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Latest revision as of 22:21, 2 April 2023
◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Modes of Transportation ▶️ |
In this lesson, you will learn how to conjugate and use verbs in the past tense in Tajik. The past tense is used to describe actions or events that have already happened. It is an essential part of speech that you will need to master to reach a basic level of proficiency in Tajik.
Like the present tense, Tajik has two types of past tense: simple past and imperfect past. In this lesson, we will focus on the simple past tense, which is used to describe completed actions or events in the past that do not continue into the present.
Don't hesitate to look into these other pages after completing this lesson: Negation & 0 to A1 Course.
Conjugating Verbs in the Past Tense[edit | edit source]
To conjugate regular verbs in the past tense, we add the suffix "-да" to the stem of the verb. The stem is the part of the verb before the infinitive ending "-тан". If the stem ends in a vowel, we remove the vowel before adding the suffix. Here is the conjugation of the verb "даштан", which means "to have":
Tajik | Pronunciation | English |
---|---|---|
даштам | dæʃtæm | I had |
дашти | dæʃti | you had (singular) |
дашт | dæʃt | he/she/it had |
даштим | dæʃtim | we had |
даштид | dæʃtid | you had (plural) |
даштанд | dæʃtænd | they had |
Note that the past tense verb endings reflect the subject of the sentence. For instance, "даштам" means "I had", and "даштанд" means "they had". Here are some more examples of regular verbs conjugated in the past tense:
- "гаҳидан" (to go) -> "гаҳидам" (I went)
- "хондан" (to read) -> "хондам" (I read)
- "гӯш додан" (to listen) -> "гӯш додам" (I listened)
Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense[edit | edit source]
As with many languages, Tajik has some irregular verbs in the past tense that do not follow the regular rules of conjugation. Here are some examples:
- "будан" (to be) -> "буд" (was)
- "рӯیدан" (to run) -> "рӯйда" (ran)
- "хӯрдан" (to eat) -> "хӯрд" (ate)
- "шудан" (to become) -> "шуд" (became)
Note that the irregular past tense forms must be memorized. They do not follow any particular pattern or rule.
Negation in the Past Tense[edit | edit source]
To negate a verb in the past tense, we use the particle "на" before the verb. Here is the negation of the verb "даштан":
Tajik | Pronunciation | English |
---|---|---|
надаштам | nædæʃtæm | I did not have |
надашти | nædæʃti | you did not have (singular) |
надашт | nædæʃt | he/she/it did not have |
надаштим | nædæʃtim | we did not have |
надаштид | nædæʃtid | you did not have (plural) |
надаштанд | nædæʃtænd | they did not have |
Practice[edit | edit source]
Now that you have learned how to conjugate verbs in the past tense, it's time to practice forming sentences. Here are some exercises to help you get started:
- Conjugate the following verbs in the past tense:
- "рӯз гузардан" (to pass the day)
- "фарохтан" (to buy)
- "фарвардан" (to walk)
- Translate the following sentences into Tajik:
- "I watched TV yesterday."
- "She cooked dinner last night."
- "We talked to our friend on the phone."
- Negate the following sentences:
- "Ман сабоҳ тӯйҳо ҳамаи моҳӣ хӯрдам." (I ate breakfast this morning.)
- "Ту шаб гузарди дар хона?" (Did you spend the night at home?)
- "Мо дар сарбози ҷамъият таҷрибаи хуб дар наврӯз дидем." (We had a good experience at the community carnival for Navruz.)
Cultural Insight[edit | edit source]
In Tajikistan, the past tense is used all the time in casual conversation. It's especially common to use it to talk about what you did yesterday or last week. Tajik culture places a strong emphasis on the past, and Tajiks take great pride in their history and heritage. Polite conversation often involves asking about a person's family and ancestors, so having a good understanding of the past tense is essential for communicating effectively in Tajik.
Other Lessons[edit | edit source]
- Give your Opinion
- Personal Pronouns
- Negation in Sentences
- How to Use Be
- Using Prepositions
- Future Tense
- Introduction to the Tajik Alphabet
- 0 to A1 Course
- Using Adverbs
- Gender
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Introduction to Tajik Persian 4 – Differences in Grammar - Persian ...
- Tajik grammar - Wikipedia
- TAJIK ii. TAJIK PERSIAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica
◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Modes of Transportation ▶️ |