Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns"
< Language | Multiple-languages | Vocabulary
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m (Quick edit) |
|||
(47 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[Category:Language_answers]] | |||
{{Multiple-languages-flag}} | |||
This chapter of [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Language-comparisons Language comparisons] focuses on the comparison of pronouns. | |||
'''Note: every “word” is in nominative case.''' | |||
== How to indicate the speaker? == | |||
By the first-person singular pronoun. | |||
== Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different uses? == | |||
1. No. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Amharic | |Amharic | ||
|እኔ | |እኔ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|أَنَا | | style="text-align:right;" |أَنَا | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Basque | |Basque | ||
|ni | |ni | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Bengali | |Bengali | ||
|আমি | |আমি | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|English | |English | ||
|I | |I | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|French | |French | ||
|je | |je | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|German | |German | ||
|ich | |ich | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hausa | |Hausa | ||
|ni | |ni | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hebrew | |Hebrew | ||
|אֲנִי | | style="text-align:right;" |אֲנִי | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|मैं; हम | |मैं; हम | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Italian | |Italian | ||
|io | |io | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Javanese | |Javanese | ||
|aku | |aku | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Kabyle | |Kabyle | ||
|nekk | |nekk | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Kannada | |Kannada | ||
|ನಾನು | |ನಾನು | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Malayalam | |Malayalam | ||
|ഞാന് | |ഞാന് | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mandarin Chinese | |Mandarin Chinese | ||
|我 | |我 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Marathi | |Marathi | ||
|मी | |मी | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mon | |Mon | ||
|အဲ | |အဲ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Portuguese | |Portuguese | ||
|eu | |eu | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Punjabi | |Punjabi | ||
|ਮੈਂ | |ਮੈਂ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Russian | |Russian | ||
|я | |я | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Spanish | |Spanish | ||
|yo | |yo | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Swahili | |Swahili | ||
|mimi | |mimi | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tamil | |Tamil | ||
|நான் | |நான் | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Telugu | |Telugu | ||
|నేను | |నేను | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tigrinya | |Tigrinya | ||
|ኣነ | |ኣነ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Turkish | |Turkish | ||
|ben | |ben | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Urdu | |Urdu | ||
|ہم; میں | | style="text-align:right;" |ہم; میں | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
2. Yes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Burmese | |Burmese | ||
|ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ် | |ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ် | ||
|formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite | |formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indonesian | |Indonesian | ||
|saya; aku | |saya; aku | ||
|formal; informal | |formal; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺 | |私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺 | ||
|common; formal; informal; female; male | |common; formal; informal; female; male | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Khmer | |Khmer | ||
|ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ | |ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ | ||
|common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female | |common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|나; 저 | |나; 저 | ||
|common; formal | |common; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Malay | |Malay | ||
|saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta | |saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta | ||
|formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties | |formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Thai | |Thai | ||
|ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู | |ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู | ||
|male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude | |male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tsafiki | |Tsafiki | ||
|la; čiʰké; če | |la; čiʰké; če | ||
|adult male; adult female; immature | |adult male; adult female; immature | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|tôi; tớ; ta; mình | |tôi; tớ; ta; mình | ||
Line 211: | Line 171: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== How to indicate the listener? == | |||
By the second-person singular pronoun. | |||
== Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use? == | |||
1. No. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|English | |English | ||
|you | |you | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Esperanto | |Esperanto | ||
|vi | |vi | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Malayalam | |Malayalam | ||
|നീ | |നീ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mon | |Mon | ||
|ဗှ်ေ | |ဗှ်ေ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Swahili | |Swahili | ||
|wewe | |wewe | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tibetan | |Tibetan | ||
|ཁྱེད་རང | |ཁྱེད་རང | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|bạn | |bạn | ||
Line 257: | Line 210: | ||
|} | |} | ||
2. Yes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Amharic | |Amharic | ||
|አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ | |አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ | ||
|to male; to female; formal | |to male; to female; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|أَنْتَ ; أَنْتِ ; حَضْرَتَك ; حَضْرَتِك | | style="text-align:right;" |أَنْتَ ; أَنْتِ ; حَضْرَتَك ; حَضْرَتِك | ||
|to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal | |to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Bengali | |Bengali | ||
|তুই; তুমি; আপনি | |তুই; তুমি; আপনি | ||
|informal; intimate; formal | |informal; intimate; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Burmese | |Burmese | ||
|နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင် | |နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင် | ||
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female | |informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|French | |French | ||
|tu; vous | |tu; vous | ||
|informal; formal | |informal; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|German | |German | ||
|du; Sie | |du; Sie | ||
|informal; formal | |informal; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hebrew | |Hebrew | ||
|אַתָּה; אַתְּ | | style="text-align:right;" |אַתָּה; אַתְּ | ||
|to male; to female | |to male; to female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|तू; तुम; आप | |तू; तुम; आप | ||
|informal; polite; more polite | |informal; polite; more polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Italian | |Italian | ||
|tu; lei | |tu; lei | ||
|informal; formal | |informal; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様 | |貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様 | ||
|polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting | |polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Khmer | |Khmer | ||
|លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក | |លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក | ||
|to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common | |to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|당신; 너; 네; 자네 | |당신; 너; 네; 자네 | ||
|common; informal; informal; to low social strata | |common; informal; informal; to low social strata | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Malay | |Malay | ||
|kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau | |kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau | ||
|common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal | |common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mandarin Chinese | |Mandarin Chinese | ||
|你; 您 | |你; 您 | ||
|informal; formal | |informal; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Portuguese | |Portuguese | ||
|tu; você | |tu; você | ||
|familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil | |familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Russian | |Russian | ||
|ты; Вы; вы | |ты; Вы; вы | ||
|familiar; polite; polite | |familiar; polite; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Spanish | |Spanish | ||
|tú; usted; vos | |tú; usted; vos | ||
|familiar; polite; familiar | |familiar; polite; familiar | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tamil | |Tamil | ||
|நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள் | |நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள் | ||
|familiar; polite; more polite | |familiar; polite; more polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Telugu | |Telugu | ||
|నీవు; మీరు | |నీవు; మీరు | ||
|familiar; polite | |familiar; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Thai | |Thai | ||
|คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา | |คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา | ||
|colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman | |colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tigrinya | |Tigrinya | ||
|ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን | |ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን | ||
|informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female | |informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Turkish | |Turkish | ||
|sen; siz | |sen; siz | ||
|familiar; polite | |familiar; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Urdu | |Urdu | ||
|آپ; تم; تو | | style="text-align:right;" |آپ; تم; تو | ||
|formal; less informal; informal | |formal; less informal; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Yoruba | |Yoruba | ||
|ìwọ; ệyin | |ìwọ; ệyin | ||
Line 385: | Line 313: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener? == | |||
By the third-person singular pronoun. | |||
== Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use? == | |||
1. No. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|वह; यह | |वह; यह | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Persian | |Persian | ||
|او | | style="text-align:right;" |او | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Turkish | |Turkish | ||
|o | |o | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Urdu | |Urdu | ||
|وہ; يہ | | style="text-align:right;" |وہ; يہ | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Yue Chinese | |||
|佢 | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
2. Yes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Amharic | |Amharic | ||
|እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው | |እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው | ||
|male or non-human; female; polite | |male or non-human; female; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|هُوَ; هِيَ | | style="text-align:right;" |هُوَ; هِيَ | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Burmese | |Burmese | ||
|သူ; သူမ | |သူ; သူမ | ||
|male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female | |male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|English | |English | ||
|he; she; it | |he; she; it | ||
|male; female; non-human | |male; female; non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|French | |French | ||
|il; elle; ce; ça | |il; elle; ce; ça | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|German | |German | ||
|er; sie; es | |er; sie; es | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hebrew | |Hebrew | ||
|הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת | | style="text-align:right;" |הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת | ||
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human | |male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Italian | |Italian | ||
|lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella | |lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella | ||
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary | |male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|彼; 彼女 | |彼; 彼女 | ||
|male; female | |male; female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Kannada | |Kannada | ||
|ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು | |ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು | ||
|this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human | |this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Khmer | |Khmer | ||
|គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា | |គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា | ||
|polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank | |polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|그; 그이; 그녀 | |그; 그이; 그녀 | ||
|male or female; polite, male; female | |male or female; polite, male; female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Malay | |Malay | ||
|dia; ia; baginda; beliau | |dia; ia; baginda; beliau | ||
|male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people | |male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mandarin Chinese | |Mandarin Chinese | ||
|他; 她; 它 | |他; 她; 它 | ||
|male; female; non-human | |male; female; non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Portuguese | |Portuguese | ||
|ele; ela | |ele; ela | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Russian | |Russian | ||
|он; она́; оно́ | |он; она́; оно́ | ||
|male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | |male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Spanish | |Spanish | ||
|él; ella; ello | |él; ella; ello | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tigrinya | |Tigrinya | ||
|ንሱ; ንሳ | |ንሱ; ንሳ | ||
|male or non-human; female | |male or non-human; female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó | |anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó | ||
Line 519: | Line 427: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== How to indicate things in languages without third-person non-human pronoun? == | |||
By demonstrative pronouns. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|それ | |それ | ||
|thing near the listener | |thing near the listener | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|그것 | |그것 | ||
Line 538: | Line 443: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener? == | |||
By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”). | |||
== Are there different first-person plural pronouns (exclusive “we”) for different use? == | |||
1. No. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Amharic | |Amharic | ||
|እኛ | |እኛ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|نَحْنُ | | style="text-align:right;" |نَحْنُ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Basque | |Basque | ||
|gu | |gu | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Bengali | |Bengali | ||
|আমরা | |আমরা | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|English | |English | ||
|we | |we | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|German | |German | ||
|wir | |wir | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hausa | |Hausa | ||
|múu | |múu | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|हम | |हम | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Italian | |Italian | ||
|noi | |noi | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Kannada | |Kannada | ||
|ನಾವು | |ನಾವು | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Khmer | |Khmer | ||
|យើង | |យើង | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Malay | |Malay | ||
|kami | |kami | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mandarin Chinese | |Mandarin Chinese | ||
| | |我們/我们 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mon | |Mon | ||
|ပိုဲ | |ပိုဲ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Russian | |Russian | ||
|мы | |мы | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Swahili | |Swahili | ||
|sisi | |sisi | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tamil | |Tamil | ||
|நாங்கள் | |நாங்கள் | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Telugu | |Telugu | ||
|మేము | |మేము | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tigrinya | |Tigrinya | ||
|ንሕና | |ንሕና | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Turkish | |Turkish | ||
|biz | |biz | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Urdu | |Urdu | ||
|ہم | | style="text-align:right;" |ہم | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|chúng ta | |chúng ta | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
2. Yes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Bislama | |Bislama | ||
|mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | |mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | ||
|dual; trial; plural* | |dual; trial; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Burmese | |Burmese | ||
|ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့ | |ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့ | ||
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal | |informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|French | |French | ||
|nous; on | |nous; on | ||
|formal; informal | |formal; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hawaiian | |Hawaiian | ||
|māua; mākou | |māua; mākou | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hebrew | |Hebrew | ||
|אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ | | style="text-align:right;" |אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ | ||
|formal; informal | |formal; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら | |私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら | ||
|common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used | |common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|우리; 저희 | |우리; 저희 | ||
|common; humble | |common; humble | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Maori | |Maori | ||
|māua; mātou | |māua; mātou | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Northern Sami | |Northern Sami | ||
|moai; mii | |moai; mii | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Old Church Slavonic | |Old Church Slavonic | ||
|вѣ; мꙑ | |вѣ; мꙑ | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Portuguese | |Portuguese | ||
|nós; a gente | |nós; a gente | ||
|common; informal | |common; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Rapa Nui | |Rapa Nui | ||
|maua; matou | |maua; matou | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Spanish | |Spanish | ||
|nosotros; nosotras | |nosotros; nosotras | ||
|masculine; feminine | |masculine; feminine | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tok Pisin | |Tok Pisin | ||
|mitupela; mitripela; mipela | |mitupela; mitripela; mipela | ||
Line 737: | Line 606: | ||
<nowiki>*“plural”</nowiki> in these languages means more than two or more than three. | <nowiki>*“plural”</nowiki> in these languages means more than two or more than three. | ||
== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener? == | |||
By the second-person plural pronoun. | |||
== Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use? == | |||
1. No. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Amharic | |||
|እናንተ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|English | |||
|you | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|French | |||
|vous | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Icelandic | |||
|þið | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mandarin Chinese | |||
|你們/你们 | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Malay | |||
|kalian | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Modern Greek | |||
|εσείς | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Pashto | |||
| style="text-align:right;" |تاسې | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Persian | |||
| style="text-align:right;" |شما | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Russian | |||
|вы | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Swahili | |||
|ninyi | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Ukrainian | |||
|ви | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Yue Chinese | |||
|你哋 | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Zulu | |||
|nina | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
2. Yes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|أَنْتُمَا; أَنْتُم; أَنْتُنَّ; حَضْرَتْكُم | | style="text-align:right;" |أَنْتُمَا; أَنْتُم; أَنْتُنَّ; حَضْرَتْكُم | ||
|common gender, dual; masculine, plural; feminine, plural; formal | |common gender, dual; masculine, plural; feminine, plural; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Aramaic | |Aramaic | ||
|ܐܢܬܘܢ | | style="text-align:right;" |ܐܢܬܘܢ = אנתון; אנתין = ܐܢܬܝܢ | ||
|masculine; feminine | |masculine; feminine | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Bengali | |Bengali | ||
|তোরা; তোমরা; আপনারা; তোমরা | |তোরা; তোমরা; আপনারা; তোমরা | ||
|familiar; very familiar; polite; polite | |familiar; very familiar; polite; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Burmese | |Burmese | ||
|နင်တို့; နင်တို့; ရှင်တို့ | |နင်တို့; နင်တို့; ရှင်တို့ | ||
|to younger people; polite, by male; polite, by female | |to younger people; polite, by male; polite, by female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Danish | |Danish | ||
|I; De | |I; De | ||
|familiar; polite | |familiar; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|German | |German | ||
|ihr; Sie | |ihr; Sie | ||
|familiar; polite | |familiar; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hawaiian | |Hawaiian | ||
|ʻolua; ʻoukou | |ʻolua; ʻoukou | ||
|dual; plural | |dual; plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hebrew | |Hebrew | ||
|אֲתֶּם; אֲתֶּן | | style="text-align:right;" |אֲתֶּם; אֲתֶּן | ||
|masculine; feminine | |masculine; feminine | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 814: | Line 715: | ||
|mid-polite; polite | |mid-polite; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hungarian | |Hungarian | ||
|ti; önök | |ti; önök | ||
|familiar; polite | |familiar; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|貴方達; 貴方方; お前達; 君達; 貴様等 | |貴方達; 貴方方; お前達; 君達; 貴様等 | ||
|generic; honorific; slightly rude; intimate or toward subordinates; highly insulting | |generic; honorific; slightly rude; intimate or toward subordinates; highly insulting | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|너희; 여러분; 너희; 당신들; 이놈들; 니네; 니들; 자네들 | |너희; 여러분; 너희; 당신들; 이놈들; 니네; 니들; 자네들 | ||
|generic, discourteous if used for a superior; honorific; slightly rude; slightly rude; highly insulting; very familiar; very familiar; intimate toward subordinates | |generic, discourteous if used for a superior; honorific; slightly rude; slightly rude; highly insulting; very familiar; very familiar; intimate toward subordinates | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Kyrgyz | |Kyrgyz | ||
|силер; сиздер | |силер; сиздер | ||
Line 835: | Line 732: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener? == | |||
By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”). | |||
== Are there different first-person plural pronouns (inclusive “we”) for different use? == | |||
1. No. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|نَحْنُ | | style="text-align:right;" |نَحْنُ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|French | |||
|nous | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Malay | |||
|kita | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Portuguese | |||
|nós | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Telugu | |||
|మనము | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
== How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener? == | |||
By the third-person plural pronoun. | |||
== Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use? == | |||
1. No. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Danish | |||
|de | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|English | |||
|they | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|German | |||
|sie | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Hungarian | |||
|ők | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Malay | |||
|mereka | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Rapa Nui | |||
|raua | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Russian | |||
|они́ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Swahili | |||
|wao | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Tok Pisin | |||
|ol | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
|Turkish | |||
|onlar | |||
| | | | ||
| | |- | ||
|Vietnamese | |||
|họ | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
2. Yes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Dalmatian | ||
| | |jali; jale | ||
| | |masculine; feminine | ||
| | |- | ||
|Faroese | |||
|teir; tær; tey | |||
|masculine; feminine; neuter | |||
|- | |||
|Galician | |||
|elos; elas | |||
|masculine; feminine | |||
|- | |||
|Hebrew | |||
| style="text-align:right;" |הֵם; הֵן | |||
|masculine; feminine | |||
|- | |||
|Icelandic | |||
|þeir; þær; þau | |||
|masculine; feminine; neuter | |||
|- | |||
|Korean | |||
|그들; 그녀들 | |||
|common; female | |||
|- | |||
|Modern Greek | |||
|αυτοί; αυτές; αυτά | |||
|masculine; feminine; neuter | |||
|- | |||
|Scottish Gaelic | |||
|iad; iadsan | |||
|common; emphatic | |||
|- | |||
|Slovak | |||
|oni; ony | |||
|masculine; feminine or neuter | |||
|- | |||
|Slovene | |||
|ôni; ône; ôna | |||
|masculine; feminine; neuter | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Spanish | ||
| | |ellos; ellas | ||
| | |masculine; feminine | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 906: | Line 873: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Are “exclusive we” and “inclusive we” different words? == | |||
1. No. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|English | |English | ||
|we | |we | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Finnish | |Finnish | ||
|me | |me | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|German | |German | ||
|wir | |wir | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Mandarin Chinese | |Mandarin Chinese | ||
| | |我們/我们 | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
2. Yes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Bislama | |Bislama | ||
|yumitu; yumitri; yumi; mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | |yumitu; yumitri; yumi; mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | ||
|inclusive dual; inclusive trial; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive trial; exclusive plural | |inclusive dual; inclusive trial; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive trial; exclusive plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hawaiian | |Hawaiian | ||
|kāua; kākou; māua; mākou | |kāua; kākou; māua; mākou | ||
|inclusive dual; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive plural | |inclusive dual; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|chúng ta; chúng tôi | |chúng ta; chúng tôi | ||
|inclusive; exclusive | |inclusive; exclusive | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Is there any plural form the same as or similar to the polite singular form? == | |||
1. No. | |||
2. Yes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!language | |||
!word | |||
!note | |||
|- | |||
|Bashkir | |||
|һеҙ | |||
|second-person plural, second-person singular polite | |||
|- | |||
|Estonian | |||
|teie, te | |||
|second-person plural, second-person singular polite | |||
|- | |||
|French | |||
|vous | |||
|second-person plural, second-person (singular or plural) polite | |||
|- | |||
|German | |||
|sie; Sie | |||
|third-person plural; second-person singular polite | |||
|- | |||
|Hindi | |||
|वे | |||
|third-person plural, third-person singular polite | |||
|- | |||
|Latvian | |||
|jūs | |||
|second-person plural, second-person (singular or plural) polite | |||
|- | |||
|Lithuanian | |||
|jūs | |||
|second-person plural, second-person singular polite | |||
|- | |||
|Mongolian | |||
|та | |||
|second-person plural, second-person singular polite | |||
|} | |||
== Is there any pronoun the same as or similar to a determiner? == | |||
1. No. | |||
2. Yes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!language | |||
!word | |||
!note | |||
|- | |||
|Danish | |||
|de | |||
|third-person plural nominative pronoun, plural demonstrative pronoun or plural definite article | |||
|- | |||
|Kannada | |||
|ಅವರು; ಅವುಗಳು; ಅವು | |||
|masculine or feminine plural personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun; neuter plural personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun; neuter plural personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun | |||
|- | |||
|Modern Greek | |||
|αυτοί; αυτές; αυτά | |||
|third-person masculine plural personal pronoun or determiner; third-person feminine plural personal pronoun or determiner; third-person neuter plural personal pronoun or determiner | |||
|- | |||
|Norwegian | |||
|de | |||
|third-person plural nominative pronoun, plural demonstrative pronoun or plural definite article | |||
|} | |||
==Other Lessons== | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Merry-Christmas-in-all-countries-languages|Merry Christmas in all countries languages]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Comparative-Etymology|Comparative Etymology]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Days-of-the-week-and-Months-of-the-year|Days of the week and Months of the year]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Common-Han-Characters-with-⼀|Common Han Characters with ⼀]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Greetings-in-All-Languages|Greetings in All Languages]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Breakfast-in-many-languages|Breakfast in many languages]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Metalworking|Metalworking]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Greetings-Reply-to-a-greeting|Greetings Reply to a greeting]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Wine-Terms|Wine Terms]] | |||
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Similarities-between-French-and-Portuguese|Similarities between French and Portuguese]] | |||
<span links></span> |
Latest revision as of 23:07, 26 March 2023
This chapter of Language comparisons focuses on the comparison of pronouns.
Note: every “word” is in nominative case.
How to indicate the speaker?[edit | edit source]
By the first-person singular pronoun.
Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different uses?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Amharic | እኔ | |
Arabic | أَنَا | |
Basque | ni | |
Bengali | আমি | |
English | I | |
French | je | |
German | ich | |
Hausa | ni | |
Hebrew | אֲנִי | |
Hindi | मैं; हम | |
Italian | io | |
Javanese | aku | |
Kabyle | nekk | |
Kannada | ನಾನು | |
Malayalam | ഞാന് | |
Mandarin Chinese | 我 | |
Marathi | मी | |
Mon | အဲ | |
Portuguese | eu | |
Punjabi | ਮੈਂ | |
Russian | я | |
Spanish | yo | |
Swahili | mimi | |
Tamil | நான் | |
Telugu | నేను | |
Tigrinya | ኣነ | |
Turkish | ben | |
Urdu | ہم; میں |
2. Yes.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Burmese | ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ် | formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite |
Indonesian | saya; aku | formal; informal |
Japanese | 私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺 | common; formal; informal; female; male |
Khmer | ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ | common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female |
Korean | 나; 저 | common; formal |
Malay | saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta | formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties |
Thai | ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู | male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude |
Tsafiki | la; čiʰké; če | adult male; adult female; immature |
Vietnamese | tôi; tớ; ta; mình | common; informal; informal; intimate |
How to indicate the listener?[edit | edit source]
By the second-person singular pronoun.
Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
English | you | |
Esperanto | vi | |
Malayalam | നീ | |
Mon | ဗှ်ေ | |
Swahili | wewe | |
Tibetan | ཁྱེད་རང | |
Vietnamese | bạn |
2. Yes.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Amharic | አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ | to male; to female; formal |
Arabic | أَنْتَ ; أَنْتِ ; حَضْرَتَك ; حَضْرَتِك | to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal |
Bengali | তুই; তুমি; আপনি | informal; intimate; formal |
Burmese | နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင် | informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female |
French | tu; vous | informal; formal |
German | du; Sie | informal; formal |
Hebrew | אַתָּה; אַתְּ | to male; to female |
Hindi | तू; तुम; आप | informal; polite; more polite |
Italian | tu; lei | informal; formal |
Japanese | 貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様 | polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting |
Khmer | លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក | to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common |
Korean | 당신; 너; 네; 자네 | common; informal; informal; to low social strata |
Malay | kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau | common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal |
Mandarin Chinese | 你; 您 | informal; formal |
Portuguese | tu; você | familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil |
Russian | ты; Вы; вы | familiar; polite; polite |
Spanish | tú; usted; vos | familiar; polite; familiar |
Tamil | நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள் | familiar; polite; more polite |
Telugu | నీవు; మీరు | familiar; polite |
Thai | คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา | colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman |
Tigrinya | ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን | informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female |
Turkish | sen; siz | familiar; polite |
Urdu | آپ; تم; تو | formal; less informal; informal |
Yoruba | ìwọ; ệyin | informal; formal |
How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener?[edit | edit source]
By the third-person singular pronoun.
Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Hindi | वह; यह | |
Persian | او | |
Turkish | o | |
Urdu | وہ; يہ | |
Yue Chinese | 佢 |
2. Yes.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Amharic | እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው | male or non-human; female; polite |
Arabic | هُوَ; هِيَ | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human |
Burmese | သူ; သူမ | male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female |
English | he; she; it | male; female; non-human |
French | il; elle; ce; ça | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human |
German | er; sie; es | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human |
Hebrew | הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת | male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human |
Italian | lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella | male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary |
Japanese | 彼; 彼女 | male; female |
Kannada | ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು | this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human |
Khmer | គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា | polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank |
Korean | 그; 그이; 그녀 | male or female; polite, male; female |
Malay | dia; ia; baginda; beliau | male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people |
Mandarin Chinese | 他; 她; 它 | male; female; non-human |
Portuguese | ele; ela | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human |
Russian | он; она́; оно́ | male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human |
Spanish | él; ella; ello | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human |
Tigrinya | ንሱ; ንሳ | male or non-human; female |
Vietnamese | anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó | young male; older or respected male; young female or older than the speaker; young female; older or respected female; informal or pejorative; child or non-human |
How to indicate things in languages without third-person non-human pronoun?[edit | edit source]
By demonstrative pronouns.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Japanese | それ | thing near the listener |
Korean | 그것 | thing near the listener |
How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener?[edit | edit source]
By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”).
Are there different first-person plural pronouns (exclusive “we”) for different use?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Amharic | እኛ | |
Arabic | نَحْنُ | |
Basque | gu | |
Bengali | আমরা | |
English | we | |
German | wir | |
Hausa | múu | |
Hindi | हम | |
Italian | noi | |
Kannada | ನಾವು | |
Khmer | យើង | |
Malay | kami | |
Mandarin Chinese | 我們/我们 | |
Mon | ပိုဲ | |
Russian | мы | |
Swahili | sisi | |
Tamil | நாங்கள் | |
Telugu | మేము | |
Tigrinya | ንሕና | |
Turkish | biz | |
Urdu | ہم | |
Vietnamese | chúng ta |
2. Yes.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Bislama | mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | dual; trial; plural* |
Burmese | ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့ | informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal |
French | nous; on | formal; informal |
Hawaiian | māua; mākou | dual; plural* |
Hebrew | אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ | formal; informal |
Japanese | 私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら | common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used |
Korean | 우리; 저희 | common; humble |
Maori | māua; mātou | dual; plural* |
Northern Sami | moai; mii | dual; plural* |
Old Church Slavonic | вѣ; мꙑ | dual; plural* |
Portuguese | nós; a gente | common; informal |
Rapa Nui | maua; matou | dual; plural* |
Spanish | nosotros; nosotras | masculine; feminine |
Tok Pisin | mitupela; mitripela; mipela | dual; trial; plural* |
*“plural” in these languages means more than two or more than three.
How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener?[edit | edit source]
By the second-person plural pronoun.
Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Amharic | እናንተ | |
English | you | |
French | vous | |
Icelandic | þið | |
Mandarin Chinese | 你們/你们 | |
Malay | kalian | |
Modern Greek | εσείς | |
Pashto | تاسې | |
Persian | شما | |
Russian | вы | |
Swahili | ninyi | |
Ukrainian | ви | |
Yue Chinese | 你哋 | |
Zulu | nina |
2. Yes.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Arabic | أَنْتُمَا; أَنْتُم; أَنْتُنَّ; حَضْرَتْكُم | common gender, dual; masculine, plural; feminine, plural; formal |
Aramaic | ܐܢܬܘܢ = אנתון; אנתין = ܐܢܬܝܢ | masculine; feminine |
Bengali | তোরা; তোমরা; আপনারা; তোমরা | familiar; very familiar; polite; polite |
Burmese | နင်တို့; နင်တို့; ရှင်တို့ | to younger people; polite, by male; polite, by female |
Danish | I; De | familiar; polite |
German | ihr; Sie | familiar; polite |
Hawaiian | ʻolua; ʻoukou | dual; plural |
Hebrew | אֲתֶּם; אֲתֶּן | masculine; feminine |
Hindi | तुम; आप | mid-polite; polite |
Hungarian | ti; önök | familiar; polite |
Japanese | 貴方達; 貴方方; お前達; 君達; 貴様等 | generic; honorific; slightly rude; intimate or toward subordinates; highly insulting |
Korean | 너희; 여러분; 너희; 당신들; 이놈들; 니네; 니들; 자네들 | generic, discourteous if used for a superior; honorific; slightly rude; slightly rude; highly insulting; very familiar; very familiar; intimate toward subordinates |
Kyrgyz | силер; сиздер | familiar; polite |
How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener?[edit | edit source]
By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”).
Are there different first-person plural pronouns (inclusive “we”) for different use?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Arabic | نَحْنُ | |
French | nous | |
Malay | kita | |
Portuguese | nós | |
Telugu | మనము |
How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener?[edit | edit source]
By the third-person plural pronoun.
Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Danish | de | |
English | they | |
German | sie | |
Hungarian | ők | |
Malay | mereka | |
Rapa Nui | raua | |
Russian | они́ | |
Swahili | wao | |
Tok Pisin | ol | |
Turkish | onlar | |
Vietnamese | họ |
2. Yes.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Dalmatian | jali; jale | masculine; feminine |
Faroese | teir; tær; tey | masculine; feminine; neuter |
Galician | elos; elas | masculine; feminine |
Hebrew | הֵם; הֵן | masculine; feminine |
Icelandic | þeir; þær; þau | masculine; feminine; neuter |
Korean | 그들; 그녀들 | common; female |
Modern Greek | αυτοί; αυτές; αυτά | masculine; feminine; neuter |
Scottish Gaelic | iad; iadsan | common; emphatic |
Slovak | oni; ony | masculine; feminine or neuter |
Slovene | ôni; ône; ôna | masculine; feminine; neuter |
Spanish | ellos; ellas | masculine; feminine |
Are “exclusive we” and “inclusive we” different words?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
English | we | |
Finnish | me | |
German | wir | |
Mandarin Chinese | 我們/我们 |
2. Yes.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Bislama | yumitu; yumitri; yumi; mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | inclusive dual; inclusive trial; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive trial; exclusive plural |
Hawaiian | kāua; kākou; māua; mākou | inclusive dual; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive plural |
Vietnamese | chúng ta; chúng tôi | inclusive; exclusive |
Is there any plural form the same as or similar to the polite singular form?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
2. Yes.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Bashkir | һеҙ | second-person plural, second-person singular polite |
Estonian | teie, te | second-person plural, second-person singular polite |
French | vous | second-person plural, second-person (singular or plural) polite |
German | sie; Sie | third-person plural; second-person singular polite |
Hindi | वे | third-person plural, third-person singular polite |
Latvian | jūs | second-person plural, second-person (singular or plural) polite |
Lithuanian | jūs | second-person plural, second-person singular polite |
Mongolian | та | second-person plural, second-person singular polite |
Is there any pronoun the same as or similar to a determiner?[edit | edit source]
1. No.
2. Yes.
language | word | note |
---|---|---|
Danish | de | third-person plural nominative pronoun, plural demonstrative pronoun or plural definite article |
Kannada | ಅವರು; ಅವುಗಳು; ಅವು | masculine or feminine plural personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun; neuter plural personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun; neuter plural personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun |
Modern Greek | αυτοί; αυτές; αυτά | third-person masculine plural personal pronoun or determiner; third-person feminine plural personal pronoun or determiner; third-person neuter plural personal pronoun or determiner |
Norwegian | de | third-person plural nominative pronoun, plural demonstrative pronoun or plural definite article |
Other Lessons[edit | edit source]
- Merry Christmas in all countries languages
- Comparative Etymology
- Days of the week and Months of the year
- Common Han Characters with ⼀
- Greetings in All Languages
- Breakfast in many languages
- Metalworking
- Greetings Reply to a greeting
- Wine Terms
- Similarities between French and Portuguese