukhrufah || Decoration
 
| Tessellations || Repeating geometric shapes, creating a sense of movement
 
|-
|-
| الطاقة || al-Taqaah || Dome
 
| Muqarnas || Decorative vaulting used in domes and ceilings
 
|}
 
==== Motifs and Symbols ====
 
Various motifs and symbols are prevalent in Arabic art, often carrying deep meanings, such as prosperity, protection, and spirituality.
 
Examples of motifs:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Motif !! Meaning
 
|-
|-
| القبة || al-Qubah || Arch
 
| Crescent Moon || Symbol of Islam and new beginnings
 
|-
|-
| نقش || Naqsh || Pattern
 
| Pomegranate || Represents fertility and abundance
 
|-
|-
| فنان || Fannan || Artist
 
| Palm Tree || Symbol of resilience and hospitality
 
|-
|-
| مبنى || Mabnā || Building
 
| Lion || Represents strength and courage
 
|}
|}


== Conclusion ==
=== Famous Architectural Styles ===


Understanding Arabic art and architecture is an important aspect of learning the Arabic language and culture. From calligraphy to architecture, Arabic art has contributed greatly to the world's heritage, and continues to inspire people today. I hope that this lesson has given you a glimpse into the richness and beauty of Arabic art and architecture.
Arabic architecture is celebrated for its grand structures and intricate designs that tell stories of the past.


== Sources ==
==== Islamic Architecture ====
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy Arabic calligraphy]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_architecture Arabic architecture]


Islamic architecture is perhaps the most recognized style, characterized by its domes, minarets, and intricate tile work.
Examples of famous Islamic architecture:
{| class="wikitable"
! Structure !! Location !! Description
|-
| Alhambra || Spain || A palatial fortress famous for its stunning mosaics
|-
| Great Mosque of Samarra || Iraq || Known for its spiral minaret and vast courtyard
|-
| Taj Mahal || India || An iconic mausoleum symbolizing love and beauty
|-
| Dome of the Rock || Jerusalem || A sacred shrine with a stunning golden dome
|}
==== Traditional Houses ====
Traditional Arabic houses vary by region but often feature courtyards and intricate designs that reflect the climate and culture.
Examples of traditional houses:
{| class="wikitable"
! House Type !! Region !! Description
|-
| Riad || Morocco || A house with a central courtyard, lush gardens
|-
| Barjeel || UAE || A wind tower for natural cooling in hot climates
|-
| Qasr || Saudi Arabia || A fortified palace with thick walls for protection
|-
| Siq || Jordan || An ancient Nabatean dwelling carved into rock
|}
==== Modern Influences ====
Contemporary Arabic architecture often blends traditional elements with modern designs, resulting in stunning skylines.
Examples of modern architecture:
{| class="wikitable"
! Structure !! Location !! Description
|-
| Burj Khalifa || Dubai || The tallest building in the world, a symbol of modernity
|-
| Louvre Abu Dhabi || UAE || A modern museum with a unique dome design
|-
| King Abdulaziz Center for World Culture || Saudi Arabia || A cultural center with futuristic architecture
|-
| Qatar National Museum || Qatar || A museum with a design inspired by the desert rose
|}
=== Cultural Significance of Art and Architecture ===
Art and architecture are not merely decorative; they hold significant cultural value. They convey messages about identity, faith, and community.
'''Points of Cultural Significance:'''
* '''Reflection of Identity''': Art and architecture express the shared history and cultural heritage of a community.
* '''Spiritual Connection''': Many structures, especially mosques, serve as places of worship and reflection, enhancing the spiritual experience.
* '''Social Cohesion''': Art often brings communities together, celebrating shared values and traditions.
=== Exercises and Practice Scenarios ===
Now that we've explored the fascinating world of Arabic art and architecture, let's put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!
==== Exercise 1: Match the Style ====
Match the Arabic art style with its correct description.
| Style | Description |
|-------|-------------|
| A. Diwani | 1. Bold and decorative |
| B. Naskh | 2. Angular and geometric |
| C. Thuluth | 3. Ornate and cursive |
| D. Kufic | 4. Clear and legible |
'''Solution:'''
* A - 3
* B - 4
* C - 1
* D - 2
==== Exercise 2: Identify the Motif ====
Identify the meaning of the following motifs:
| Motif | Meaning |
|-------|--------|
| A. Crescent Moon | 1. Symbol of resilience |
| B. Pomegranate | 2. Represents strength |
| C. Palm Tree | 3. Symbol of Islam |
| D. Lion | 4. Represents fertility |
'''Solution:'''
* A - 3
* B - 4
* C - 1
* D - 2
==== Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks ====
Complete the sentences with the correct words from the word bank.
'''Word Bank''': mosque, calligraphy, geometric patterns, Riad
1. The __________ is a key feature in Islamic architecture, often with soaring minarets.
2. Arabic __________ is known for its beauty and is often used in religious texts.
3. Many traditional houses in Morocco are called __________ and feature a central courtyard.
4. Arabic art often includes intricate __________ that symbolize unity.
'''Solution:'''
1. mosque
2. calligraphy
3. Riad
4. geometric patterns
==== Exercise 4: True or False ====
Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
| Statement | True/False |
|-----------|------------|
| A. Arabic art often depicts living beings in religious contexts. | False |
| B. The Taj Mahal is an example of Islamic architecture. | True |
| C. Geometric patterns have no meaning in Arabic art. | False |
| D. Traditional houses in the UAE often include wind towers. | True |
'''Solution:'''
A - False
B - True
C - False
D - True
==== Exercise 5: Short Answer ====
Answer the following questions in a few sentences.
1. What is the significance of calligraphy in Arabic art?
2. Describe how modern architecture in the Arab world influences cultural identity.
'''Solution:'''
1. Calligraphy is significant in Arabic art as it combines artistic expression with spirituality, often used to convey religious texts and messages, reflecting the deep connection between art and faith in the Arab world.
2. Modern architecture in the Arab world blends traditional elements with contemporary design, reinforcing cultural identity while embracing globalization, showcasing the nation’s history and aspirations for the future.
==== Exercise 6: Describe the Structure ====
Choose one of the famous architectural structures mentioned and describe its significance in a short paragraph.
'''Solution:'''
Students can select any of the previously mentioned structures, such as the Alhambra or the Great Mosque of Samarra, and describe its historical significance, architectural style, and cultural impact on the society it represents.
==== Exercise 7: Create Your Own Motif ====
Design your own geometric pattern or motif inspired by Arabic art. Describe its meaning and how it reflects cultural values.
'''Solution:'''
Students are encouraged to create their own designs and provide a brief explanation of the symbolism behind their creation, fostering creativity and personal connection to the subject matter.
==== Exercise 8: Research Assignment ====
Choose a famous Arabic artist or architect and write a brief biography. Include their contributions to the field and how they influenced Arabic art and architecture.
'''Solution:'''
Students can research figures such as Zaha Hadid or calligraphers like Hassan Massoudy, highlighting their achievements and lasting impact on the art world.
==== Exercise 9: Group Discussion ====
In small groups, discuss how Arabic art and architecture can foster community identity. Share examples from your own culture.
'''Solution:'''
Students will engage in discussions, sharing insights on the role of art and architecture in their communities and drawing parallels with Arabic culture.
==== Exercise 10: Reflection ====
Reflect on what you learned in this lesson and how it has changed your perspective on Arabic culture.
'''Solution:'''
Students will write a short reflection on their learning experience, emphasizing new insights about the significance of art and architecture in shaping cultural identity.
Thank you for joining this enriching lesson on Arabic art and architecture! I hope you now have a greater appreciation for the beauty and complexity of Arabic culture and how it intertwines with the language. Keep exploring, and I look forward to our next lesson together!


<span link>Having concluded this lesson, consider checking out these related pages: [[Language/Standard-arabic/Culture/Celebrations-and-events:-Ramadan-and-Eid|Celebrations and events: Ramadan and Eid]] & [[Language/Standard-arabic/Culture/Sudan-Timeline|Sudan Timeline]].</span>
{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Standard Arabic Culture - Arabic Calligraphy and Art - Arabic Art and Architecture
 
|keywords=standard arabic culture, arabic calligraphy, arabic art, arab architecture, islamic traditions
|title=Arabic Art and Architecture: A Cultural Journey
|description=Understanding Arabic art and architecture is an important aspect of learning the Arabic language and culture. Arabic art has contributed greatly to the world's heritage, from calligraphy to architecture...
 
|keywords=Arabic art, architecture, calligraphy, geometric patterns, Islamic architecture, cultural significance
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the various styles and characteristics of Arabic art and architecture, exploring their cultural significance and historical context.
 
}}
}}


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==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Standard-arabic/Culture/Celebrations-and-events:-Ramadan-and-Eid|Celebrations and events: Ramadan and Eid]]
* [[Language/Standard-arabic/Culture/Celebrations-and-events:-Ramadan-and-Eid|Celebrations and events: Ramadan and Eid]]
* [[Language/Standard-arabic/Culture/Arabic-dance|Arabic dance]]
* [[Language/Standard-arabic/Culture/Arabic-dance|Arabic dance]]


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Latest revision as of 22:28, 29 July 2024

◀️ History of Arabic calligraphy — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Basic weather vocabulary ▶️

Arabic-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Standard ArabicCulture0 to A1 Course → Arabic art and architecture

Welcome to this exciting lesson on Arabic art and architecture! In our journey to learn Standard Arabic, it's essential to understand not just the language but also the vibrant culture that surrounds it. Arabic art and architecture are profoundly rich and diverse, reflecting the history, traditions, and values of the Arab world.

In this lesson, we'll explore various styles and characteristics of Arabic art and architecture, providing you with a deeper appreciation for the cultural context in which the language is used. You'll discover how art and architecture are not merely aesthetic expressions but also significant elements of social identity and community spirit.

Outline of the Lesson:

1. Introduction to Arabic Art and Architecture: Importance and historical background

2. Characteristics of Arabic Art: Calligraphy, geometric patterns, and motifs

3. Famous Architectural Styles: Islamic architecture, traditional houses, and modern influences

4. Cultural Significance of Art and Architecture: How these elements reflect societal values

5. Exercises and Practice Scenarios: To reinforce your understanding

Let's dive into the first section!

Introduction to Arabic Art and Architecture[edit | edit source]

Arabic art and architecture have evolved through centuries, influenced by various cultures, religions, and historical events. From the majestic mosques with their intricate designs to the vibrant calligraphy that graces many artworks, Arabic art serves as a medium of expression that transcends language barriers.

Key Points:

  • Arabic art is characterized by its avoidance of images of living beings, particularly in religious contexts, leading to the unique use of geometric patterns and calligraphy.
  • Architecture has served both functional and symbolic purposes, with significant structures often reflecting the values and aspirations of the society that built them.

Characteristics of Arabic Art[edit | edit source]

Arabic art is a fascinating fusion of various elements that come together to create a unique aesthetic. Here are some key characteristics:

Calligraphy[edit | edit source]

Arabic calligraphy is one of the most revered forms of art in the Arab world. It is not just writing but a means to express beauty and spirituality.

Examples of calligraphy styles:

Style Description
Diwani Ornate, cursive style often used in royal decrees
Naskh Clear and legible style, commonly used in print
Thuluth Bold and decorative style, often seen in mosques
Kufic Angular and geometric style, used in early manuscripts

Geometric Patterns[edit | edit source]

Geometric patterns are a hallmark of Arabic art. They symbolize unity and the infinite nature of creation.

Examples of geometric patterns:

Pattern Name Description
Arabesque Floral and foliage patterns intertwined
Star Patterns Interlocking stars representing celestial harmony
Tessellations Repeating geometric shapes, creating a sense of movement
Muqarnas Decorative vaulting used in domes and ceilings

Motifs and Symbols[edit | edit source]

Various motifs and symbols are prevalent in Arabic art, often carrying deep meanings, such as prosperity, protection, and spirituality.

Examples of motifs:

Motif Meaning
Crescent Moon Symbol of Islam and new beginnings
Pomegranate Represents fertility and abundance
Palm Tree Symbol of resilience and hospitality
Lion Represents strength and courage

Famous Architectural Styles[edit | edit source]

Arabic architecture is celebrated for its grand structures and intricate designs that tell stories of the past.

Islamic Architecture[edit | edit source]

Islamic architecture is perhaps the most recognized style, characterized by its domes, minarets, and intricate tile work.

Examples of famous Islamic architecture:

Structure Location Description
Alhambra Spain A palatial fortress famous for its stunning mosaics
Great Mosque of Samarra Iraq Known for its spiral minaret and vast courtyard
Taj Mahal India An iconic mausoleum symbolizing love and beauty
Dome of the Rock Jerusalem A sacred shrine with a stunning golden dome

Traditional Houses[edit | edit source]

Traditional Arabic houses vary by region but often feature courtyards and intricate designs that reflect the climate and culture.

Examples of traditional houses:

House Type Region Description
Riad Morocco A house with a central courtyard, lush gardens
Barjeel UAE A wind tower for natural cooling in hot climates
Qasr Saudi Arabia A fortified palace with thick walls for protection
Siq Jordan An ancient Nabatean dwelling carved into rock

Modern Influences[edit | edit source]

Contemporary Arabic architecture often blends traditional elements with modern designs, resulting in stunning skylines.

Examples of modern architecture:

Structure Location Description
Burj Khalifa Dubai The tallest building in the world, a symbol of modernity
Louvre Abu Dhabi UAE A modern museum with a unique dome design
King Abdulaziz Center for World Culture Saudi Arabia A cultural center with futuristic architecture
Qatar National Museum Qatar A museum with a design inspired by the desert rose

Cultural Significance of Art and Architecture[edit | edit source]

Art and architecture are not merely decorative; they hold significant cultural value. They convey messages about identity, faith, and community.

Points of Cultural Significance:

  • Reflection of Identity: Art and architecture express the shared history and cultural heritage of a community.
  • Spiritual Connection: Many structures, especially mosques, serve as places of worship and reflection, enhancing the spiritual experience.
  • Social Cohesion: Art often brings communities together, celebrating shared values and traditions.

Exercises and Practice Scenarios[edit | edit source]

Now that we've explored the fascinating world of Arabic art and architecture, let's put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!

Exercise 1: Match the Style[edit | edit source]

Match the Arabic art style with its correct description.

| Style | Description |

|-------|-------------|

| A. Diwani | 1. Bold and decorative |

| B. Naskh | 2. Angular and geometric |

| C. Thuluth | 3. Ornate and cursive |

| D. Kufic | 4. Clear and legible |

Solution:

  • A - 3
  • B - 4
  • C - 1
  • D - 2

Exercise 2: Identify the Motif[edit | edit source]

Identify the meaning of the following motifs:

| Motif | Meaning |

|-------|--------|

| A. Crescent Moon | 1. Symbol of resilience |

| B. Pomegranate | 2. Represents strength |

| C. Palm Tree | 3. Symbol of Islam |

| D. Lion | 4. Represents fertility |

Solution:

  • A - 3
  • B - 4
  • C - 1
  • D - 2

Exercise 3: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct words from the word bank.

Word Bank: mosque, calligraphy, geometric patterns, Riad

1. The __________ is a key feature in Islamic architecture, often with soaring minarets.

2. Arabic __________ is known for its beauty and is often used in religious texts.

3. Many traditional houses in Morocco are called __________ and feature a central courtyard.

4. Arabic art often includes intricate __________ that symbolize unity.

Solution:

1. mosque

2. calligraphy

3. Riad

4. geometric patterns

Exercise 4: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the following statements are true or false.

| Statement | True/False |

|-----------|------------|

| A. Arabic art often depicts living beings in religious contexts. | False |

| B. The Taj Mahal is an example of Islamic architecture. | True |

| C. Geometric patterns have no meaning in Arabic art. | False |

| D. Traditional houses in the UAE often include wind towers. | True |

Solution:

A - False

B - True

C - False

D - True

Exercise 5: Short Answer[edit | edit source]

Answer the following questions in a few sentences.

1. What is the significance of calligraphy in Arabic art?

2. Describe how modern architecture in the Arab world influences cultural identity.

Solution:

1. Calligraphy is significant in Arabic art as it combines artistic expression with spirituality, often used to convey religious texts and messages, reflecting the deep connection between art and faith in the Arab world.

2. Modern architecture in the Arab world blends traditional elements with contemporary design, reinforcing cultural identity while embracing globalization, showcasing the nation’s history and aspirations for the future.

Exercise 6: Describe the Structure[edit | edit source]

Choose one of the famous architectural structures mentioned and describe its significance in a short paragraph.

Solution:

Students can select any of the previously mentioned structures, such as the Alhambra or the Great Mosque of Samarra, and describe its historical significance, architectural style, and cultural impact on the society it represents.

Exercise 7: Create Your Own Motif[edit | edit source]

Design your own geometric pattern or motif inspired by Arabic art. Describe its meaning and how it reflects cultural values.

Solution:

Students are encouraged to create their own designs and provide a brief explanation of the symbolism behind their creation, fostering creativity and personal connection to the subject matter.

Exercise 8: Research Assignment[edit | edit source]

Choose a famous Arabic artist or architect and write a brief biography. Include their contributions to the field and how they influenced Arabic art and architecture.

Solution:

Students can research figures such as Zaha Hadid or calligraphers like Hassan Massoudy, highlighting their achievements and lasting impact on the art world.

Exercise 9: Group Discussion[edit | edit source]

In small groups, discuss how Arabic art and architecture can foster community identity. Share examples from your own culture.

Solution:

Students will engage in discussions, sharing insights on the role of art and architecture in their communities and drawing parallels with Arabic culture.

Exercise 10: Reflection[edit | edit source]

Reflect on what you learned in this lesson and how it has changed your perspective on Arabic culture.

Solution:

Students will write a short reflection on their learning experience, emphasizing new insights about the significance of art and architecture in shaping cultural identity.

Thank you for joining this enriching lesson on Arabic art and architecture! I hope you now have a greater appreciation for the beauty and complexity of Arabic culture and how it intertwines with the language. Keep exploring, and I look forward to our next lesson together!

Table of Contents - Standard Arabic Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Arabic script


Nouns and gender in Arabic


Verbs and conjugation in Arabic


Numbers and counting in Arabic


Everyday Arabic vocabulary


Food and drink vocabulary


Arabic customs and traditions


Arabic music and entertainment


Adjectives in Arabic


Pronouns in Arabic


Prepositions in Arabic


Interrogatives in Arabic


Adverbs in Arabic


Transportation vocabulary


Shopping and money vocabulary


Arabic literature and poetry


Arabic calligraphy and art


Weather vocabulary


Conditional sentences in Arabic


Passive voice in Arabic


Relative clauses in Arabic


Arabic adjectives and nouns


Arabic cinema and TV


Arabic fashion and beauty


Sports and leisure vocabulary


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ History of Arabic calligraphy — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Basic weather vocabulary ▶️