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In Persian, verbs have two roots, a present root and a past root. Half of the past roots follow a pattern, quite a lot are irregular and you just need to learn them.

Once you know the root, you conjugate by adding these suffixes (in ”standard” Persian. Local dialects may differ)
1sg: -am
2sg: -i
3sg: ∅
1pl: -im
2pl: -in
3pl: -and

A common pattern to forming the past root is by adding ”-id” to the end. examples:
”khand-” -> ”khandid-” (laugh)
”raqs-” -> ”raqsid-” (dance)

one syllable verbs ending in ”-in”, the ”-in” is removed, ”-id” is added
”chin-” -> ”chid-’ (to pick fruit from tree, or to place things like on a table)
”rin-” -> ”rid-” (to defecate, it’s a vulgar verb, don’t use it )

verbs ending in ”-ân”, you’d add ”-d” to them
”khân-” -> ”khând-” (to read)
”mân-” -> ”mând-” (to stay)

verbs ending in ”-z”, you’d remove the ”-z” and add ”-kht”
”sâz-” -> ”sâkht-” (build)
”bâz-” -> ”bâkht” (lose, like in a game)

verbs ending in ”-âr”, you’d remove the ”-âr” and add ”-âsht”
”dâr-” -> ”dâsht” (have)
”kâr-” -> ”kâsht” (to farm or plant)

and patterns and such like this... ask away if there’s any specific verb you have in mind.

irregular but commonly used ones are
”hast-” -> ”bud” (to be verb)
”shav-” -> ”shod-” (to become)

Past tense in Persian is much like that of English!

Every verb in Persian has 2 roots: a past root and a present root.
For regular verbs, you can make the past root by adding ”-d” or ”-id” to the present root. For irregular verbs, just like English, there’s no workaround and you have to memorize the root.
The thing is, since Persian verbs need conjugation based on subject and tense, the root needs some modification before being used in a sentence.
The link you provided (Lesson 14) explains roots the same way we learnt in elementary school, however I think it’s not a great source for a non-native!

If all you want is to be understood in Persian, you don’t need to learn roots and conjugation rules in details, you can memorize verbs instead. However, if you want to understand literature or talk to highly educated people, you need them because there are more than 10 past tenses in Persian and memorizing all of them is much harder than learning a few rules

You should learn it step by step

The main verbs are changed in a different way to show that the verb was done in the past. It is exactly like English verbs such as send, whose past tense is sent.
But the auxiliary verbs and tobe become the following:
”bood”
”shod”
”gasht”
”gardid”

In Iran, the past is expressed with the verbs ”bod” and ”shod”.