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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Standard-latvian|Standard Latvian]]  → [[Language/Standard-latvian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Standard-latvian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Adverbs and prepositions → Prepositions and their cases</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Standard-latvian|Standard Latvian]]  → [[Language/Standard-latvian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Standard-latvian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions and their cases</div>


== Introduction ==
Welcome to this exciting lesson on prepositions and their cases in Standard Latvian! Understanding how prepositions function within sentences is crucial for mastering the language, as they help us define relationships between words, indicate location, time, and much more. This lesson is designed for complete beginners and will guide you step-by-step through the essentials of using prepositions correctly in Latvian.


Welcome to the lesson on prepositions and their cases in Standard Latvian grammar! In this lesson, we will explore how prepositions are used in Latvian sentences and the corresponding cases they require. Understanding prepositions and their cases is essential for constructing accurate and meaningful sentences in Latvian. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to use prepositions correctly and confidently in your conversations and written expressions.
In this lesson, we will cover the following topics:


To navigate through this lesson, we will start by discussing the importance of prepositions and their cases in the context of the Latvian language. We will then delve into the details of each case, providing clear explanations and numerous examples to illustrate their usage. We will also explore any regional variations in the usage of prepositions and their cases, as well as delve into the historical reasons behind these differences. Additionally, we will include interesting cultural facts and anecdotes related to the topic to make the learning experience more engaging and enjoyable. Finally, we will conclude the lesson with a series of exercises and practice scenarios for you to apply what you have learned.
__TOC__
 
So, let's get started and unravel the mysteries of prepositions and their cases in Standard Latvian!


__TOC__
=== Introduction to Prepositions ===


== The importance of prepositions and their cases in Latvian ==
Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence. They can denote various relationships, such as direction, location, time, and manner. In Latvian, prepositions are particularly interesting because they require specific grammatical cases for the nouns that follow them.


Prepositions play a crucial role in the Latvian language as they help establish relationships between different elements in a sentence. They indicate location, direction, time, manner, and many other aspects, allowing us to express a wide range of ideas and concepts. Prepositions are closely associated with specific cases in Latvian, which determine the form of the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition.
Why is this important? Well, in English, the preposition often remains the same irrespective of the noun's role in the sentence. However, in Latvian, the preposition can change the form of the noun based on its grammatical case. This means that mastering prepositions is essential for forming accurate and meaningful sentences.


Understanding the correct usage of prepositions and their corresponding cases is essential for achieving grammatical accuracy and conveying precise meaning in Latvian. Using the wrong case with a preposition can lead to confusion and misunderstandings. Therefore, mastering prepositions and their cases is a fundamental step towards achieving fluency and proficiency in the Latvian language.
=== Types of Prepositions and Their Cases ===


In this lesson, we will focus on the most common prepositions and their associated cases, providing you with the necessary knowledge and practice to confidently use them in your conversations and written expressions.
Latvian prepositions can be categorized based on the cases they govern. Let's explore some common prepositions along with the corresponding cases:


== The cases of prepositions in Latvian ==
==== Prepositions with the Accusative Case ====


In the Latvian language, prepositions are closely linked to specific cases. Each preposition requires a particular case to be used with the noun or pronoun that follows it. This case determines the form and ending of the noun or pronoun.
Certain prepositions in Latvian require the use of the accusative case. Here’s a brief overview:


There are six cases in Latvian: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, and Locative. Each case has its own specific function and is used in different contexts. In this lesson, we will focus on the cases that are most commonly used with prepositions: Accusative, Genitive, Dative, and Locative.
* '''pa''' (along, through)


=== Prepositions that require the Accusative case ===
* '''uz''' (to, onto)


The Accusative case is used to indicate the direct object of a sentence, as well as to express motion towards a destination. In combination with certain prepositions, the Accusative case is used to convey the idea of direction, movement, or the goal of an action.
* '''ap''' (around)


Let's take a look at some prepositions that require the Accusative case in Latvian:
Here are examples of how these prepositions are used:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Latvian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Standard Latvian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| uz || [u:s] || to, towards
 
| Es eju '''pa''' ielu. || Es eju pa ielu. || I walk '''along''' the street.
 
|-
|-
| caur || [tsau̯r] || through
 
| Mēs dodamies '''uz''' Rīgu. || Mēs dodamies uz Rīgu. || We are going '''to''' Riga.
 
|-
|-
| pa || [pa] || along, through
 
|-
| Viņš skrien '''ap''' māju. || Viņš skrien ap māju. || He runs '''around''' the house.
| ap || [ap] || around
 
|-
| pār || [pa:ɾ] || over, across
|}
|}


==== Examples ====
==== Prepositions with the Genitive Case ====


# Es ejos uz veikalu. (I'm going to the store.)
Some prepositions require the genitive case. These include:
# Viņš pārbrauca pāri tiltam. (He drove across the bridge.)
# Mēs skrienam pa parku. (We are running through the park.)
# Viņa gāja ap māju. (She walked around the house.)


=== Prepositions that require the Genitive case ===
* '''bez''' (without)


The Genitive case is used to indicate possession, origin, or a partitive relationship. In combination with certain prepositions, the Genitive case is used to convey the idea of movement from a place or a specific point in time.
* '''līdz''' (until, up to)


Let's take a look at some prepositions that require the Genitive case in Latvian:
* '''pēc''' (after)
 
Examples in sentences:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Latvian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Standard Latvian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| no || [no] || from
 
| Mēs ejam '''bez''' tevis. || Mēs ejam bez tevis. || We go '''without''' you.
 
|-
|-
| bez || [bæz] || without
 
| Es strādāju '''līdz''' vakaram. || Es strādāju līdz vakaram. || I work '''until''' the evening.
 
|-
|-
| sākumā || [sa:kuma:] || at the beginning of
 
|-
| Viņš nāk '''pēc''' manis. || Viņš nāk pēc manis. || He comes '''after''' me.
| pašā || [pa:ʃa:] || in, at
 
|-
| pretī || [pɾeti:] || towards, against
|}
|}


==== Examples ====
==== Prepositions with the Dative Case ====


# Es nācu no mājas. (I came from home.)
A few prepositions govern the dative case, such as:
# Viņš dzīvo bez draugiem. (He lives without friends.)
# Mēs satikāmies pašā centrā. (We met in the center.)
# Viņa skatījās pretī man. (She looked towards me.)


=== Prepositions that require the Dative case ===
* '''pret''' (against)


The Dative case is used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence, as well as to express the recipient or beneficiary of an action. In combination with certain prepositions, the Dative case is used to convey the idea of location, presence, or the means by which something is done.
* '''līdz''' (to, as far as)


Let's take a look at some prepositions that require the Dative case in Latvian:
For example:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Latvian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Standard Latvian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| pie || [pi:ɛ] || at, near
 
| Es runāju '''pret''' viņu. || Es runāju pret viņu. || I speak '''against''' him.
 
|-
|-
| blakus || [blakus] || next to, beside
 
|-
| Mēs ejam '''līdz''' upes. || Mēs ejam līdz upei. || We walk '''to''' the river.
| kopā ar || [kopa: aɾ] || together with
 
|-
| caur || [tsau̯r] || by means of, through
|-
| arī || [a:ɾi:] || also, too
|}
|}


==== Examples ====
==== Prepositions with the Locative Case ====


# Es dzīvoju pie vecākiem. (I live with my parents.)
The locative case is used with prepositions that indicate location. Some are:
# Viņš stāvēja blakus man. (He stood next to me.)
# Mēs braucam kopā ar draugiem. (We are traveling together with friends.)
# Viņa mācās caur grāmatām. (She is learning through books.)


=== Prepositions that require the Locative case ===
* '''par''' (about, for)


The Locative case is used to indicate a specific location or place in which an action takes place. In combination with certain prepositions, the Locative case is used to convey the idea of being at or in a particular place.
* '''uz''' (on, at)


Let's take a look at some prepositions that require the Locative case in Latvian:
Examples include:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Standard Latvian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Standard Latvian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| uz || [u:s] || on, onto
 
| Viņa stāsta '''par''' savu darbu. || Viņa stāsta par savu darbu. || She tells '''about''' her work.
 
|-
|-
| zem || [zɛm] || under, beneath
 
|-
| Mēs esam '''uz''' dīvāna. || Mēs esam uz dīvāna. || We are '''on''' the couch.
| virs || [viɾs] || above, over
 
|-
| starp || [staɾp] || between, among
|-
| aiz || [aiz] || behind
|}
|}


==== Examples ====
=== Using Prepositions in Sentences ===
 
When constructing sentences in Latvian, it’s essential to pair the correct preposition with the appropriate noun case. Let’s look at some examples that showcase how prepositions interact with nouns in various contexts:
 
1. '''Going to a Place'''
 
* '''Latvian''': Es dodos '''uz''' veikalu.
 
* '''Pronunciation''': Es dodos uz veikalu.
 
* '''English''': I am going '''to''' the store.
 
2. '''Describing Location'''
 
* '''Latvian''': Grāmata ir '''uz''' galda.
 
* '''Pronunciation''': Grāmata ir uz galda.
 
* '''English''': The book is '''on''' the table.
 
3. '''Talking About Time'''
 
* '''Latvian''': Mēs tiksimies '''pēc''' stundas.
 
* '''Pronunciation''': Mēs tiksimies pēc stundas.
 
* '''English''': We will meet '''after''' an hour.
 
4. '''Expressing Direction'''
 
* '''Latvian''': Viņš skrien '''pa''' parku.
 
* '''Pronunciation''': Viņš skrien pa parku.
 
* '''English''': He runs '''through''' the park.
 
5. '''Indicating Absence'''
 
* '''Latvian''': Mēs esam '''bez''' naudas.
 
* '''Pronunciation''': Mēs esam bez naudas.
 
* '''English''': We are '''without''' money.
 
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now that we’ve explored the theory behind prepositions and their cases, let’s put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!
 
==== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ====
 
Complete the sentences with the correct preposition and form the noun in the correct case.
 
1. Es eju ____ veikalu. (to)
 
2. Viņš ir ____ mājās. (at)
 
3. Mēs runājam ____ viņu. (about)
 
4. Grāmata ir ____ galda. (on)
 
5. Viņa nāk ____ mani. (after)
 
'''Answers:'''
 
1. uz veikalu
 
2. mājās
 
3. par viņu
 
4. uz galda
 
5. pēc manis
 
==== Exercise 2: Choose the Correct Preposition ====
 
Select the appropriate preposition from the options provided.
 
1. Mēs ejam ____ Rīgu. (a) uz (b) pie


# Grāmata ir uz galda. (The book is on the table.)
2. Viņš strādā ____ mājās. (a) uz (b) mājās
# Sunītis guļ zem gultas. (The puppy is sleeping under the bed.)
# Mēness stāv virs mājas. (The moon is above the house.)
# Viņa ir starp draugiem. (She is among friends.)


== Regional variations and cultural insights ==
3. Grāmata ir ____ galda. (a) uz (b) ar


While the usage of prepositions and their cases is generally consistent throughout the Latvian language, there may be some regional variations in certain dialects or speech patterns. These variations can stem from historical, cultural, or geographical influences.
4. Mēs esam ____ bezdarbnieki. (a) bez (b) ar


For example, in some regions of Latvia, prepositions may be used in slightly different ways or with different cases compared to the Standard Latvian. These variations can add richness and diversity to the language, reflecting the unique cultural and linguistic characteristics of different regions.
5. Viņa nāk ____ viņa. (a) pēc (b) par


In addition to regional variations, the usage of prepositions and their cases can also be influenced by historical factors. Latvia has a complex linguistic history, with influences from neighboring countries and historical periods of foreign rule. These influences can be observed in the Latvian language, including its prepositions and their cases. Understanding the historical background of the language can provide valuable insights into the development and usage of prepositions in Latvian.
'''Answers:'''


Furthermore, exploring Latvian culture and traditions can shed light on the significance of prepositions and their cases in everyday life. For example, Latvian folklore and songs often make use of prepositions to describe landscapes, nature, and emotions. By studying these cultural aspects, you can deepen your understanding of how prepositions are used in a broader cultural context.
1. (a) uz


== Exercises and practice scenarios ==
2. (b) mājās


To reinforce your understanding of prepositions and their cases in Latvian, let's now move on to some exercises and practice scenarios. These exercises will provide you with the opportunity to apply what you have learned and enhance your proficiency in using prepositions correctly.
3. (a) uz


Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions and their corresponding cases.
4. (a) bez


1. Es ejos ____ parku.
5. (a) pēc
2. Viņš nāca ____ autobusu.
3. Mēs dzīvojam ____ pilsētā.
4. Viņa skatījās ____ logu.
5. Sunītis guļ ____ gultas.


Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences from English to Latvian, paying attention to the correct usage of prepositions and their cases.
==== Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences ====


1. I'm going to the cinema.
Translate the following sentences from English to Latvian, using the correct preposition and case.
2. She received a gift from her friend.
3. We are meeting at the restaurant.
4. The book is on the shelf.
5. They are running through the forest.


Solutions:
1. I walk through the park.


Exercise 1:
2. We are without money.
1. Es ejos pa parku.
2. Viņš nāca ar autobusu.
3. Mēs dzīvojam pilsētā.
4. Viņa skatījās caur logu.
5. Sunītis guļ zem gultas.


Exercise 2:
3. He comes after me.
1. Es ejos uz kino.
2. Viņa saņēma dāvanu no drauga.
3. Mēs satiksimies restorānā.
4. Grāmata ir uz plaukta.
5. Viņi skrien caur mežu.


By practicing these exercises, you will gain confidence in using prepositions and their cases correctly in your Latvian communication.
4. The book is on the table.


== Conclusion ==
5. She tells about her family.


Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on prepositions and their cases in Standard Latvian grammar. You have learned about the importance of prepositions and their corresponding cases in constructing accurate and meaningful sentences in Latvian. Through clear explanations, numerous examples, and engaging exercises, you have gained the necessary knowledge and practice to confidently use prepositions in your conversations and written expressions.
'''Answers:'''


Continue practicing and incorporating prepositions into your daily language use to further enhance your proficiency in Latvian. Remember to pay attention to regional variations and cultural insights to deepen your understanding of the language and its context. With dedication and practice, you will continue to progress in your journey towards fluency in the Latvian language.
1. Es eju '''pa''' parku.


Happy learning!
2. Mēs esam '''bez''' naudas.
 
3. Viņš nāk '''pēc''' manis.
 
4. Grāmata ir '''uz''' galda.
 
5. Viņa stāsta '''par''' savu ģimeni.
 
==== Exercise 4: Matching Prepositions with Cases ====
 
Match the prepositions with their corresponding cases.
 
1. bez (a) Genitive
 
2. uz (b) Accusative
 
3. par (c) Locative
 
4. līdz (d) Dative
 
'''Answers:'''
 
1 - (a) Genitive
 
2 - (b) Accusative
 
3 - (c) Locative
 
4 - (d) Dative
 
==== Exercise 5: Sentence Construction ====
 
Construct sentences using the following phrases. Use the correct preposition and noun case.
 
1. (at home) – "Es esmu ____."
 
2. (to the store) – "Viņa dodas ____."
 
3. (about the movie) – "Mēs runājam ____."
 
4. (after dinner) – "Mēs tiksimies ____."
 
5. (without you) – "Es eju ____."
 
'''Answers:'''
 
1. Es esmu '''mājās'''.
 
2. Viņa dodas '''uz veikalu'''.
 
3. Mēs runājam '''par filmu'''.
 
4. Mēs tiksimies '''pēc vakariņām'''.
 
5. Es eju '''bez tevis'''.
 
=== Conclusion ===
 
Congratulations on completing this lesson on prepositions and their cases in Standard Latvian! You’ve learned how vital prepositions are in forming coherent and meaningful sentences, and how their use changes based on the grammatical case of the nouns that follow them.
 
As you continue your journey in learning Latvian, remember to practice using prepositions in various contexts. This will help you solidify your understanding and enhance your conversational skills.
 
Keep up the great work, and happy learning!


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|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use prepositions and their corresponding cases in Latvian sentences. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic, explore regional variations and cultural insights, and practice through exercises and scenarios.
 
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Latest revision as of 17:51, 1 August 2024

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Latvian-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Standard Latvian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Prepositions and their cases

Welcome to this exciting lesson on prepositions and their cases in Standard Latvian! Understanding how prepositions function within sentences is crucial for mastering the language, as they help us define relationships between words, indicate location, time, and much more. This lesson is designed for complete beginners and will guide you step-by-step through the essentials of using prepositions correctly in Latvian.

In this lesson, we will cover the following topics:

Introduction to Prepositions[edit | edit source]

Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence. They can denote various relationships, such as direction, location, time, and manner. In Latvian, prepositions are particularly interesting because they require specific grammatical cases for the nouns that follow them.

Why is this important? Well, in English, the preposition often remains the same irrespective of the noun's role in the sentence. However, in Latvian, the preposition can change the form of the noun based on its grammatical case. This means that mastering prepositions is essential for forming accurate and meaningful sentences.

Types of Prepositions and Their Cases[edit | edit source]

Latvian prepositions can be categorized based on the cases they govern. Let's explore some common prepositions along with the corresponding cases:

Prepositions with the Accusative Case[edit | edit source]

Certain prepositions in Latvian require the use of the accusative case. Here’s a brief overview:

  • pa (along, through)
  • uz (to, onto)
  • ap (around)

Here are examples of how these prepositions are used:

Standard Latvian Pronunciation English
Es eju pa ielu. Es eju pa ielu. I walk along the street.
Mēs dodamies uz Rīgu. Mēs dodamies uz Rīgu. We are going to Riga.
Viņš skrien ap māju. Viņš skrien ap māju. He runs around the house.

Prepositions with the Genitive Case[edit | edit source]

Some prepositions require the genitive case. These include:

  • bez (without)
  • līdz (until, up to)
  • pēc (after)

Examples in sentences:

Standard Latvian Pronunciation English
Mēs ejam bez tevis. Mēs ejam bez tevis. We go without you.
Es strādāju līdz vakaram. Es strādāju līdz vakaram. I work until the evening.
Viņš nāk pēc manis. Viņš nāk pēc manis. He comes after me.

Prepositions with the Dative Case[edit | edit source]

A few prepositions govern the dative case, such as:

  • pret (against)
  • līdz (to, as far as)

For example:

Standard Latvian Pronunciation English
Es runāju pret viņu. Es runāju pret viņu. I speak against him.
Mēs ejam līdz upes. Mēs ejam līdz upei. We walk to the river.

Prepositions with the Locative Case[edit | edit source]

The locative case is used with prepositions that indicate location. Some are:

  • par (about, for)
  • uz (on, at)

Examples include:

Standard Latvian Pronunciation English
Viņa stāsta par savu darbu. Viņa stāsta par savu darbu. She tells about her work.
Mēs esam uz dīvāna. Mēs esam uz dīvāna. We are on the couch.

Using Prepositions in Sentences[edit | edit source]

When constructing sentences in Latvian, it’s essential to pair the correct preposition with the appropriate noun case. Let’s look at some examples that showcase how prepositions interact with nouns in various contexts:

1. Going to a Place

  • Latvian: Es dodos uz veikalu.
  • Pronunciation: Es dodos uz veikalu.
  • English: I am going to the store.

2. Describing Location

  • Latvian: Grāmata ir uz galda.
  • Pronunciation: Grāmata ir uz galda.
  • English: The book is on the table.

3. Talking About Time

  • Latvian: Mēs tiksimies pēc stundas.
  • Pronunciation: Mēs tiksimies pēc stundas.
  • English: We will meet after an hour.

4. Expressing Direction

  • Latvian: Viņš skrien pa parku.
  • Pronunciation: Viņš skrien pa parku.
  • English: He runs through the park.

5. Indicating Absence

  • Latvian: Mēs esam bez naudas.
  • Pronunciation: Mēs esam bez naudas.
  • English: We are without money.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we’ve explored the theory behind prepositions and their cases, let’s put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct preposition and form the noun in the correct case.

1. Es eju ____ veikalu. (to)

2. Viņš ir ____ mājās. (at)

3. Mēs runājam ____ viņu. (about)

4. Grāmata ir ____ galda. (on)

5. Viņa nāk ____ mani. (after)

Answers:

1. uz veikalu

2. mājās

3. par viņu

4. uz galda

5. pēc manis

Exercise 2: Choose the Correct Preposition[edit | edit source]

Select the appropriate preposition from the options provided.

1. Mēs ejam ____ Rīgu. (a) uz (b) pie

2. Viņš strādā ____ mājās. (a) uz (b) mājās

3. Grāmata ir ____ galda. (a) uz (b) ar

4. Mēs esam ____ bezdarbnieki. (a) bez (b) ar

5. Viņa nāk ____ viņa. (a) pēc (b) par

Answers:

1. (a) uz

2. (b) mājās

3. (a) uz

4. (a) bez

5. (a) pēc

Exercise 3: Translate the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences from English to Latvian, using the correct preposition and case.

1. I walk through the park.

2. We are without money.

3. He comes after me.

4. The book is on the table.

5. She tells about her family.

Answers:

1. Es eju pa parku.

2. Mēs esam bez naudas.

3. Viņš nāk pēc manis.

4. Grāmata ir uz galda.

5. Viņa stāsta par savu ģimeni.

Exercise 4: Matching Prepositions with Cases[edit | edit source]

Match the prepositions with their corresponding cases.

1. bez (a) Genitive

2. uz (b) Accusative

3. par (c) Locative

4. līdz (d) Dative

Answers:

1 - (a) Genitive

2 - (b) Accusative

3 - (c) Locative

4 - (d) Dative

Exercise 5: Sentence Construction[edit | edit source]

Construct sentences using the following phrases. Use the correct preposition and noun case.

1. (at home) – "Es esmu ____."

2. (to the store) – "Viņa dodas ____."

3. (about the movie) – "Mēs runājam ____."

4. (after dinner) – "Mēs tiksimies ____."

5. (without you) – "Es eju ____."

Answers:

1. Es esmu mājās.

2. Viņa dodas uz veikalu.

3. Mēs runājam par filmu.

4. Mēs tiksimies pēc vakariņām.

5. Es eju bez tevis.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations on completing this lesson on prepositions and their cases in Standard Latvian! You’ve learned how vital prepositions are in forming coherent and meaningful sentences, and how their use changes based on the grammatical case of the nouns that follow them.

As you continue your journey in learning Latvian, remember to practice using prepositions in various contexts. This will help you solidify your understanding and enhance your conversational skills.

Keep up the great work, and happy learning!

Table of Contents - Standard Latvian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Introduction to Latvian grammar


Daily life and routines


Latvian traditions and customs


Verbs and tenses


Going shopping and using public transport


Latvian geography and landmarks


Adverbs and prepositions


Leisure activities and hobbies


Latvian arts and museums


The accusative case and indirect objects


Education and employment


Latvian history and politics


Conditional and subjunctive mood


Travel and tourism


Latvian culture and identity


The genitive and possessive forms


Health and wellness


Latvian sports and outdoor activities


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Adverbs of time and location — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Free time activities and sports ▶️

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