Language/Halh-mongolian/Grammar/Conjunctions
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Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn how to use conjunctions in Halh Mongolian. Conjunctions are words that join words, phrases, or clauses together in a sentence. Understanding conjunctions is essential in Halh Mongolian, as they help convey more complex meanings and relationships between different parts of a sentence.
Consider broadening your understanding by checking out these related lessons: Present Tense & Conditional Mood.
Types of Conjunctions
There are two main types of conjunctions in Halh Mongolian: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical value. In Halh Mongolian, there are seven coordinating conjunctions:
- мөн (mon) = and - нэгэнд (nеgen-d) = or - харин (harin) = but, however - гэхдээ (gekhdee) = yet, still - захиа (zakhia) = as well as - ба (ba) = and - эсвэл (esvel) = or
Here are some examples:
| Halh Mongolian | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| Би машинтаа явах гэж зорьж байгаа, харин гэрт өмнө явж байна | Bi mashinta jauakh gej zorzh baiga, harin gerht öмнө jauzh baina | I am considering going by car, but I will go home first. |
| Би нартай, гэхдээ тэгээд гэрлүүдийг үзэх вэ? | Bi nartai, gekhdee tegeed gerluudeeg uzekh ve? | Should I go with my friends or should I go see the houses? |
| Энэ жил хязгааргүй лет өмнө гайхалтай байсан гэж, надад бодлоо | Ene jil khiazgaargui let öner gaihaltai baisan gej, nadad bodloo | He thought I had a great time last year and this year, I am still having a great time. |
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join clauses of unequal grammatical value - one dependent on the other. In Halh Mongolian, there are many subordinating conjunctions, some of which are:
- ба (ba) = and, as - ялгах (yalgakh) = although, even though - тиймээс (tiimees) = therefore, so, thus - энэтхэг (enetkheg) = because, since - учир (uchir) = because, due to, owing to - ямар нэгэн (yamar nеgen) = whatever, whichever - хүүхэд (khukhed) = in order to, so that
Here are some examples:
| Halh Mongolian | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| Тэр амьдралын хувьд амьдрал хэтэрвэл амьдрах ёстой гэдгийг мэдэж байна | Ter amjiralyin khuvd amjirarl khүtеrvеl amjirakh yostoj gejgig medej baina | He knows that if he loses his life savings, he will have to work. |
| Үүнд ялгавал үйлчлүүлэгч менежерийн янз бүрийн гэрчилгээтэй хариу хүлээх ёстой бүхэн хамтсан | Iind yalgaval üylchluulekh menedzheriin yanz bürien gerchilgээtэй khariu khülээkh yostoi bükhen khamsan | Everyone has to cooperate in order to respond with each manager's different responsibility when they face difficulties. |
| Та лавлахын төлөвлөгөөнүүдээ хянахыг хүсчээ | Ta lavlakhin tólólögölüüdээ khanakhэkh khüschee | You want to understand the conditions of you're getting married. |
Common Phrases and Examples
Here are some common conjunction phrases and examples in Halh Mongolian:
- мөн (mon) = and
* Хар саранд нюгэлт ирэх мөн дулаан толгой мөн || Khar sarandүgэlt irekh mon dhulaan tolgoy mon || In autumn, the leaves fall and turn yellow.
* Тэр цагийн дараа гэрийнхээ байгалдай боллоо, мөн түүний асуудал хромлов || Ter tsagiин daraa gЭriin khээ baigaldai bolo, mon tüüni asuudal khromlov || He became depressed after work, and his problem worsened.
- нэгэнд (negen-d) = or
* Токтон хоолоо тэнэг томсод инээж орхиж болох уу нэгэнд маш анхаарах ёстой || Tokton khooloo teneeg tomsod inej orkhij bolokh uu nеgen-d mash ankhaarakh yostoi || Should we eat barbecue alone or should we also have soup?
- харин (harin) = but, however
* Энэ сургуулианд залуугаа төгс болчихсон гэвч, түүнчлэн сайжруулах хэрэгтэй харин || Ene surgуuliand zaluugaa tögs bolchikhsen gevch, tüünlэn saizhruulakh khэrэgtэi harin || She graduated from this school with honors but now needs to improve further.
* Хамгийн ахин, хатуу хугацаанд хэлийн болон хандлага амар илуулдаг харин бүх зүйл сайн болохоос биш || Khmgiin akhin, khatuu khugatsaand khelijn bolon khandlaga amar iluuldag harin bükhen zuyl sayn bolokhoos bish || First, language and communication may be difficult, but everything else is good.
- гэхдээ (gekhdee) = yet, still
* Миний эхнэр гэрээ хашгираад байгаад гэхдээ олны тохиолдлоо хэцүү байлаа || Minii еkhner gэrээ hashgiraad baigaad gekhdee olni tokhioldloo khetsu bailaa || My brother was still feeling depressed despite the fact that he was in the comfort of his own home.
* Тоглоомын дуусахад тэд гэрийнхээ байр эзэмшигчид ирсэн гэхдээ зогсоод нийлсэн || Togloomyn dusa khad tэd gЭriin khээ bair ezэmshigchid irsen gekhdee zogsod niilsen || After the game, they stayed up late eating and chatting despite the hosts needing to go to bed.
- захиа (zakhia) = as well as
* Тэр маш дуртай захиа тэр явж чадсан боловч, гайзууд ч хурдан хүрэх бус байсан || Ter mash durta zakhia ter jauzh chadsan bolovch, khaizud ch khurdan khürekh bus baisan || He was able to go quickly despite the difficult terrain, as well as other obstacles.
- ба (ba) = and
* Өнөөдөр уйлдахад таны төрс гэмтэлтэй ба эмээс хавдраа || Önöödör uilakhad tany tors gamtэltэi ba emees khvdraa || Your body is tired and you feel weak today.
* Би хэлсэн үг нь хиймэлийн сонгодог хүмүүсээр бүрдсэн юм бол байна || Bi khelsэn üg n khеmliin songodog khumuumseeree burdsen ym bol baina || It is true and it is accepted by everyone that my words are supported by evidence.
- эсвэл (esvel) = or
* Нэг ресторан эсвэл дахь ресторан л байх уу? || Neg restoran esvel dah restoran l baikh uu? || Should we go to one restaurant or another?
Conclusion
Conjunctions
Other Lessons
- Prepositions
- Noun Cases
- Past Tense
- Personal pronouns
- Pronouns
- Questions
- Negation
- Cyrillic Script
- Conditional Mood
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