Language/Central-khmer/Grammar/Using-Conjunctions

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Central Khmer → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Using Conjunctions

Introduction

Welcome to the Central Khmer Grammar lesson on using conjunctions! In this lesson, we will explore how to use conjunctions in Central Khmer to connect words, phrases, and clauses. Conjunctions play a crucial role in forming cohesive and meaningful sentences. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of the proper usage and pronunciation of conjunctions in Central Khmer.

Importance of Using Conjunctions

Conjunctions are essential linguistic tools that allow us to establish relationships between words, phrases, and clauses. They help us connect ideas, express contrast, and provide logical transitions within a sentence. Without conjunctions, our sentences would lack coherence and clarity. Therefore, understanding and using conjunctions correctly is vital to effective communication in Central Khmer.

Structure of the Lesson

To ensure a comprehensive learning experience, we will structure this lesson into three main sections:

1. Introduction to Conjunctions: In this section, we will provide an overview of conjunctions, their functions, and the different types of conjunctions used in Central Khmer.

2. Proper Usage of Conjunctions: Here, we will delve into the specific rules and guidelines for using conjunctions in various contexts. We will explore conjunctions used to join words, phrases, and clauses, and examine the correct pronunciation of each conjunction.

3. Practice Exercises: To reinforce your understanding of conjunctions, we will provide a series of practice exercises where you can apply what you have learned. We will also provide solutions and explanations for each exercise, allowing for self-assessment and improvement.

Now, let's dive into the fascinating world of conjunctions in Central Khmer!

Introduction to Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that join words, phrases, or clauses together to form a complete sentence. They establish relationships between these elements and contribute to the overall meaning and coherence of the sentence. In Central Khmer, conjunctions play a significant role in expressing ideas, coordinating actions, and indicating contrast or cause-effect relationships.

Types of Conjunctions

In Central Khmer, there are several types of conjunctions, each serving a specific purpose. Let's explore some of the most commonly used conjunctions:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions are used to join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. The most common coordinating conjunctions in Central Khmer are:

• និង (nikɨɲ): and
• ឬ (ə): or
• ប៉ុន្តែ (bɑntae): but
• បើកំពុងនោះ (bɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ): yet

For example:

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំចង់ទិញនិងបង្កើតគេបាន	knyom cɑŋ tʰin nikɨɲ bɑŋkɑət ke ban	I want to buy and create it.
ខ្ញុំចង់ទិញឬកកើតគេបាន	knyom cɑŋ tʰin ə kɑət ke ban	I want to buy or create it.
ខ្ញុំចង់ទិញប៉ុន្តែខ្ញុំអាច	knyom cɑŋ tʰin bɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ knyom ɑc	I want to buy, but I can't.
ខ្ញុំចង់ទិញបើកំពុងនោះឡើង	knyom cɑŋ tʰin bɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ ləəŋ	I want to buy, yet it's expensive.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions: These conjunctions are used to introduce a dependent clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence. The most common subordinating conjunctions in Central Khmer are:

• ដោយសារ (dɑj sɑː): because
• ប៉ុន្តែ (pɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ): although
• ពេលដែល (pəl deːl): when
• ដែលក្នុងនោះ (deːl kɑŋŋəəŋ): while

For example:

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំផ្លែទាំងអស់ដោយសារខ្ញុំបានស្រី	knyom plaə tamɑɑj dɑj sɑː knyom ban srəy	I like all fruits because I am a vegetarian.
ខ្ញុំចង់ទិញប៉ុន្តែវាគ្មានសារ	knyom cɑŋ tʰin pɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ veeəə kɑmɑɑj sɑː	I want to buy it, although it's expensive.
ខ្ញុំកំពុងធ្វើពេលដែលវាមកដល់	knyom kɑmpɔɔŋ tvəəl pəl deːl veeəə mɔək dɑl	I am working when it arrives.
ខ្ញុំរៀបការពេលដែលខ្ញុំទៅកាន់មនុស្ស	knyom riep kaː pəl deːl knyom tɨv kaːn manɔh	I prepared it while I was going to the market.

3. Correlative Conjunctions: These conjunctions work in pairs to connect similar elements within a sentence. The most common correlative conjunctions in Central Khmer are:

• ទាំងពីរ (tamɑɑj pɨː): both...and
• ទេព្រេងនិង (təːprienɲɨɲ): neither...nor
• រួចហើយទេ (ruːc həːj təː): either...or
• ដូចគ្នានិង (douc knyəəŋ): as...as

For example:

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំទិញទាំងពីរលើកទី១និងទី២	knyom tʰin tamɑɑj pɨː lerʔ tiː mɔəj nɨɲ tamɑɑj pɨː	I bought both the first and the second ones.
ខ្ញុំមិនទិញទេព្រេងនិងបាក់ទេ	knyom mɨn tʰin təːprienɲɨɲ preŋ nɨɲ bɑːk tʰəː	I didn't buy neither the black one nor the white one.
ខ្ញុំរៀបការរួចហើយទេ	knyom riep kaː ruːc həːj təː	I prepared either this one or that one.
ការងាររួចហើយទេដូចគ្នានិងអ្នកដែលមាន	kaː kɑːnɲəəŋ ruːc həːj təː douc knyəəŋ nɨɲ nɨːk deːl mɨən	The work is as easy as you have.

Proper Usage of Conjunctions

In this section, we will explore the proper usage of conjunctions in Central Khmer. We will focus on how to use conjunctions to connect words, phrases, and clauses, and examine the correct pronunciation of each conjunction.

Conjunctions for Connecting Words

When using conjunctions to connect words, it is important to choose the appropriate conjunction based on the relationship between the words. Here are some examples:

1. និង (nikɨɲ): and

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
បានលក់ផ្លែនិងប៉ោក	baːn lɑk plaə nikɨɲ bɑːk	Sold fruits and vegetables.
អ្នកកំពុងសួរនិងជិតគ្នានៅក្នុងបណ្ដាញ	nɨːk kɑmpɔɔŋ suə nikɨɲ cət knyəəŋ ban dɑŋ	You are asking and meeting each other online.

2. ឬ (ə): or

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
បានលក់ផ្លែឬប៉ោក	baːn lɑk plaə ə bɑːk	Sold fruits or vegetables.
អ្នកកំពុងសួរឬជិតគ្នានៅក្នុងបណ្ដាញ	nɨːk kɑmpɔɔŋ suə ə cət knyəəŋ ban dɑŋ	You are asking or meeting each other online.

3. ប៉ុន្តែ (bɑntae): but

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំទៅផ្សារបានប៉ុន្តែមិនទៀងទាត់លុយ	knyom tɨv pʰsaː ban bɑntae mɨn tiəŋ tiət luə	I went to the market, but I didn't spend money.
ប្រាប់មកដល់ប៉ះពាល់ដែលអ្នកជឿទៅ	prabɑp mɔək dɑl ban bɑntae pʰaːl dəːl nɨɲ cʊə tɨv	I asked for help, but you refused.

4. បើកំពុងនោះ (bɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ): yet

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំទៅផ្សារបានបើកំពុងនោះមានមនុស្សស្រីច្រើន	knyom tɨv pʰsaː ban bɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ məəŋ mɨən sreəy cəən	I went to the market, yet there were many women.
ខ្ញុំទៅផ្សារបានបើកំពុងនោះគ្រាប់អ្នកតែម្តង	knyom tɨv pʰsaː ban bɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ krahap nɨɲ tae mətnəŋ	I went to the market, yet I met only you.

Conjunctions for Connecting Phrases

When connecting phrases, we use conjunctions to establish relationships between the ideas conveyed in each phrase. Here are some examples:

1. ដោយសារ (dɑj sɑː): because

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំចូលមានរបស់ខ្ញុំដោយសារខ្ញុំអាចសរសេរភាសាខ្មែរ	knyom cʊəl məən rob saː kɑʊŋ knyom dɑj sɑː knyom ɑc saː sɑː kʰmae	I learned my mother tongue because I can write in Khmer.
ខ្ញុំសាកល្បងដោយសារខ្ញុំមានដៃសម្រាប់រៀន	knyom saːklaəbɑŋ dɑj sɑː knyom məən dɑj saːmraːbɑh riep	I work hard because I have hands for studying.

2. ប៉ុន្តែ (pɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ): although

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំដឹងប៉ុន្តែខ្ញុំនៅទីនេះ	knyom doəŋ pɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ knyom nɨɲ tɨv tiː nəəh	I know, although I am here.
ខ្ញុំចង់ទិញប៉ុន្តែវាគ្មានសារ	knyom cɑŋ tʰin pɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ veeəə kɑmɑɑj sɑː	I want to buy it, although it's expensive.

3. ពេលដែល (pəl deːl): when

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំសួរនិងពេលដែលអ្នកមកដល់	knyom suə nikɨɲ pəl deːl nɨɲ mɔək dɑl	I meet when you arrive.
ខ្ញុំរៀបការពេលដែលអ្នកទៅកាន់ក្បែរ	knyom riep kaː pəl deːl nɨɲ tɨv kanəh kbae	I prepare when you go to school.

4. ដែលក្នុងនោះ (deːl kɑŋŋəəŋ): while

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំចូលមានរបស់ខ្ញុំដែលក្នុងនោះអ្នកផ្តល់យក	knyom cʊəl məən rob saː kɑʊŋ knyom deːl kɑŋŋəəŋ nɨɲ pʊəl jək	I entered and took while you were giving.
ខ្ញុំទៅបើកមានរបស់ខ្ញុំដែលក្នុងនោះក្នុងតំបន់នៃពេលកំពុងលោត	knyom tɨv bɔək məən rob saː kɑʊŋ knyom deːl kɑŋŋəəŋ kɑŋ tamnəəŋ nəəh pəl kɑmpɔɔŋ lot	I went to open while you were in the area during the day.

Conjunctions for Connecting Clauses

When connecting clauses, we use conjunctions to indicate the relationship between the main clause and the subordinate clause. Here are some examples:

1. ដោយសារ (dɑj sɑː): because

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំចូលមានរបស់ខ្ញុំដោយសារខ្ញុំអាចសរសេរភាសាខ្មែរ	knyom cʊəl məən rob saː kɑʊŋ knyom dɑj sɑː knyom ɑc saː sɑː kʰmae	I learned my mother tongue because I can write in Khmer.
ខ្ញុំសាកល្បងដោយសារខ្ញុំមានដៃសម្រាប់រៀន	knyom saːklaəbɑŋ dɑj sɑː knyom məən dɑj saːmraːbɑh riep	I work hard because I have hands for studying.

2. ប៉ុន្តែ (pɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ): although

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំដឹងប៉ុន្តែខ្ញុំនៅទីនេះ	knyom doəŋ pɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ knyom nɨɲ tɨv tiː nəəh	I know, although I am here.
ខ្ញុំចង់ទិញប៉ុន្តែវាគ្មានសារ	knyom cɑŋ tʰin pɔəkɑmpɔɔŋ veeəə kɑmɑɑj sɑː	I want to buy it, although it's expensive.

3. ពេលដែល (pəl deːl): when

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំសួរនិងពេលដែលអ្នកមកដល់	knyom suə nikɨɲ pəl deːl nɨɲ mɔək dɑl	I meet when you arrive.
ខ្ញុំរៀបការពេលដែលអ្នកទៅកាន់ក្បែរ	knyom riep kaː pəl deːl nɨɲ tɨv kanəh kbae	I prepare when you go to school.

4. ដែលក្នុងនោះ (deːl kɑŋŋəəŋ): while

Central Khmer	Pronunciation	English
ខ្ញុំចូលមានរបស់ខ្ញុំដែលក្នុងនោះអ្នកផ្តល់យក	knyom cʊəl məən rob saː kɑʊŋ knyom deːl kɑŋŋəəŋ nɨɲ pʊəl jək	I entered and took while you were giving.
ខ្ញុំទៅបើកមានរបស់ខ្ញុំដែលក្នុងនោះក្នុងតំបន់នៃពេលកំពុងលោត	knyom tɨv bɔək məən rob saː kɑʊŋ knyom deːl kɑŋŋəəŋ kɑŋ tamnəəŋ nəəh pəl kɑmpɔɔŋ lot	I went to open while you were in the area during the day.

Practice Exercises

To reinforce your understanding of conjunctions, let's practice using them in various contexts. Choose the appropriate conjunction to complete each sentence:

1. ខ្ញុំបានសួរនិង_____អ្នកបានទទួលចម្រៀង។ a) ប៉ុន្តែ b) ឬ c) ដោយសារ d) បើកំពុងនោះ

2. ខ្ញុំបានចូលទៅកាន់ផ្សារ, ដោយសារ_____ខ្ញុំគឺសារគេបានការិយាល័យ។ a) ប៉ុន្តែ b) ឬ c) ដោយសារ d) បើកំពុងនោះ

3. ខ្ញុំចង់ទិញប៉ុន្តែ_____វាគ្មានសារ។ a) ប៉ុន្តែ b) ឬ c) ដោយសារ d) បើកំពុងនោះ

4. ខ្ញុំសាកល្បងដោយសារ_____ខ្ញុំមានដៃសម្រាប់រៀន។ a) ប៉ុន្តែ b) ឬ c) ដោយសារ d) បើកំពុងនោះ

Check your answers: 1. c) ដោយសារ 2. a) ប៉ុន្តែ 3. b) ឬ 4. a) ប៉ុន្តែ

Solutions

1. ខ្ញុំបានសួរនិងដោយសារខ្ញុំអាចសរសេរភាសាខ្មែរ។ Translation: I asked and I can write in Khmer.

2. ខ្ញុំបានចូលទៅកាន់ផ្សារ, ដោយសារខ្ញុំគឺសារគេបានការិយាល័យ។ Translation: I went to the market because I have a job.

3. ខ្ញុំចង់ទិញប៉ុន្តែវាគ្មានសារ។ Translation: I want to buy it, but it's expensive.

4. ខ្ញុំសាកល្បងដោយសារខ្ញុំមានដៃសម្រាប់រៀន។ Translation: I work hard because I have hands for studying.

Conclusion

Congratulations! You have successfully completed the lesson on using conjunctions in Central Khmer. Through this lesson, you have gained a deeper understanding of the various types of conjunctions and how to use them to connect words, phrases, and clauses. Remember to practice using conjunctions in your everyday conversations to reinforce your learning. Keep up the great work, and soon you will master the art of using conjunctions in Central Khmer!

Table of Contents - Central Khmer Course - 0 to A1

• Course Presentation

  ---

Basic Greetings

• Common Greetings
• Introducing Yourself

  ---

Sentence Structure

• Basic Word Order
• Yes/No Questions

  ---

Numbers and Time

• Counting from 1 to 100
• Telling Time

  ---

Nouns and Pronouns

• Personal Pronouns
• Possessive Pronouns

  ---

Family and Relationships

• Family Members
• Relationship Status

  ---

Verbs and Tenses

• Present Tense
• Past Tense
• Future Tense

  ---

Food and Drink

• Common Foods
• Ordering at a Restaurant

  ---

Central Khmer Customs and Traditions

• Greetings and Polite Behavior
• Festivals and Celebrations

  ---

Travel and Transportation

• Modes of Transportation
• Asking for Directions

  ---

Adjectives and Adverbs

• Describing People and Things
• Describing Actions and States

  ---

Weather and Seasons

• Weather Vocabulary
• Seasons and Months

  ---

Central Khmer Literature and Arts

• Literature and Poetry
• Music and Dance

  ---

Shopping and Money

• Shopping Vocabulary
• Money and Currency

  ---

Prepositions and Conjunctions

• Using Prepositions
• Using Conjunctions

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Hobbies and Leisure Activities

• Common Hobbies
• Discussing Interests

  ---

Central Khmer History and Geography

• Historical Overview
• Geographical Features

Sources

• Central-khmer

Other Lessons

• Describing People and Things
• Personal Pronouns
• Questions
• Basic Word Order
• Gender
• Plurals
• Using Prepositions
• Conditional Mood
• Adjectives
• Negation

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