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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Romanian|Romanian]]  → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Intermediate Romanian Grammar → Relative Pronouns and Clauses</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Romanian|Romanian]]  → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Romanian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Relative Pronouns and Clauses</div>
 
In the Romanian language, relative pronouns and clauses play a crucial role in sentence structure and meaning. They allow us to provide additional information about nouns, making our sentences more descriptive and informative. Mastering these elements not only enhances your grammatical skills but also enriches your ability to communicate effectively in Romanian.
 
In this lesson, we will explore the various types of relative pronouns in Romanian, how they are used to form relative clauses, and their significance in sentence construction. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to use relative pronouns confidently, adding depth to your conversations.
 
Here's what we will cover:
 
* Definition of relative pronouns and clauses
 
* Types of relative pronouns in Romanian
 
* Examples of how to use these pronouns in sentences
 
* Exercises to practice your understanding


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== What are Relative Pronouns? ===
 
Relative pronouns are used to link clauses or phrases to a noun or pronoun. They help to provide additional information about that noun. In Romanian, the most common relative pronouns are '''"care"''', '''"ce"''', '''"cât"''', and '''"cine"'''. Let’s break these down:
 
==== "Care" ====
 
"Care" is the most versatile relative pronoun and can mean "who," "which," or "that." It agrees in gender and number with the noun it refers to.


In this lesson, we will delve into the intricacies of relative pronouns and clauses in Romanian. Relative pronouns are essential for connecting different parts of a sentence and providing additional information about a noun or pronoun. Understanding how to use and distinguish between various types of relative pronouns and clauses is crucial for achieving fluency in Romanian.
==== "Ce" ====


Throughout this lesson, we will explore the different types of relative pronouns and clauses, their usage, and their placement within sentences. We will provide numerous examples to illustrate each point and ensure clarity and comprehension. Additionally, we will examine any regional variations in the usage of relative pronouns and explore interesting cultural facts related to this topic.
"Ce" is used more colloquially and translates to "what" or "that." It is less formal and often used in spoken Romanian.


By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of relative pronouns and clauses in Romanian, allowing you to construct more complex and nuanced sentences.
==== "Cât" ====


== Relative Pronouns ==
"Cât" typically translates to "as much as" or "how much" and is used in specific contexts, especially in comparisons.


Relative pronouns are words that connect a dependent clause to a main clause and refer to a noun or pronoun in the main clause. They introduce additional information about the noun or pronoun, providing more details or describing it in some way. In Romanian, there are several relative pronouns that serve different purposes and are used in specific contexts.
==== "Cine" ====


=== Care ===
"Cine" translates to "who" and is used specifically for people.


The most commonly used relative pronoun in Romanian is "care." It is versatile and can refer to both people and things. "Care" is used when the noun it refers to is the subject of the relative clause.
=== Examples of Relative Pronouns ===
 
Let’s look at examples of each relative pronoun in context.


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Am o prietenă care cântă foarte bine. || Am o prietenă care cântă foarte bine. || I have a friend who sings very well.
 
| Fata care cântă este prietena mea. || [ˈfata ˈka.re ˈkɨn.tə ˈjes.te priˈe.te.na ˈme.a] || The girl who sings is my friend.
 
|-
|-
| Am o cărțulie care este foarte interesantă. || Am o cărțulie care este foarte interesantă. || I have a book that is very interesting.
|}


In the examples above, "care" connects the main clause (Am o prietenă/Am o cărțulie) with the relative clause (care cântă foarte bine/care este foarte interesantă).
| Cartea pe care o citesc este interesantă. || [ˈkar.te.a pe ˈka.re o t͡ʃiˈte.sk ˈjes.te in.te.reˈsan.tə] || The book that I am reading is interesting.


=== Cine ===
|-


The relative pronoun "cine" is used when referring to people and acts as both the subject and object of the relative clause.
| Ce ai spus este adevărat. || [t͡ʃe aj spus ˈjes.te a.deˈva.rat] || What you said is true.


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Acesta este omul cu cine am vorbit. || Acesta este omul cu cine am vorbit. || This is the person who I spoke with.
 
| Cât costă acea rochie? || [kɨt ˈkos.tə aˈt͡ʃa ˈro.ki.e] || How much does that dress cost?
 
|-
|-
| Acesta este băiatul pe cine l-am ajutat. || Acesta este băiatul pe cine l-am ajutat. || This is the boy whom I helped.
 
| Cine a venit la petrecere? || [ˈt͡ʃi.ne a veˈnit la peˈtre.t͡ʃe.re] || Who came to the party?
 
|}
|}


In the examples above, "cine" connects the main clause (Acesta este omul/Acesta este băiatul) with the relative clause (cu cine am vorbit/pe cine l-am ajutat).
=== Forming Relative Clauses ===
 
Relative clauses are dependent clauses that modify a noun and usually begin with a relative pronoun. They provide additional information about that noun in the main clause.
 
For example:
 
* '''Main Clause''': "Eu am un prieten." (I have a friend.)
 
* '''Relative Clause''': "care locuiește în București." (who lives in Bucharest.)
 
* '''Combined''': "Eu am un prieten care locuiește în București." (I have a friend who lives in Bucharest.)
 
=== Summary of Key Points ===
 
* '''"Care"''': used for people and things
 
* '''"Ce"''': used informally
 
* '''"Cât"''': used in comparisons
 
* '''"Cine"''': used specifically for people
 
Now that we understand the theoretical part, let's move on to some exercises to practice what we've learned.
 
=== Exercises and Practice Scenarios ===
 
Here are ten exercises to help you apply your knowledge of relative pronouns and clauses:
 
==== Exercise 1 ====
 
Translate the following sentences into Romanian using a relative pronoun:
 
1. The man who is speaking is my father.
 
2. The book that I bought is on the table.
 
==== Exercise 2 ====
 
Fill in the blanks with the correct relative pronoun (care, ce, cât, cine):
 
1. __________ este profesoara ta?
 
2. Am un câine __________ iubește copiii.
 
==== Exercise 3 ====
 
Combine the following sentences using relative clauses:
 
1. I have a sister. She is a doctor.
 
2. This is the restaurant. We had dinner there.
 
==== Exercise 4 ====
 
Identify the relative pronouns in the following sentences:
 
1. Aici este fata care a cântat.
 
2. Ce ai făcut este important.
 
==== Exercise 5 ====
 
Translate the following sentences into English:
 
1. Femeia care râde este fericită.
 
2. Câinele care latră este al meu.
 
==== Exercise 6 ====
 
Create sentences using the following relative pronouns:
 
1. care
 
2. ce
 
3. cât
 
4. cine
 
==== Exercise 7 ====


=== Care/careia/cărora ===
Rewrite the following sentences to include a relative clause:


The relative pronoun "care" can also have different forms depending on the gender and number of the noun it refers to. When referring to feminine singular nouns, "care" becomes "careia," and when referring to feminine plural nouns, it becomes "cărora." These forms are used when the noun it refers to is the object of the relative clause.
1. I met a girl. She is from Cluj.


Examples:
2. He is the teacher. I admire him.
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
==== Exercise 8 ====
|-
 
| Aceasta este femeia căreia i-am dat flori. || Aceasta este femeia căreia i-am dat flori. || This is the woman to whom I gave flowers.
Match the Romanian sentences with their English translations:
|-
 
| Acestea sunt prietenele cărora le-am spus secretul. || Acestea sunt prietenele cărora le-am spus secretul. || These are the friends to whom I told the secret.
1. Cartea pe care o citesc este veche.
|}
 
2. Cine a venit ieri?
 
| Romanian Sentence | English Translation |
 
|---|---|
 
| A. Who came yesterday? | B. The book that I am reading is old. |
 
==== Exercise 9 ====
 
Choose the correct relative pronoun to complete the sentences:
 
1. Fata __________ a cântat este talentată. (care/ce)
 
2. __________ ai spus e corect. (Cât/Ce)
 
==== Exercise 10 ====
 
Describe an object in your house using a relative clause. For example: "The lamp that is on the table is new."
 
=== Detailed Solutions and Explanations ===


In the examples above, "careia" and "cărora" connect the main clause (Aceasta este femeia/Acestea sunt prietenele) with the relative clause (căreia i-am dat flori/cărora le-am spus secretul).
Now, let’s go through the solutions to the exercises together.


=== Ce ===
==== Exercise 1 Solutions ====


The relative pronoun "ce" is used when referring to things and acts as the subject of the relative clause.
1. Bărbatul care vorbește este tatăl meu.


Examples:
2. Cartea pe care am cumpărat-o este pe masă.
{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Am cumpărat tot ce aveam nevoie. || Am cumpărat tot ce aveam nevoie. || I bought everything I needed.
|-
| Nu știu ce să fac. || Nu știu ce să fac. || I don't know what to do.
|}


In the examples above, "ce" connects the main clause (Am cumpărat/Nu știu) with the relative clause (tot ce aveam nevoie/ce să fac).
==== Exercise 2 Solutions ====


=== Al cărui/al cărei/al căror/al căror ===
1. Cine este profesoara ta?


The relative pronoun "al cărui" (masculine singular), "al cărei" (feminine singular), "al căror" (masculine plural), and "al căror" (feminine plural) are used to indicate possession and agree in gender and number with the noun they refer to.
2. Am un câine care iubește copiii.


Examples:
==== Exercise 3 Solutions ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Cartea al cărei autor este celebru. || Cartea al cărei autor este celebru. || The book whose author is famous.
|-
| Copiii al căror părinte este medic. || Copiii al căror părinte este medic. || The children whose parent is a doctor.
|}


In the examples above, "al cărui," "al cărei," "al căror," and "al căror" connect the main clause (Cartea/Copiii) with the relative clause (al cărei autor este celebru/al căror părinte este medic).
1. Am o soră care este doctor.


== Relative Clauses ==
2. Acesta este restaurantul unde am cinat.


Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence. They are introduced by relative pronouns and can be either restrictive or non-restrictive.
==== Exercise 4 Solutions ====


=== Restrictive Relative Clauses ===
1. "care"


Restrictive relative clauses provide essential information about the noun or pronoun and cannot be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence. They are usually introduced by the relative pronouns "care," "cine," and "ce."
2. "ce"


Example:
==== Exercise 5 Solutions ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Am vizitat țara în care m-am născut. || Am vizitat țara în care m-am născut. || I visited the country where I was born.
|}


In the example above, the restrictive relative clause "în care m-am născut" provides essential information about the noun "țara."
1. The woman who is laughing is happy.


=== Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses ===
2. The dog that is barking is mine.


Non-restrictive relative clauses provide additional, non-essential information about the noun or pronoun and can be omitted without changing the core meaning of the sentence. They are usually introduced by the relative pronoun "care." Non-restrictive relative clauses are set off by commas.
==== Exercise 6 Solutions ====


Example:
1. Ex: Am un prieten care locuiește în București.
{| class="wikitable"
! Romanian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Maria, care este profesoară, a câștigat un premiu. || Maria, care este profesoară, a câștigat un premiu. || Maria, who is a teacher, won an award.
|}


In the example above, the non-restrictive relative clause "care este profesoară" provides additional information about the noun "Maria."
2. Ex: Nu știu ce se întâmplă.


== Cultural Insights ==
3. Ex: Nu știu cât costă.


Romanian culture places a strong emphasis on family and community, which is reflected in the language. In Romanian, it is common to use relative pronouns and clauses to express important familial relationships and connections. For example, when introducing someone, Romanians often include information about the person's family, such as "Este fiul/fiica lui X" (He/She is the son/daughter of X). This highlights the importance of family ties and lineage within Romanian society.
4. Ex: Cine vine la petrecere?


Romania also has a rich tradition of folklore and storytelling, where relative pronouns and clauses play a significant role. Folk tales often use relative clauses to provide vivid descriptions of characters or to introduce magical elements into the narrative. Learning about these cultural aspects can enrich your understanding and appreciation of the Romanian language.
==== Exercise 7 Solutions ====


== Practice Exercises ==
1. Am întâlnit o fată care este din Cluj.


Now, let's put your knowledge of relative pronouns and clauses into practice with the following exercises:
2. El este profesorul pe care îl admir.


Exercise 1: Fill in the blank with the appropriate relative pronoun: "care," "cine," "ce," "careia," "cărora," "al cărui," "al cărei," "al căror," or "al căror."
==== Exercise 8 Solutions ====


1. Este casa __ am visat toată viața mea.
1. A-B
2. Acesta este băiatul __ am vorbit ieri.
3. Copiii __ părinții sunt actori participă la spectacol.
4. Acesta este omul __ am spus secretul.
5. Aceasta este femeia __ am dat flori.
6. Am cumpărat tot __ aveam nevoie.
7. Cartea __ autor este celebru a fost tradusă în mai multe limbi.
8. Prietenii __ i-am întâlnit în vacanță locuiesc în străinătate.
9. Copiii __ părinte este medic se gândesc să urmeze aceeași carieră.
10. Acesta este locul __ am petrecut cele mai frumoase momente.


Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences from English to Romanian, using the appropriate relative pronoun and clause.
2. B-A


1. The book that I'm reading is very interesting.
==== Exercise 9 Solutions ====
2. This is the girl who won the competition.
3. The man whose car is red is my neighbor.
4. I don't know what he said.
5. The restaurant where we ate last night has excellent food.


== Solutions ==
1. Fata care a cântat este talentată.


Exercise 1:
2. Ce ai spus e corect.
1. Este casa la care am visat toată viața mea.
2. Acesta este băiatul cu care am vorbit ieri.
3. Copiii ale căror părinți sunt actori participă la spectacol.
4. Acesta este omul căruia i-am spus secretul.
5. Aceasta este femeia căreia i-am dat flori.
6. Am cumpărat tot ce aveam nevoie.
7. Cartea al cărei autor este celebru a fost tradusă în mai multe limbi.
8. Prietenii pe care i-am întâlnit în vacanță locuiesc în străinătate.
9. Copiii al căror părinte este medic se gândesc să urmeze aceeași carieră.
10. Acesta este locul unde am petrecut cele mai frumoase momente.


Exercise 2:
==== Exercise 10 Solutions ====
1. Cartea pe care o citesc este foarte interesantă.
2. Aceasta este fata care a câștigat competiția.
3. Omul al cărui mașină este roșie este vecinul meu.
4. Nu știu ce a spus el.
5. Restaurantul unde am mâncat ieri seara are mâncare excelentă.


== Conclusion ==
Students’ answers will vary. Encourage creativity!


Congratulations! You have successfully learned about relative pronouns and clauses in Romanian. These linguistic tools will greatly enhance your ability to construct more complex sentences and convey additional information. Remember to practice using relative pronouns and clauses in your conversations and written exercises to reinforce your understanding.
By completing these exercises, you have not only practiced your understanding of relative pronouns and clauses but also gained confidence in using them in real-life contexts. Remember, the more you practice, the more natural it will feel!


Continue to explore the fascinating world of Romanian grammar and vocabulary in the upcoming lessons of the "Complete 0 to A1 Romanian Course." Happy learning!
As you continue your journey in learning Romanian, keep in mind the importance of these grammatical structures. They will be invaluable as you progress to more complex sentences and conversations.


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==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 21:17, 31 July 2024


Romania-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Romanian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Relative Pronouns and Clauses

In the Romanian language, relative pronouns and clauses play a crucial role in sentence structure and meaning. They allow us to provide additional information about nouns, making our sentences more descriptive and informative. Mastering these elements not only enhances your grammatical skills but also enriches your ability to communicate effectively in Romanian.

In this lesson, we will explore the various types of relative pronouns in Romanian, how they are used to form relative clauses, and their significance in sentence construction. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to use relative pronouns confidently, adding depth to your conversations.

Here's what we will cover:

  • Definition of relative pronouns and clauses
  • Types of relative pronouns in Romanian
  • Examples of how to use these pronouns in sentences
  • Exercises to practice your understanding

What are Relative Pronouns?[edit | edit source]

Relative pronouns are used to link clauses or phrases to a noun or pronoun. They help to provide additional information about that noun. In Romanian, the most common relative pronouns are "care", "ce", "cât", and "cine". Let’s break these down:

"Care"[edit | edit source]

"Care" is the most versatile relative pronoun and can mean "who," "which," or "that." It agrees in gender and number with the noun it refers to.

"Ce"[edit | edit source]

"Ce" is used more colloquially and translates to "what" or "that." It is less formal and often used in spoken Romanian.

"Cât"[edit | edit source]

"Cât" typically translates to "as much as" or "how much" and is used in specific contexts, especially in comparisons.

"Cine"[edit | edit source]

"Cine" translates to "who" and is used specifically for people.

Examples of Relative Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Let’s look at examples of each relative pronoun in context.

Romanian Pronunciation English
Fata care cântă este prietena mea. [ˈfata ˈka.re ˈkɨn.tə ˈjes.te priˈe.te.na ˈme.a] The girl who sings is my friend.
Cartea pe care o citesc este interesantă. [ˈkar.te.a pe ˈka.re o t͡ʃiˈte.sk ˈjes.te in.te.reˈsan.tə] The book that I am reading is interesting.
Ce ai spus este adevărat. [t͡ʃe aj spus ˈjes.te a.deˈva.rat] What you said is true.
Cât costă acea rochie? [kɨt ˈkos.tə aˈt͡ʃa ˈro.ki.e] How much does that dress cost?
Cine a venit la petrecere? [ˈt͡ʃi.ne a veˈnit la peˈtre.t͡ʃe.re] Who came to the party?

Forming Relative Clauses[edit | edit source]

Relative clauses are dependent clauses that modify a noun and usually begin with a relative pronoun. They provide additional information about that noun in the main clause.

For example:

  • Main Clause: "Eu am un prieten." (I have a friend.)
  • Relative Clause: "care locuiește în București." (who lives in Bucharest.)
  • Combined: "Eu am un prieten care locuiește în București." (I have a friend who lives in Bucharest.)

Summary of Key Points[edit | edit source]

  • "Care": used for people and things
  • "Ce": used informally
  • "Cât": used in comparisons
  • "Cine": used specifically for people

Now that we understand the theoretical part, let's move on to some exercises to practice what we've learned.

Exercises and Practice Scenarios[edit | edit source]

Here are ten exercises to help you apply your knowledge of relative pronouns and clauses:

Exercise 1[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences into Romanian using a relative pronoun:

1. The man who is speaking is my father.

2. The book that I bought is on the table.

Exercise 2[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct relative pronoun (care, ce, cât, cine):

1. __________ este profesoara ta?

2. Am un câine __________ iubește copiii.

Exercise 3[edit | edit source]

Combine the following sentences using relative clauses:

1. I have a sister. She is a doctor.

2. This is the restaurant. We had dinner there.

Exercise 4[edit | edit source]

Identify the relative pronouns in the following sentences:

1. Aici este fata care a cântat.

2. Ce ai făcut este important.

Exercise 5[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Femeia care râde este fericită.

2. Câinele care latră este al meu.

Exercise 6[edit | edit source]

Create sentences using the following relative pronouns:

1. care

2. ce

3. cât

4. cine

Exercise 7[edit | edit source]

Rewrite the following sentences to include a relative clause:

1. I met a girl. She is from Cluj.

2. He is the teacher. I admire him.

Exercise 8[edit | edit source]

Match the Romanian sentences with their English translations:

1. Cartea pe care o citesc este veche.

2. Cine a venit ieri?

| Romanian Sentence | English Translation |

|---|---|

| A. Who came yesterday? | B. The book that I am reading is old. |

Exercise 9[edit | edit source]

Choose the correct relative pronoun to complete the sentences:

1. Fata __________ a cântat este talentată. (care/ce)

2. __________ ai spus e corect. (Cât/Ce)

Exercise 10[edit | edit source]

Describe an object in your house using a relative clause. For example: "The lamp that is on the table is new."

Detailed Solutions and Explanations[edit | edit source]

Now, let’s go through the solutions to the exercises together.

Exercise 1 Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. Bărbatul care vorbește este tatăl meu.

2. Cartea pe care am cumpărat-o este pe masă.

Exercise 2 Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. Cine este profesoara ta?

2. Am un câine care iubește copiii.

Exercise 3 Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. Am o soră care este doctor.

2. Acesta este restaurantul unde am cinat.

Exercise 4 Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. "care"

2. "ce"

Exercise 5 Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. The woman who is laughing is happy.

2. The dog that is barking is mine.

Exercise 6 Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. Ex: Am un prieten care locuiește în București.

2. Ex: Nu știu ce se întâmplă.

3. Ex: Nu știu cât costă.

4. Ex: Cine vine la petrecere?

Exercise 7 Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. Am întâlnit o fată care este din Cluj.

2. El este profesorul pe care îl admir.

Exercise 8 Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. A-B

2. B-A

Exercise 9 Solutions[edit | edit source]

1. Fata care a cântat este talentată.

2. Ce ai spus e corect.

Exercise 10 Solutions[edit | edit source]

Students’ answers will vary. Encourage creativity!

By completing these exercises, you have not only practiced your understanding of relative pronouns and clauses but also gained confidence in using them in real-life contexts. Remember, the more you practice, the more natural it will feel!

As you continue your journey in learning Romanian, keep in mind the importance of these grammatical structures. They will be invaluable as you progress to more complex sentences and conversations.

Table of Contents - Romanian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Pronouns and Verbs


Numbers and Time


Adjectives and Adverbs


Family and Friends


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Food and Drinks


Questions and Negations


Locations and Directions


Plurals and Articles


Hobbies and Activities


Romanian Culture and Traditions


Imperatives and Requests


Travel and Transportation


Romanian Geography and History

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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