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Revision as of 17:22, 29 March 2023
◀️ Formation and usage — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Common Arabic adjectives ▶️ |
In this lesson, we will learn about relative clauses in Arabic and the differences between Arabic and English relative clauses. Relative clauses are used to describe or provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence. It's a grammatical construction that is composed of a relative pronoun or adverb and a verb in the subjunctive or indicative mood.
Relative clauses in Arabic are a bit different from those in English. In Arabic, the relative pronoun is usually in the genitive (possessive) case, whereas in English, the relative pronoun is not declined. Also, in Arabic, the verb in the relative clause agrees in gender and number with its antecedent, whereas in English, there is no agreement between the verb and its antecedent.
Let's look at some examples:
Once you've mastered this lesson, take a look at these related pages: THE DECLENSION OF THE DUAL & Question formation.
Standard Arabic | Pronunciation | English |
---|---|---|
الجد الذي سافر | al-jaddu al-lathi sāfara | the grandfather who traveled |
الباب الذي فتحته | al-bābu alladhi fatahtuhu | the door which I opened |
الأشخاص الذين رأيناهم | al-ashkhāsu alladheena ra'aynāhum | the people whom we saw |
المكان الذي يجتمع فيه الناس | al-makānu alladhi yajtami'u fīhi al-nāsu | the place where people gather |
As you can see, the relative pronoun 'الذي', which means 'who' or 'which', is declined in the genitive case to agree with its antecedent.
Another difference between Arabic and English relative clauses is that in Arabic, the relative clause appears before the main clause, whereas in English, it follows the main clause.
Here are some example sentences to illustrate this point:
- هذا هو الرجل الذي قابلته في المطار. (This is the man who I met at the airport.)
- الطالبة التي تحب اللغة العربية درست في الجامعة الأردنية. (The student who loves Arabic studied at the University of Jordan.)
In both of these Arabic sentences, the relative clause precedes the main clause, whereas in English, the order is reversed.
It's important to note that in Arabic, the relative pronoun also agrees in case with its role in the relative clause. For example, if the relative pronoun acts as the subject of the verb in the relative clause, it will be in the nominative case. If it's the object of the verb, it will be in the accusative case.
Here are some examples:
- هذا هو الطالب الذي فاز بالمسابقة. (This is the student who won the competition.) Here, the relative pronoun 'الذي' is acting as the subject of the verb 'فاز', so it's in the nominative case.
- أنا أحب الكتاب الذي اشتريته الأسبوع الماضي. (I like the book which I bought last week.) Here, the relative pronoun 'الذي' is acting as the object of the verb 'اشتريت', so it's in the accusative case.
In conclusion, relative clauses are an important part of Arabic grammar, and it's essential to understand the differences between Arabic and English relative clauses. By mastering these grammatical structures, you'll be able to communicate more effectively in Arabic and express your ideas more precisely.
Sources
Other Lessons
- Read the Vowels
- Learn Arabic Grammar
- Definite and indefinite articles
- THE DECLENSION OF THE SOUND MASCULINE PLURAL
- NOMINATIVE SEPARATE PERSONAL PRONOUNS
- Arabic consonants
- Negation
- Accents
- Arabic vowels
- Word order
◀️ Formation and usage — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Common Arabic adjectives ▶️ |