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<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Common-Prepositions|◀️ Common Prepositions — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Turkmen/Vocabulary/Common-Hobbies|Next Lesson — Common Hobbies ▶️]]
|}
</span>


{{Turkmen-Page-Top}}
{{Turkmen-Page-Top}}
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Turkmen|Turkmen]]  → [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions</div>
__TOC__
<h2>Introduction</h2>
In this lesson, we will explore the usage of conjunctions in the Turkmen language. Conjunctions are essential in connecting words, phrases, and clauses to form meaningful sentences. By understanding how to use conjunctions, you will be able to express complex ideas and thoughts more effectively in Turkmen. This lesson will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the different types of conjunctions and their usage in various contexts. We will cover conjunctions such as and, or, but, and because, among others.
<h2>The Importance of Using Conjunctions</h2>
Conjunctions play a vital role in Turkmen grammar as they establish relationships between words, phrases, and clauses. They allow us to combine ideas, express contrast, provide reasons, and much more. Without conjunctions, our sentences would lack coherence and clarity. Therefore, mastering the usage of conjunctions is crucial for developing strong communication skills in Turkmen.
<h2>Structure of the Lesson</h2>
This lesson will consist of three main sections:
1. Introduction to Conjunctions: We will start by introducing the concept of conjunctions and providing an overview of their role in Turkmen grammar. We will explore the different types of conjunctions and their functions.
2. Usage of Conjunctions: In this section, we will delve into the details of how to use conjunctions in Turkmen. We will provide numerous examples to illustrate each point and ensure a clear understanding of their usage.
3. Cultural Insights: Turkmen language is deeply intertwined with the culture and history of Turkmenistan. In this section, we will explore any regional variations in the usage or understanding of conjunctions and discuss any historical reasons for these differences. We will also share interesting cultural facts or anecdotes that relate to the topic.


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Turkmen|Turkmen]]  → [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions</div>
4. Exercises: To solidify your understanding of conjunctions, we have prepared a series of exercises and practice scenarios. These exercises will provide you with an opportunity to apply what you have learned and enhance your skills in using conjunctions effectively.
 
Now, let's begin our exploration of conjunctions in the Turkmen language!
 
<h2>Introduction to Conjunctions</h2>
 
Conjunctions are words or phrases that connect words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. They establish relationships between these elements and provide a logical flow to the overall structure of a sentence. In Turkmen, conjunctions enable us to express various relationships, such as addition, contrast, cause and effect, and condition, among others.
 
<h3>Types of Conjunctions</h3>
 
Turkmen language features several types of conjunctions, including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.
 
- Coordinating Conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance. They include words such as "we" (and), "ja" (or), and "birde" (but). These conjunctions are used to join similar elements within a sentence.


In this lesson, you will learn how to use conjunctions in Turkmen such as and, or, but, and because. Conjunctions are an essential part of Turkmen grammar as they help to build more complex and clear sentences. Throughout the lesson, we will provide cultural information and interesting facts to help illustrate the concepts being taught. So get ready for an engaging and practical lesson on conjunctions in the Turkmen language!
- Subordinating Conjunctions: Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses, which depend on the main clause to form a complete thought. They establish a relationship of dependence or subordination between the clauses. Examples of subordinating conjunctions in Turkmen include "çünki" (because), "ýatda" (while), and "eýýam" (if).


__TOC__
- Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that work together to connect elements within a sentence. They include combinations such as "hem...hem" (both...and), "hem-de...hem-de" (not only...but also), and "yoksa...yoksa" (either...or). These conjunctions are used to express alternatives, similarities, or contrasts.


== Introduction ==
<h2>Usage of Conjunctions</h2>


Conjunctions are words that connect two or more words, phrases, or clauses. In Turkmen, conjunctions are essential for building sentences and for creating smooth transitions between thoughts. This lesson will focus on the most commonly used conjunctions, which are:
<h3>Coordinating Conjunctions</h3>


* hem (and)
Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance. They establish relationships of addition, contrast, or alternative choices within a sentence. Let's explore the usage of some common coordinating conjunctions in Turkmen:
* ýa-da (or)
* emma (but)
* sebäpli (because)


We will practice using these conjunctions in various contexts and explore different examples, so you can gain a deeper understanding of how to use them in Turkmen sentences.
1. "We" (and): This conjunction is used to join words, phrases, or clauses that are similar or related in meaning.


== Using "hem" (and) ==
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| aga we gyz || a-ga we gyz || brother and sister
|-
| garaşsyz we et || ga-ra-shyz we et || meat and potatoes
|-
| ýene-de we ýöreýär || ye-ne-de we yor-ey-ar || he/she walks and runs
|}


The conjunction "hem" (and) is used to connect two or more words or phrases that have a similar or related meaning, and often, it can imply an addition or connection of the elements being joined.
2. "Ja" (or): This conjunction is used to present alternative choices or possibilities.


Examples:
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ol ja meniň dostum || ol ja me-nin dos-tum || he/she or my friend
|-
| garaşsyz ja gözlegiňiz ýoksa hünär merkeziňiz || ga-ra-shyz ja göz-le-gi-niz yok-sa hü-nar mer-ke-zi-niz || meat or vegetables
|-
| ýöne-de ja gürrüň || yor-ne-de ja gürrün || walk or run
|}


3. "Birde" (but): This conjunction is used to express contrast or contradiction between two elements.
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Men Aýgyl hem Gurbannepes bilen söhbetleşdim. || Men Aygyl hem Gurbannepes bilen sohbetleshdim. || I talked with Aygyl and Gurbannepes.
| men gelenim, birde sen gitmeli || men ge-le-nim, bir-de sen git-me-li || I am coming, but you should go
|-
| garaşsyz birde saryşaňyz ýok || ga-ra-shyz bir-de sa-ry-sha-niz yok || meat, but no vegetables
|-
|-
| Eýran hem ýüzgüçli çäýy icheris. || Eiran hem yuzguchli chaiy icheris. || Eran drinks tea with lemon and sugar.
| ýöne-de birde otur || yor-ne-de bir-de o-tur || walk, but sit
|}
|}


Notice that in the second example, "hem" connects "ýüzgüçli" (sugar) and "eýran" (lemon), indicating that both elements are included in the tea.
<h3>Subordinating Conjunctions</h3>


=== Cultural Tip: Tea in Turkmenistan ===
Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause to a main clause, creating a complex sentence structure. The subordinate clause depends on the main clause to convey a complete thought. Let's explore the usage of some common subordinating conjunctions in Turkmen:


Turkmen people often enjoy tea throughout the day, as it plays an essential role in social gatherings and daily life. It is customary to serve tea with sweets, dried fruits, fresh fruits, and nuts. Hosting guests and offering tea is a sign of hospitality and friendship in Turkmenistan.
1. "Çünki" (because): This conjunction is used to indicate a cause or reason for a certain situation or action.


== Using "ýa-da" (or) ==
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| men ýoruldygym çünki işiňiň söýgüsi bar || men yor-ul-dygym çün-ki i-şi-ñiň sô-y-gü-si bar || I am tired because the work is difficult
|-
| ýatda gelenler geçmeýärler çünki kapalı || ýat-da ge-len-ler geç-me-yar-ler çün-ki ka-pa-lı || people don't pass because it is closed
|-
| eýýam gelenç, çünki gowşurýar || e-ý-ýam ge-lenç, çün-ki go-wşu-rýar || if it rains, because it is cloudy
|}


The conjunction "ýa-da" (or) is used when presenting two or more choices or alternatives in a sentence. Using "ýa-da" can create a sense of optionality between the elements being connected.
2. "Ýatda" (while): This conjunction is used to indicate a simultaneous action or situation.


Examples:
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| men iş edýärken, ýatda sen uýanýarsyň || men iş e-dýär-ken, ýat-da sen u-ýa-nýar-syň || I work while you sleep
|-
| garaşsyz ýatda oturýanlar çykýar || ga-ra-shyz ýat-da o-tu-rýan-lar çy-kýar || meat while sitting, people leave
|-
| ýöne-de ýatda gelenler geçýär || yor-ne-de ýat-da ge-len-ler geç-ýar || walk while people are coming
|}


3. "Eýýam" (if): This conjunction is used to express a condition or possibility.
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Sen şu gün geler ýa-da ertir? || Sen shu gun geler ya-da ertir? || Will you come today or tomorrow?
| men gelýäris, eýýam siz ýokarsyňyz || men ge-lýä-ris, e-ý-ýam siz ýo-kar-syňyz || I will come if you are not there
|-
| garaşsyz eýýam saryşaňyz ýok || ga-ra-shyz e-ý-ýam sa-ry-şa-ňyz ýok || meat if there are no vegetables
|-
|-
| Men gaz ýa-da goş çenli gutap aljak. || Men gaz ya-da gosh chenli gutap aljak. || I will buy bread with cheese or meat.
| ýöne-de eýýam oturýaňyz || yor-ne-de e-ý-ýam o-tu-rýa-ňyz || walk if you sit
|}
|}


In both examples, we see that "ýa-da" is presenting different options or choices within the context of the sentences.
<h3>Correlative Conjunctions</h3>


== Using "emma" (but) ==
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that work together to connect elements within a sentence. They are used to express alternatives, similarities, or contrasts. Let's explore the usage of some common correlative conjunctions in Turkmen:


The conjunction "emma" (but) is used to indicate a contrast or opposition between two phrases, ideas, or elements. It can introduce a limitation, an exception or a contrast between the elements being connected.
1. "Hem...hem" (both...and): This pair of conjunctions is used to indicate the presence of two similar elements or ideas.


Examples:
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Men kitap okap başladyk, emma seýre gidiler. || Men kitap okap bashladyk, emma seyre gidiler. || I started reading a book, but I got distracted.
| men hem kitap okap hem telewizor seýredýärin || men he-m ki-tap o-kap he-m te-le-wi-zor se-ýre-dýär-in || I both read books and watch TV
|-
| garaşsyz hem-de gyzlegiňiz hem-de hünär merkeziňiz ýok || ga-ra-shyz hem-de gy-zle-gi-ňiz hem-de hü-nar mer-ke-zi-ňiz ýok || meat both vegetables and art center
|-
|-
| Hudaýnazara hemişe maksatly bol, emma käbir agşamlaryň ertiri gowy tanamal. || Hudaynazara hemishe maksatly bol, emma kabir agshamlaryn ertiri gowy tanamal. || Hudaýnazara is always focused, but she doesn't handle mornings well.
| ýöne-de hem-de garaşýar hem-de ýatyr || yor-ne-de hem-de ga-ra-şýar hem-de ýa-tyr || walk both run and sit
|}
|}


In these examples, "emma" introduces a contrast within the context of the sentences.
2. "Hem-de...hem-de" (not only...but also): This pair of conjunctions is used to express alternatives or additional elements or ideas.


== Using "sebäpli" (because) ==
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ol hem-de gyz hem-de dost || ol hem-de gyz hem-de dost || he/she not only a girl but also a friend
|-
| garaşsyz hem-de saryşaňyz hem-de gözleýärsiňiz || ga-ra-shyz hem-de sa-ry-şa-ňyz hem-de göz-le-ýär-si-ňiz || meat not only vegetables but also fruits
|-
| ýöne-de hem-de garaşýar hem-de ýatyr || yor-ne-de hem-de ga-ra-şýar hem-de ýa-tyr || walk not only run but also sit
|}


The conjunction "sebäpli" (because) is used to explain the reason or cause behind a thought or action in a sentence. It helps to connect the cause with the effect, reasoning, or consequence.
3. "Yoksa...yoksa" (either...or): This pair of conjunctions is used to present alternative choices or possibilities.


Examples:
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Men telekeçlik çenli söýgi bilen gidip bilmen, sebäpli men biraz agżymda agrym bardyr. || Men telekechlik chenli soygi bilen gidip bilmen, sebapli men biraz agzymda agrym bardyr. || I can't go to the dentist because I have a slight toothache.
| men garaja gitsem yoksa işe gitsem || men ga-ra-ja git-sem yok-sa i-şe git-sem || Should I go to the garage or to work?
|-
|-
| Ayşe dükana gidip bilmedi, sebäpli ol öýde öz beslen ýaşunyry. || Aishe dukana gidip bilmedi, sebapli ol oyde oz beslen yashunyry. || Ayşe couldn't go to the store because she is looking after her younger brother at home.
| garaşsyz yoksa saryşaňyz ýok || ga-ra-shyz yok-sa sa-ry-şa-ňyz ýok || meat either vegetables or fruits
|-
| ýöne-de yoksa garaşýar yoksa ýatyr || yor-ne-de yok-sa ga-ra-şýar yok-sa ýa-tyr || walk either run or sit
|}
|}


In both examples, "sebäpli" provides the reasoning or cause behind the stated situations.
<h2>Cultural Insights</h2>
 
The usage of conjunctions in Turkmen language reflects the cultural values and traditions of Turkmenistan. The Turkmen people have a rich history and a strong connection to their language, which is evident in their use of conjunctions. The way conjunctions are employed in Turkmen sentences can convey subtle nuances and cultural meanings.
 
One interesting cultural fact is that Turkmen language places a strong emphasis on hospitality and politeness. This is reflected in the use of conjunctions when expressing preferences, choices, or alternatives. Turkmen people often use the correlative conjunction "yoksa...yoksa" (either...or) to present options in a respectful and considerate manner. This reflects the Turkmen value of providing choices and ensuring the comfort of others.
 
Another cultural aspect related to conjunctions is the influence of Turkmen folklore and traditional storytelling. Turkmenistan has a rich oral tradition, and storytelling plays an essential role in preserving cultural heritage. Conjunctions are used strategically in storytelling to create suspense, convey emotions, and build connections between different elements of the narrative. Understanding the usage of conjunctions in Turkmen can enhance your appreciation of traditional Turkmen stories and folklore.


== Conclusion ==
<h2>Exercises</h2>


Now that you have learned about using conjunctions in Turkmen, you can start practicing by combining different words and phrases in your own sentences. Remember to always keep the context and meaning of the conjunctions in mind and make sure they convey the appropriate relationship between the elements being connected. We hope that this lesson helped you gain a deeper understanding of conjunctions in the Turkmen language and that you can apply this knowledge in your studies and conversations.
1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate coordinating conjunction: "we" (and), "ja" (or), or "birde" (but).
 
a. Men kitap okarýaryn, ____ sen TV seýreýärsiň.
b. Garaşsyz saryşaňyz ýok, ____ gözlegiňiz ýoksa hünär merkeziňiz.
c. Ol işe gitmek isleýär, ____ garaja gitmek isleýär.
d. Ýene-de ýürýäýärsiň, ____ ýatýaryn.
 
2. Complete the sentences with the appropriate subordinating conjunction: "çünki" (because), "ýatda" (while), or "eýýam" (if).
 
a. Men ýoruldygym ____ işiňiň söýgüsi bar.
b. Ol ýatda uýanýar, ____ men iş edýärin.
c. Garaşsyz ýatda oturýanlar çykýar, ____ ýürýäýärsiň.
d. Ol sowuk däl, ____ ýatda garaşýar.
 
3. Use the appropriate correlative conjunctions to complete the sentences: "hem...hem" (both...and), "hem-de...hem-de" (not only...but also), or "yoksa...yoksa" (either...or).
 
a. Men hem-de kitap okarýaryn, ____ telewizor seýredýärin.
b. Ol hem-de gyz, ____ dosty.
c. Garaşsyz hem-de saryşaňyz, ____ gözleýärsiňiz.
d. Ýöne-de ____ ýatyr, ____ ýürýäýärsiň.
 
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
 
Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on using conjunctions in Turkmen. By understanding the different types of conjunctions and their usage, you are now equipped to create more complex and meaningful sentences in Turkmen. Remember to practice using conjunctions in various contexts to enhance your language skills. Keep exploring the Turkmen language and culture, as they are intertwined in beautiful and unique ways. Happy learning!


{{#seo:
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|title=Turkmen Grammar: Using Conjunctions (And, Or, But, Because)
|title=Turkmen Grammar → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions
|keywords=Turkmen grammar, conjunctions, and, or, but, because, Turkmen language, Turkmen conjunctions, Turkmen lessons
|keywords=Turkmen grammar, Turkmen conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, Turkmen culture
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use conjunctions in Turkmen, such as and, or, but, and because. Improve your Turkmen grammar skills and understand the role of conjunctions in sentences.
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use conjunctions in Turkmen, such as and, or, but, and because. Explore the different types of conjunctions and their usage in various contexts. Discover interesting cultural insights related to conjunctions in Turkmenistan.
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<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-4></span> <span temperature=1></span>
<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo-16k></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
 
 
 
==Sources==
* [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291523062_Grammatical_sketch_of_Turkmen (PDF) Grammatical sketch of Turkmen]
 
 
 
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]]
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Word-order|Word order]]
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Question-Words|Question Words]]
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Question-particle–my-mi|Question particle–my mi]]
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Verbs|Verbs]]
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Gender|Gender]]
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]]
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/The-Case-system|The Case system]]
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]]
* [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Adjective-Agreement|Adjective Agreement]]
 




{{Turkmen-Page-Bottom}}
{{Turkmen-Page-Bottom}}
<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Common-Prepositions|◀️ Common Prepositions — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Turkmen/Vocabulary/Common-Hobbies|Next Lesson — Common Hobbies ▶️]]
|}
</span>

Latest revision as of 02:07, 22 June 2023

◀️ Common Prepositions — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Common Hobbies ▶️

Turkmen-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Turkmen → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions

Introduction

In this lesson, we will explore the usage of conjunctions in the Turkmen language. Conjunctions are essential in connecting words, phrases, and clauses to form meaningful sentences. By understanding how to use conjunctions, you will be able to express complex ideas and thoughts more effectively in Turkmen. This lesson will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the different types of conjunctions and their usage in various contexts. We will cover conjunctions such as and, or, but, and because, among others.

The Importance of Using Conjunctions

Conjunctions play a vital role in Turkmen grammar as they establish relationships between words, phrases, and clauses. They allow us to combine ideas, express contrast, provide reasons, and much more. Without conjunctions, our sentences would lack coherence and clarity. Therefore, mastering the usage of conjunctions is crucial for developing strong communication skills in Turkmen.

Structure of the Lesson

This lesson will consist of three main sections:

1. Introduction to Conjunctions: We will start by introducing the concept of conjunctions and providing an overview of their role in Turkmen grammar. We will explore the different types of conjunctions and their functions.

2. Usage of Conjunctions: In this section, we will delve into the details of how to use conjunctions in Turkmen. We will provide numerous examples to illustrate each point and ensure a clear understanding of their usage.

3. Cultural Insights: Turkmen language is deeply intertwined with the culture and history of Turkmenistan. In this section, we will explore any regional variations in the usage or understanding of conjunctions and discuss any historical reasons for these differences. We will also share interesting cultural facts or anecdotes that relate to the topic.

4. Exercises: To solidify your understanding of conjunctions, we have prepared a series of exercises and practice scenarios. These exercises will provide you with an opportunity to apply what you have learned and enhance your skills in using conjunctions effectively.

Now, let's begin our exploration of conjunctions in the Turkmen language!

Introduction to Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words or phrases that connect words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. They establish relationships between these elements and provide a logical flow to the overall structure of a sentence. In Turkmen, conjunctions enable us to express various relationships, such as addition, contrast, cause and effect, and condition, among others.

Types of Conjunctions

Turkmen language features several types of conjunctions, including coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.

- Coordinating Conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance. They include words such as "we" (and), "ja" (or), and "birde" (but). These conjunctions are used to join similar elements within a sentence.

- Subordinating Conjunctions: Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses, which depend on the main clause to form a complete thought. They establish a relationship of dependence or subordination between the clauses. Examples of subordinating conjunctions in Turkmen include "çünki" (because), "ýatda" (while), and "eýýam" (if).

- Correlative Conjunctions: Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that work together to connect elements within a sentence. They include combinations such as "hem...hem" (both...and), "hem-de...hem-de" (not only...but also), and "yoksa...yoksa" (either...or). These conjunctions are used to express alternatives, similarities, or contrasts.

Usage of Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance. They establish relationships of addition, contrast, or alternative choices within a sentence. Let's explore the usage of some common coordinating conjunctions in Turkmen:

1. "We" (and): This conjunction is used to join words, phrases, or clauses that are similar or related in meaning.

Examples:

Turkmen Pronunciation English
aga we gyz a-ga we gyz brother and sister
garaşsyz we et ga-ra-shyz we et meat and potatoes
ýene-de we ýöreýär ye-ne-de we yor-ey-ar he/she walks and runs

2. "Ja" (or): This conjunction is used to present alternative choices or possibilities.

Examples:

Turkmen Pronunciation English
ol ja meniň dostum ol ja me-nin dos-tum he/she or my friend
garaşsyz ja gözlegiňiz ýoksa hünär merkeziňiz ga-ra-shyz ja göz-le-gi-niz yok-sa hü-nar mer-ke-zi-niz meat or vegetables
ýöne-de ja gürrüň yor-ne-de ja gürrün walk or run

3. "Birde" (but): This conjunction is used to express contrast or contradiction between two elements.

Examples:

Turkmen Pronunciation English
men gelenim, birde sen gitmeli men ge-le-nim, bir-de sen git-me-li I am coming, but you should go
garaşsyz birde saryşaňyz ýok ga-ra-shyz bir-de sa-ry-sha-niz yok meat, but no vegetables
ýöne-de birde otur yor-ne-de bir-de o-tur walk, but sit

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause to a main clause, creating a complex sentence structure. The subordinate clause depends on the main clause to convey a complete thought. Let's explore the usage of some common subordinating conjunctions in Turkmen:

1. "Çünki" (because): This conjunction is used to indicate a cause or reason for a certain situation or action.

Examples:

Turkmen Pronunciation English
men ýoruldygym çünki işiňiň söýgüsi bar men yor-ul-dygym çün-ki i-şi-ñiň sô-y-gü-si bar I am tired because the work is difficult
ýatda gelenler geçmeýärler çünki kapalı ýat-da ge-len-ler geç-me-yar-ler çün-ki ka-pa-lı people don't pass because it is closed
eýýam gelenç, çünki gowşurýar e-ý-ýam ge-lenç, çün-ki go-wşu-rýar if it rains, because it is cloudy

2. "Ýatda" (while): This conjunction is used to indicate a simultaneous action or situation.

Examples:

Turkmen Pronunciation English
men iş edýärken, ýatda sen uýanýarsyň men iş e-dýär-ken, ýat-da sen u-ýa-nýar-syň I work while you sleep
garaşsyz ýatda oturýanlar çykýar ga-ra-shyz ýat-da o-tu-rýan-lar çy-kýar meat while sitting, people leave
ýöne-de ýatda gelenler geçýär yor-ne-de ýat-da ge-len-ler geç-ýar walk while people are coming

3. "Eýýam" (if): This conjunction is used to express a condition or possibility.

Examples:

Turkmen Pronunciation English
men gelýäris, eýýam siz ýokarsyňyz men ge-lýä-ris, e-ý-ýam siz ýo-kar-syňyz I will come if you are not there
garaşsyz eýýam saryşaňyz ýok ga-ra-shyz e-ý-ýam sa-ry-şa-ňyz ýok meat if there are no vegetables
ýöne-de eýýam oturýaňyz yor-ne-de e-ý-ýam o-tu-rýa-ňyz walk if you sit

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words that work together to connect elements within a sentence. They are used to express alternatives, similarities, or contrasts. Let's explore the usage of some common correlative conjunctions in Turkmen:

1. "Hem...hem" (both...and): This pair of conjunctions is used to indicate the presence of two similar elements or ideas.

Examples:

Turkmen Pronunciation English
men hem kitap okap hem telewizor seýredýärin men he-m ki-tap o-kap he-m te-le-wi-zor se-ýre-dýär-in I both read books and watch TV
garaşsyz hem-de gyzlegiňiz hem-de hünär merkeziňiz ýok ga-ra-shyz hem-de gy-zle-gi-ňiz hem-de hü-nar mer-ke-zi-ňiz ýok meat both vegetables and art center
ýöne-de hem-de garaşýar hem-de ýatyr yor-ne-de hem-de ga-ra-şýar hem-de ýa-tyr walk both run and sit

2. "Hem-de...hem-de" (not only...but also): This pair of conjunctions is used to express alternatives or additional elements or ideas.

Examples:

Turkmen Pronunciation English
ol hem-de gyz hem-de dost ol hem-de gyz hem-de dost he/she not only a girl but also a friend
garaşsyz hem-de saryşaňyz hem-de gözleýärsiňiz ga-ra-shyz hem-de sa-ry-şa-ňyz hem-de göz-le-ýär-si-ňiz meat not only vegetables but also fruits
ýöne-de hem-de garaşýar hem-de ýatyr yor-ne-de hem-de ga-ra-şýar hem-de ýa-tyr walk not only run but also sit

3. "Yoksa...yoksa" (either...or): This pair of conjunctions is used to present alternative choices or possibilities.

Examples:

Turkmen Pronunciation English
men garaja gitsem yoksa işe gitsem men ga-ra-ja git-sem yok-sa i-şe git-sem Should I go to the garage or to work?
garaşsyz yoksa saryşaňyz ýok ga-ra-shyz yok-sa sa-ry-şa-ňyz ýok meat either vegetables or fruits
ýöne-de yoksa garaşýar yoksa ýatyr yor-ne-de yok-sa ga-ra-şýar yok-sa ýa-tyr walk either run or sit

Cultural Insights

The usage of conjunctions in Turkmen language reflects the cultural values and traditions of Turkmenistan. The Turkmen people have a rich history and a strong connection to their language, which is evident in their use of conjunctions. The way conjunctions are employed in Turkmen sentences can convey subtle nuances and cultural meanings.

One interesting cultural fact is that Turkmen language places a strong emphasis on hospitality and politeness. This is reflected in the use of conjunctions when expressing preferences, choices, or alternatives. Turkmen people often use the correlative conjunction "yoksa...yoksa" (either...or) to present options in a respectful and considerate manner. This reflects the Turkmen value of providing choices and ensuring the comfort of others.

Another cultural aspect related to conjunctions is the influence of Turkmen folklore and traditional storytelling. Turkmenistan has a rich oral tradition, and storytelling plays an essential role in preserving cultural heritage. Conjunctions are used strategically in storytelling to create suspense, convey emotions, and build connections between different elements of the narrative. Understanding the usage of conjunctions in Turkmen can enhance your appreciation of traditional Turkmen stories and folklore.

Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate coordinating conjunction: "we" (and), "ja" (or), or "birde" (but).

a. Men kitap okarýaryn, ____ sen TV seýreýärsiň. b. Garaşsyz saryşaňyz ýok, ____ gözlegiňiz ýoksa hünär merkeziňiz. c. Ol işe gitmek isleýär, ____ garaja gitmek isleýär. d. Ýene-de ýürýäýärsiň, ____ ýatýaryn.

2. Complete the sentences with the appropriate subordinating conjunction: "çünki" (because), "ýatda" (while), or "eýýam" (if).

a. Men ýoruldygym ____ işiňiň söýgüsi bar. b. Ol ýatda uýanýar, ____ men iş edýärin. c. Garaşsyz ýatda oturýanlar çykýar, ____ ýürýäýärsiň. d. Ol sowuk däl, ____ ýatda garaşýar.

3. Use the appropriate correlative conjunctions to complete the sentences: "hem...hem" (both...and), "hem-de...hem-de" (not only...but also), or "yoksa...yoksa" (either...or).

a. Men hem-de kitap okarýaryn, ____ telewizor seýredýärin. b. Ol hem-de gyz, ____ dosty. c. Garaşsyz hem-de saryşaňyz, ____ gözleýärsiňiz. d. Ýöne-de ____ ýatyr, ____ ýürýäýärsiň.

Conclusion

Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on using conjunctions in Turkmen. By understanding the different types of conjunctions and their usage, you are now equipped to create more complex and meaningful sentences in Turkmen. Remember to practice using conjunctions in various contexts to enhance your language skills. Keep exploring the Turkmen language and culture, as they are intertwined in beautiful and unique ways. Happy learning!

Table of Contents - Turkmen Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Pronouns and Verbs


Numbers and Time


Nouns and Adjectives


Family and Relationships


Turkmen Customs and Traditions


Food and Dining


Asking Questions


Travel and Transportation


Geography and Landmarks


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Hobbies and Leisure Activities


Turkmen Art and Literature


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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