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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Thai|Thai]]  → [[Language/Thai/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Thai/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Adverbs → Adverbs of Manner</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Thai|Thai]]  → [[Language/Thai/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Thai/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Adverbs of Manner</div>
 
Welcome to this exciting lesson on '''Adverbs of Manner''' in Thai! As we embark on this journey, we'll discover how these little words can add color and detail to your sentences, making your Thai conversation more vibrant and expressive.
 
Understanding adverbs of manner is crucial for anyone learning a new language. They help convey not just the action but ''how'' that action is performed. In Thai, adverbs of manner provide clarity and richness to our communication, enabling us to describe actions in a more nuanced way.
 
=== Lesson Structure ===
 
1. '''Introduction to Adverbs of Manner'''
 
2. '''How to Form Adverbs of Manner in Thai'''
 
3. '''Examples of Adverbs of Manner'''
 
4. '''Exercises to Practice'''
 
5. '''Solutions and Explanations for Exercises'''


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Introduction to Adverbs of Manner ===


Welcome to the lesson on "Adverbs of Manner" in the Thai language! In this lesson, we will explore how to use adverbs of manner to describe actions and events. Adverbs of manner provide additional information about how something is done, adding depth and specificity to your sentences. Understanding and using adverbs of manner will greatly enhance your ability to communicate in Thai and express yourself more accurately.
Adverbs of manner describe the way in which an action is performed. In English, you might say, “He runs quickly,” where “quickly” is the adverb of manner. Similarly, in Thai, these adverbs serve the same purpose, helping you express the manner of actions with precision.  


In this comprehensive lesson, we will start by introducing the concept of adverbs and their role in Thai sentences. We will then delve into adverbs of manner, exploring their formation and usage through various examples. Additionally, we will touch upon any regional variations in the usage of adverbs of manner and explore interesting cultural facts related to this topic.
In this lesson, we'll cover how to form adverbs of manner in Thai, along with various examples to illustrate their use. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to create sentences that not only convey actions but also how those actions are performed.


To ensure a solid understanding of the material, we will provide numerous examples and exercises throughout the lesson. By the end of this lesson, you will have a strong grasp of adverbs of manner and be able to use them confidently in your Thai conversations.
=== How to Form Adverbs of Manner in Thai ===


Let's get started!
In Thai, many adverbs of manner are formed by adding the word '''"อย่าง" (yàang)''' before an adjective. This structure translates to “in a way that is…” in English.


== Adverbs in Thai ==
For example:


Before we dive into adverbs of manner specifically, let's first understand the concept of adverbs in Thai. Adverbs are a type of word that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide additional information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or degree of an action or event.
* '''เร็ว''' (reo) means “quick.”


In Thai, adverbs are a versatile part of speech that can greatly enrich your sentences. They can be used to describe how an action is performed, when it takes place, where it happens, how often it occurs, or to what extent it is done. Adverbs play a crucial role in conveying meaning and adding depth to your Thai sentences.
* To say “quickly,” you would say '''“อย่างเร็ว” (yàang reo)''', which means “in a quick way.”


Now that we have a general understanding of adverbs, let's focus specifically on adverbs of manner.
Another way to form adverbs of manner is by using the adjective directly in informal contexts.  


== Adverbs of Manner ==
Here are some common structures:


Adverbs of manner, as the name suggests, describe how an action is performed or how something happens. They provide details about the manner in which an action or event takes place, giving us a clearer picture of the situation.
* '''อย่าง + Adjective''' = Adverb of Manner


In Thai, adverbs of manner are formed by adding the word "อย่าง" (yàang) before an adjective or verb. This word is equivalent to the English word "like" or "in a way." Let's take a look at some examples:
* '''Adjective + เลย''' (loei) = Adverb of Manner (less formal)
 
=== Examples of Adverbs of Manner ===
 
Now, let's take a look at some examples of how to use adverbs of manner in Thai sentences.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Thai !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
! Thai !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| เขาวิ่งอย่างเร็ว || khǎo wîng yàang reo || He runs quickly
 
|-
 
| เธอพูดอย่างชัดเจน || thəə phûut yàang chát-jen || She speaks clearly
 
|-
 
| เขาเต้นอย่างมีความสุข || khǎo têen yàang mii khwām sùk || He dances happily
 
|-
 
| คุณทำงานอย่างขยัน || khun tham ngān yàang khàyan || You work diligently
 
|-
 
| พวกเขาเรียนอย่างตั้งใจ || phûak khǎo rian yàang tàng jai || They study attentively
 
|-
 
| ฉันเขียนอย่างสวยงาม || chǎn khǐan yàang sǔai ngāam || I write beautifully
 
|-
|-
| เร็ว อย่าง ไร้ สาย || rêo yàang rái săai || fast like lightning
 
| เขาทำอาหารอย่างง่ายดาย || khǎo tham àhǎan yàang ngâai daai || He cooks easily
 
|-
|-
| ทำงาน อย่าง รีบร้อน || tham-ngaan yàang rîep-rôn || work in a hurry
 
| เธอเดินอย่างมั่นใจ || thəə dəən yàang mân jai || She walks confidently
 
|-
|-
| พูด อย่าง ช้า ๆ || phûut yàang cháa cháa || speak slowly
 
| เขาพูดอย่างนุ่มนวล || khǎo phûut yàang nûm-nuan || He speaks gently
 
|-
|-
| วิ่ง อย่าง รวดเร็ว || wîng yàang ruat-reo || run quickly
 
| คุณขับรถอย่างระมัดระวัง || khun khàp rót yàang rá-mát-rá-wang || You drive carefully
 
|-
 
| พวกเขาหัวเราะอย่างมีความสุข || phûak khǎo hǔa-ráw yàang mii khwām sùk || They laugh joyfully
 
|-
 
| ฉันฟังเพลงอย่างตั้งใจ || chǎn fang phléng yàang tàng jai || I listen to music attentively
 
|-
 
| เธอแก้ปัญหาอย่างรวดเร็ว || thəə kæ̂ pánhā yàang rûat reo || She solves problems quickly
 
|-
 
| เขาสูบบุหรี่อย่างมีสติ || khǎo sùup bùrî yàang mii sà-tì || He smokes mindfully
 
|-
 
| คุณทำการบ้านอย่างขยัน || khun tham kān-bâan yàang khàyan || You do homework diligently
 
|-
 
| เธอร้องเพลงอย่างเพราะ || thəə rɔ́ɔng phléng yàang prá || She sings beautifully
 
|-
 
| เขาเล่นกีฬาอย่างสนุกสนาน || khǎo lên kìlā yàang sà-nùk sà-nǎn || He plays sports funnily
 
|-
 
| คุณกินอาหารอย่างมีสุขภาพดี || khun kin àhǎan yàang mii sùkhà-phâap dii || You eat healthily
 
|-
 
| เขาเล่าเรื่องอย่างมีอารมณ์ขัน || khǎo lâo rêuang yàang mii aa-rom khǎn || He tells stories humorously
 
|-
 
| เธอจัดงานอย่างมืออาชีพ || thəə jàt ngān yàang mʉ̄a aa-chîip || She organizes events professionally
 
|}
|}


As you can see from the examples above, the adverb of manner "อย่าง" (yàang) is placed before the adjective or verb it modifies. This structure is consistent throughout Thai sentences when using adverbs of manner.
=== Exercises to Practice ===
 
Now, let’s put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises for you to practice forming and using adverbs of manner.


It is important to note that while "อย่าง" (yàang) is the most common way to form adverbs of manner in Thai, there are other adverbs that can be used as well. These adverbs often have a similar function but may convey a slightly different nuance. We will explore some of these alternative adverbs later in the lesson.
==== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ====


Now, let's practice using adverbs of manner in sentences.
Complete the sentences with the correct adverb of manner.


== Practice Exercises ==
1. เขาทำการบ้าน ____________ (carefully).


1. Complete the following sentences by adding the appropriate adverb of manner:
2. เธอพูด ____________ (clearly).


* กิน __________ (gĭn yàang ) - eat slowly
3. พวกเขาเล่นฟุตบอล ____________ (enthusiastically).
* วิ่ง __________ (wîng yàang) - run quickly
* อ่าน __________ (àan yàang) - read carefully
* พูด __________ (phûut yàang) - speak loudly


Solution:
4. ฉันทำอาหาร ____________ (easily).
* กิน อย่าง ช้า ๆ (gĭn yàang cháa cháa)
* วิ่ง อย่าง รวดเร็ว (wîng yàang ruat-reo)
* อ่าน อย่าง ระมัดระวัง (àan yàang ramát-rá-wang)
* พูด อย่าง ดัง (phûut yàang dang)


2. Translate the following sentences into Thai:
5. เขาเดิน ____________ (confidently).


* She sings beautifully.
==== Exercise 2: Translate the Sentences ====
* He dances gracefully.
* They work efficiently.
* We speak politely.


Solution:
Translate the following sentences from English to Thai, using adverbs of manner.
* เธอร้องเพลงอย่างสวยงาม (Ther róng pleeng yàang sŭai-ngam)
* เขาเต้นรำอย่างสงบเรียบร้อย (Kăo ten ram yàang sŏng-bòb-rîep-rôn)
* พวกเขาทำงานอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ (Phûak kăo tham-ngaan yàang mii bprà-sìt-thí-pháap)
* เราพูดอย่างสุภาพ (Rao phûut yàang sù-pháap)


Great job! Now that you have practiced using adverbs of manner, let's explore some interesting cultural insights related to this topic.
1. She sings beautifully.


== Cultural Insights ==
2. They laugh joyfully.


In Thai culture, the way we speak and act is highly influenced by the concept of "kreng jai," which roughly translates to "consideration" or "thoughtfulness." This cultural value emphasizes the importance of being mindful of others' feelings and not causing them any discomfort or inconvenience. Adverbs of manner play a significant role in expressing this consideration in Thai conversations.
3. He runs quickly.


For example, using adverbs of manner such as "อย่างช้าๆ" (yàang cháa cháa) meaning "slowly" or "อย่างระมัดระวัง" (yàang ramát-rá-wang) meaning "carefully" shows that you are taking your time and being cautious to avoid any mistakes or inconveniences. This demonstrates your thoughtfulness towards others and is highly valued in Thai culture.
4. You study carefully.


Furthermore, the use of adverbs of manner can also convey politeness and respect. For instance, using "อย่างสุภาพ" (yàang sù-pháap) meaning "politely" or "อย่างเรียบร้อย" (yàang rîep-rôn) meaning "gracefully" in your speech or actions shows that you are being considerate and respectful towards others.
5. We cook easily.


By incorporating adverbs of manner into your Thai conversations, you not only enhance your language skills but also demonstrate your understanding and appreciation of Thai culture.
==== Exercise 3: Match the Adverb to the Action ====


== Conclusion ==
Match the adverb of manner on the left with the correct action on the right.


Congratulations! You have successfully completed the lesson on adverbs of manner in the Thai language. Throughout this lesson, we have explored the concept of adverbs, specifically focusing on adverbs of manner and their role in Thai sentences.
| Adverb of Manner | Action |


We have learned that adverbs of manner provide details about how an action is performed or how something happens. By using adverbs of manner, you can add depth and specificity to your sentences, allowing you to express yourself more accurately in Thai.
|---|---|


Additionally, we have practiced forming and using adverbs of manner through various examples and exercises. By doing so, you have gained a solid understanding of how to incorporate adverbs of manner into your Thai conversations.
| อย่างสนุก | A. to drive |


Lastly, we have explored the cultural significance of adverbs of manner in Thai society. By using adverbs of manner, you not only enhance your language skills but also demonstrate your consideration, thoughtfulness, and respect towards others, aligning with Thai cultural values.
| อย่างระมัดระวัง | B. to write |


Keep practicing and incorporating adverbs of manner into your Thai conversations, and you will continue to improve your language skills and deepen your cultural understanding. Well done, and best of luck on your language learning journey!
| อย่างขยัน | C. to study |
 
| อย่างเร็ว | D. to play |
 
==== Exercise 4: Create Your Own Sentences ====
 
Write five sentences using your own adverbs of manner in Thai.
 
==== Exercise 5: Correct the Mistakes ====
 
Identify and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
 
1. เธอเขียนอย่างเร็ว (She writes slowly).
 
2. เขาเดินอย่างขยัน (He walks lazily).
 
3. พวกเขาเล่นฟุตบอลอย่างนุ่มนวล (They play football softly).
 
4. คุณทำการบ้านอย่างไม่ดี (You do homework poorly).
 
5. เขาร้องเพลงอย่างไม่สวยงาม (He sings beautifully).
 
=== Solutions and Explanations for Exercises ===
 
Let’s go through the solutions to the exercises to reinforce your learning.
 
==== Solutions for Exercise 1 ====
 
1. เขาทำการบ้าน '''อย่างระมัดระวัง''' (khǎo tham kān-bâan yàang rá-mát-rá-wang) - He does homework carefully.
 
2. เธอพูด '''อย่างชัดเจน''' (thəə phûut yàang chát-jen) - She speaks clearly.
 
3. พวกเขาเล่นฟุตบอล '''อย่างสนุก''' (phûak khǎo lên fút-bôn yàang sà-nùk) - They play football enthusiastically.
 
4. ฉันทำอาหาร '''อย่างง่ายดาย''' (chǎn tham àhǎan yàang ngâai daai) - I cook easily.
 
5. เขาเดิน '''อย่างมั่นใจ''' (khǎo dəən yàang mân jai) - He walks confidently.
 
==== Solutions for Exercise 2 ====
 
1. เธอร้องเพลง '''อย่างสวยงาม''' (thəə rɔ́ɔng phléng yàang sǔai ngāam) - She sings beautifully.
 
2. พวกเขาหัวเราะ '''อย่างมีความสุข''' (phûak khǎo hǔa-ráw yàang mii khwām sùk) - They laugh joyfully.
 
3. เขาวิ่ง '''อย่างเร็ว''' (khǎo wîng yàang reo) - He runs quickly.
 
4. คุณเรียน '''อย่างตั้งใจ''' (khun rian yàang tàng jai) - You study carefully.
 
5. เราทำอาหาร '''อย่างง่ายดาย''' (rao tham àhǎan yàang ngâai daai) - We cook easily.
 
==== Solutions for Exercise 3 ====
 
| Adverb of Manner | Action |
 
|---|---|
 
| อย่างสนุก | D. to play |
 
| อย่างระมัดระวัง | A. to drive |
 
| อย่างขยัน | C. to study |
 
| อย่างเร็ว | B. to write |
 
==== Solutions for Exercise 4 ====
 
(Students will create their own sentences; encourage creativity!)
 
==== Solutions for Exercise 5 ====
 
1. เธอเขียนอย่างช้า (She writes slowly).
 
2. เขาเดินอย่างขี้เกียจ (He walks lazily).
 
3. พวกเขาเล่นฟุตบอลอย่างกระตือรือร้น (They play football energetically).
 
4. คุณทำการบ้านอย่างดี (You do homework well).
 
5. เขาร้องเพลงอย่างไม่เพราะ (He sings poorly).
 
Congratulations! You’ve now explored the world of adverbs of manner in Thai. With practice, you’ll be able to express yourself more clearly and creatively. Keep practicing, and soon you’ll be using these adverbs with ease in your conversations!


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|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use adverbs of manner in Thai sentences. Gain a solid understanding of adverbs of manner, practice using them, and explore cultural insights related to this topic.
 
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==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 20:25, 31 July 2024

◀️ Adverbs of Frequency — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Comparative and Superlative Adverbs ▶️

Thai-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Thai → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Adverbs of Manner

Welcome to this exciting lesson on Adverbs of Manner in Thai! As we embark on this journey, we'll discover how these little words can add color and detail to your sentences, making your Thai conversation more vibrant and expressive.

Understanding adverbs of manner is crucial for anyone learning a new language. They help convey not just the action but how that action is performed. In Thai, adverbs of manner provide clarity and richness to our communication, enabling us to describe actions in a more nuanced way.

Lesson Structure[edit | edit source]

1. Introduction to Adverbs of Manner

2. How to Form Adverbs of Manner in Thai

3. Examples of Adverbs of Manner

4. Exercises to Practice

5. Solutions and Explanations for Exercises

Introduction to Adverbs of Manner[edit | edit source]

Adverbs of manner describe the way in which an action is performed. In English, you might say, “He runs quickly,” where “quickly” is the adverb of manner. Similarly, in Thai, these adverbs serve the same purpose, helping you express the manner of actions with precision.

In this lesson, we'll cover how to form adverbs of manner in Thai, along with various examples to illustrate their use. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to create sentences that not only convey actions but also how those actions are performed.

How to Form Adverbs of Manner in Thai[edit | edit source]

In Thai, many adverbs of manner are formed by adding the word "อย่าง" (yàang) before an adjective. This structure translates to “in a way that is…” in English.

For example:

  • เร็ว (reo) means “quick.”
  • To say “quickly,” you would say “อย่างเร็ว” (yàang reo), which means “in a quick way.”

Another way to form adverbs of manner is by using the adjective directly in informal contexts.

Here are some common structures:

  • อย่าง + Adjective = Adverb of Manner
  • Adjective + เลย (loei) = Adverb of Manner (less formal)

Examples of Adverbs of Manner[edit | edit source]

Now, let's take a look at some examples of how to use adverbs of manner in Thai sentences.

Thai Pronunciation English
เขาวิ่งอย่างเร็ว khǎo wîng yàang reo He runs quickly
เธอพูดอย่างชัดเจน thəə phûut yàang chát-jen She speaks clearly
เขาเต้นอย่างมีความสุข khǎo têen yàang mii khwām sùk He dances happily
คุณทำงานอย่างขยัน khun tham ngān yàang khàyan You work diligently
พวกเขาเรียนอย่างตั้งใจ phûak khǎo rian yàang tàng jai They study attentively
ฉันเขียนอย่างสวยงาม chǎn khǐan yàang sǔai ngāam I write beautifully
เขาทำอาหารอย่างง่ายดาย khǎo tham àhǎan yàang ngâai daai He cooks easily
เธอเดินอย่างมั่นใจ thəə dəən yàang mân jai She walks confidently
เขาพูดอย่างนุ่มนวล khǎo phûut yàang nûm-nuan He speaks gently
คุณขับรถอย่างระมัดระวัง khun khàp rót yàang rá-mát-rá-wang You drive carefully
พวกเขาหัวเราะอย่างมีความสุข phûak khǎo hǔa-ráw yàang mii khwām sùk They laugh joyfully
ฉันฟังเพลงอย่างตั้งใจ chǎn fang phléng yàang tàng jai I listen to music attentively
เธอแก้ปัญหาอย่างรวดเร็ว thəə kæ̂ pánhā yàang rûat reo She solves problems quickly
เขาสูบบุหรี่อย่างมีสติ khǎo sùup bùrî yàang mii sà-tì He smokes mindfully
คุณทำการบ้านอย่างขยัน khun tham kān-bâan yàang khàyan You do homework diligently
เธอร้องเพลงอย่างเพราะ thəə rɔ́ɔng phléng yàang prá She sings beautifully
เขาเล่นกีฬาอย่างสนุกสนาน khǎo lên kìlā yàang sà-nùk sà-nǎn He plays sports funnily
คุณกินอาหารอย่างมีสุขภาพดี khun kin àhǎan yàang mii sùkhà-phâap dii You eat healthily
เขาเล่าเรื่องอย่างมีอารมณ์ขัน khǎo lâo rêuang yàang mii aa-rom khǎn He tells stories humorously
เธอจัดงานอย่างมืออาชีพ thəə jàt ngān yàang mʉ̄a aa-chîip She organizes events professionally

Exercises to Practice[edit | edit source]

Now, let’s put your knowledge to the test! Here are some exercises for you to practice forming and using adverbs of manner.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct adverb of manner.

1. เขาทำการบ้าน ____________ (carefully).

2. เธอพูด ____________ (clearly).

3. พวกเขาเล่นฟุตบอล ____________ (enthusiastically).

4. ฉันทำอาหาร ____________ (easily).

5. เขาเดิน ____________ (confidently).

Exercise 2: Translate the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences from English to Thai, using adverbs of manner.

1. She sings beautifully.

2. They laugh joyfully.

3. He runs quickly.

4. You study carefully.

5. We cook easily.

Exercise 3: Match the Adverb to the Action[edit | edit source]

Match the adverb of manner on the left with the correct action on the right.

| Adverb of Manner | Action |

|---|---|

| อย่างสนุก | A. to drive |

| อย่างระมัดระวัง | B. to write |

| อย่างขยัน | C. to study |

| อย่างเร็ว | D. to play |

Exercise 4: Create Your Own Sentences[edit | edit source]

Write five sentences using your own adverbs of manner in Thai.

Exercise 5: Correct the Mistakes[edit | edit source]

Identify and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

1. เธอเขียนอย่างเร็ว (She writes slowly).

2. เขาเดินอย่างขยัน (He walks lazily).

3. พวกเขาเล่นฟุตบอลอย่างนุ่มนวล (They play football softly).

4. คุณทำการบ้านอย่างไม่ดี (You do homework poorly).

5. เขาร้องเพลงอย่างไม่สวยงาม (He sings beautifully).

Solutions and Explanations for Exercises[edit | edit source]

Let’s go through the solutions to the exercises to reinforce your learning.

Solutions for Exercise 1[edit | edit source]

1. เขาทำการบ้าน อย่างระมัดระวัง (khǎo tham kān-bâan yàang rá-mát-rá-wang) - He does homework carefully.

2. เธอพูด อย่างชัดเจน (thəə phûut yàang chát-jen) - She speaks clearly.

3. พวกเขาเล่นฟุตบอล อย่างสนุก (phûak khǎo lên fút-bôn yàang sà-nùk) - They play football enthusiastically.

4. ฉันทำอาหาร อย่างง่ายดาย (chǎn tham àhǎan yàang ngâai daai) - I cook easily.

5. เขาเดิน อย่างมั่นใจ (khǎo dəən yàang mân jai) - He walks confidently.

Solutions for Exercise 2[edit | edit source]

1. เธอร้องเพลง อย่างสวยงาม (thəə rɔ́ɔng phléng yàang sǔai ngāam) - She sings beautifully.

2. พวกเขาหัวเราะ อย่างมีความสุข (phûak khǎo hǔa-ráw yàang mii khwām sùk) - They laugh joyfully.

3. เขาวิ่ง อย่างเร็ว (khǎo wîng yàang reo) - He runs quickly.

4. คุณเรียน อย่างตั้งใจ (khun rian yàang tàng jai) - You study carefully.

5. เราทำอาหาร อย่างง่ายดาย (rao tham àhǎan yàang ngâai daai) - We cook easily.

Solutions for Exercise 3[edit | edit source]

| Adverb of Manner | Action |

|---|---|

| อย่างสนุก | D. to play |

| อย่างระมัดระวัง | A. to drive |

| อย่างขยัน | C. to study |

| อย่างเร็ว | B. to write |

Solutions for Exercise 4[edit | edit source]

(Students will create their own sentences; encourage creativity!)

Solutions for Exercise 5[edit | edit source]

1. เธอเขียนอย่างช้า (She writes slowly).

2. เขาเดินอย่างขี้เกียจ (He walks lazily).

3. พวกเขาเล่นฟุตบอลอย่างกระตือรือร้น (They play football energetically).

4. คุณทำการบ้านอย่างดี (You do homework well).

5. เขาร้องเพลงอย่างไม่เพราะ (He sings poorly).

Congratulations! You’ve now explored the world of adverbs of manner in Thai. With practice, you’ll be able to express yourself more clearly and creatively. Keep practicing, and soon you’ll be using these adverbs with ease in your conversations!

Table of Contents - Thai Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Basic Greetings & Introductions


Basic Sentence Structure


Numbers and Counting


Present Tense Verbs


Thai Culture and Customs


Daily Activities


Adverbs


Colors


Pronouns


Thai Geography and Places


Animals


Prepositions

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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