Difference between revisions of "Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Basic-Verb-Conjugation"

Revision as of 01:47, 22 June 2023

◀️ Personal Pronouns — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Numbers 1-10 ▶️

Turkmen → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Pronouns and Verbs → Basic Verb Conjugation

Introduction

Welcome to the lesson on basic verb conjugation in Turkmen! In this lesson, we will learn how to conjugate regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense. This is an essential topic to master as it lays the foundation for constructing sentences and expressing actions in Turkmen. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to confidently conjugate verbs and form basic sentences in Turkmen.

To begin, we will explore the structure of Turkmen verbs and the various verb forms used in the present tense. We will then delve into the conjugation patterns for regular Turkmen verbs, providing numerous examples to illustrate each point. Throughout the lesson, we will also explore cultural aspects related to the usage and understanding of verbs in Turkmenistan.

So let's get started and dive into the fascinating world of Turkmen verb conjugation!

Turkmen Verbs: Structure and Forms

Before we dive into verb conjugation, let's first understand the structure and forms of Turkmen verbs. Verbs in Turkmen consist of a stem and a verb ending. The verb endings change depending on the subject of the sentence and the tense being used.

In the present tense, Turkmen verbs have three main forms: 1. The indefinite form: This form is used when the subject of the sentence is not specified or when referring to a general action. 2. The definite form: This form is used when the subject of the sentence is specified. 3. The negative form: This form is used to express negation or the absence of an action.

Now that we have a basic understanding of Turkmen verb structure and forms, let's move on to verb conjugation.

Conjugating Regular Turkmen Verbs

Conjugating regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense is relatively straightforward. The verb endings change based on the subject of the sentence, and there are specific rules to follow depending on the verb stem.

Let's look at the conjugation pattern for regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense:

Turkmen	Pronunciation	English
ýazmak	[jazˈmak]	to write
gitmek	[gitˈmek]	to go
okamak	[oˈkamak]	to read
gelmek	[ɡelˈmek]	to come

As you can see from the examples above, the verb stem remains the same throughout conjugation, and the endings change based on the subject of the sentence.

Let's explore the conjugation patterns for regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense using the verb "ýazmak" (to write) as an example:

Indefinite Form

The indefinite form is used when the subject of the sentence is not specified or when referring to a general action. To form the indefinite form of a regular Turkmen verb in the present tense, follow these steps:

1. Take the verb stem, which is "ýaz-" 2. Add the appropriate verb ending based on the subject of the sentence.

Here are the verb endings for the indefinite form in the present tense:

Subject	Verb Ending
I (singular)	-ýan/-iň
you (singular)	-san/-sin
he/she/it	-ar/-er
we (inclusive)	-ar/-er
we (exclusive)	-arys/-äris
you (plural)	-san/-sin
they	-lar/-ler

Let's see the indefinite form conjugation of the verb "ýazmak" (to write):

Turkmen	Pronunciation	English
ýazýan	[jazˈjan]	I write
ýazsan	[jazˈsan]	you write
ýazar	[jaˈzar]	he/she/it writes
ýazarys	[jazaˈrɯs]	we (exclusive) write
ýazarys	[jazaˈrɯs]	we (inclusive) write
ýazsan	[jazˈsan]	you write
ýazarlar	[jazarˈlar]	they write

Definite Form

The definite form is used when the subject of the sentence is specified. To form the definite form of a regular Turkmen verb in the present tense, follow these steps:

1. Take the verb stem, which is "ýaz-" 2. Add the appropriate verb ending based on the subject of the sentence.

Here are the verb endings for the definite form in the present tense:

Subject	Verb Ending
I (singular)	-ym/-im
you (singular)	-syz/-siz
he/she/it	-dir
we (inclusive)	-ik
we (exclusive)	-miz
you (plural)	-siz/-syz
they	-dirler

Let's see the definite form conjugation of the verb "ýazmak" (to write):

Turkmen	Pronunciation	English
ýazym	[jazˈɯm]	I write
ýazsyz	[jazˈsɯz]	you write
ýazdyr	[jazˈdir]	he/she/it writes
ýazmiz	[jazˈmiz]	we (exclusive) write
ýazmiz	[jazˈmiz]	we (inclusive) write
ýazsyz	[jazˈsɯz]	you write
ýazdyrlar	[jazdirˈlar]	they write

Negative Form

The negative form is used to express negation or the absence of an action. To form the negative form of a regular Turkmen verb in the present tense, follow these steps:

1. Take the verb stem, which is "ýaz-" 2. Add the negative verb ending "-ma/-me" after the verb stem.

Here are the negative verb endings for the present tense:

Subject	Verb Ending
I (singular)	-maň/-meň
you (singular)	-san/-sen
he/she/it	-ar/-er
we (inclusive)	-ar/-er
we (exclusive)	-arys/-äris
you (plural)	-san/-sen
they	-lar/-ler

Let's see the negative form conjugation of the verb "ýazmak" (to write):

Turkmen	Pronunciation	English
ýazmaň	[jazˈmaŋ]	I don't write
ýazsan	[jazˈsan]	you don't write
ýazar	[jaˈzar]	he/she/it doesn't write
ýazarys	[jazaˈrɯs]	we (exclusive) don't write
ýazarys	[jazaˈrɯs]	we (inclusive) don't write
ýazsan	[jazˈsan]	you don't write
ýazarlar	[jazarˈlar]	they don't write

Cultural Insights: Verbs in Turkmenistan

In Turkmenistan, the usage of verbs reflects the cultural values and traditions of the Turkmen people. Verbs play a significant role in everyday communication, and the choice of verbs can convey respect, politeness, and social hierarchy.

One interesting cultural aspect of Turkmen verbs is the use of honorific verbs. These verbs are used to show respect to someone of higher social status, such as elders, teachers, or leaders. Using honorific verbs is considered a sign of politeness and deference in Turkmen culture.

For example, instead of using the regular verb "ýazmak" (to write), Turkmen people may use the honorific verb "öýremek" (to teach) when referring to someone who is older or holds a higher position. This subtle linguistic choice reflects the importance of showing respect and honoring social hierarchies in Turkmen society.

Another cultural aspect related to verbs in Turkmenistan is the use of proverbs and idiomatic expressions. Turkmen proverbs often use verbs to convey wisdom, advice, or cultural values. Learning these proverbs and understanding their underlying verbs can provide valuable insights into Turkmen culture and mindset.

For example, the proverb "Iş bolan adam üçin gara toprak ýeter" (A person with work has enough black soil) emphasizes the value of hard work and the satisfaction that comes from being productive. The verb "bolan" (having) in this proverb encapsulates the concept of being industrious and self-sufficient, which are highly valued traits in Turkmen society.

Practice Exercises

Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Complete the following exercises to reinforce your understanding of basic verb conjugation in Turkmen.

Exercise 1: Conjugate the verb "gitmek" (to go) in the indefinite form for the given subjects.

I (singular)
you (singular)
he/she/it
we (exclusive)
we (inclusive)
you (plural)
they

Exercise 2: Conjugate the verb "okamak" (to read) in the definite form for the given subjects.

I (singular)
you (singular)
he/she/it
we (exclusive)
we (inclusive)
you (plural)
they

Exercise 3: Conjugate the verb "gelmek" (to come) in the negative form for the given subjects.

I (singular)
you (singular)
he/she/it
we (exclusive)
we (inclusive)
you (plural)
they

Solutions

Exercise 1: Indefinite Form of "gitmek" (to go)

ýörem
ýörsin
ýör
ýöremiz
ýöremiz
ýörsin
ýörler

Exercise 2: Definite Form of "okamak" (to read)

okam
okasyz
okar
okamiz
okamiz
okasyz
okarlar

Exercise 3: Negative Form of "gelmek" (to come)

galmam
gelsen
gelmez
gelmäris
gelmäris
gelsen
gelmezler

Congratulations on completing the practice exercises! You're well on your way to mastering basic verb conjugation in Turkmen.

Conclusion

In this lesson, we explored the intricacies of basic verb conjugation in Turkmen. We learned about the structure and forms of Turkmen verbs, and we delved into the conjugation patterns for regular verbs in the present tense. Along the way, we discovered cultural insights related to verbs in Turkmenistan, highlighting the significance of verbs in everyday communication and cultural expressions.

By practicing the exercises provided, you have reinforced your understanding of basic verb conjugation in Turkmen. Keep practicing and applying these concepts in real-life situations to further enhance your language skills.

In the next lesson, we will continue our journey through the Turkmen language and explore the world of numbers and time. Get ready to count and tell time in Turkmen!

Table of Contents - Turkmen Course - 0 to A1

Course Presentation

Greetings and Introductions

Pronouns and Verbs

Numbers and Time

Nouns and Adjectives

Family and Relationships

Turkmen Customs and Traditions

Food and Dining

Asking Questions

Travel and Transportation

Geography and Landmarks

Prepositions and Conjunctions

Hobbies and Leisure Activities

Turkmen Art and Literature

Sources

Other Lessons

◀️ Personal Pronouns — Previous Lesson	Next Lesson — Numbers 1-10 ▶️

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <span pgnav>
 {| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
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 {{Turkmen-Page-Top}}
 <div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Turkmen|Turkmen]]  → [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Pronouns and Verbs → Basic Verb Conjugation</div>
-Welcome to the "Basic Verb Conjugation" lesson! In this lesson, as a part of the "Complete 0 to A1 Turkmen Course," we will focus on conjugating regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense. You will learn how to form the conjugations for different personal pronouns, along with some examples of common verbs to practice. We will also touch on some interesting aspects of the Turkmen culture and language that will surely enrich your learning experience.
 __TOC__
+== Introduction ==
-<span link>Finish this lesson and explore these related pages: [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Common-Prepositions|Common Prepositions]] & [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]].</span>
+Welcome to the lesson on basic verb conjugation in Turkmen! In this lesson, we will learn how to conjugate regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense. This is an essential topic to master as it lays the foundation for constructing sentences and expressing actions in Turkmen. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to confidently conjugate verbs and form basic sentences in Turkmen.
-==Introduction to Verb Conjugation in Turkmen==
-Regular Turkmen verbs follow a simple pattern, which makes it easy to learn and conjugate them. The conjugation of a verb depends on the personal pronoun that is attached to it (such as I, you, he, she, we, and they).
+To begin, we will explore the structure of Turkmen verbs and the various verb forms used in the present tense. We will then delve into the conjugation patterns for regular Turkmen verbs, providing numerous examples to illustrate each point. Throughout the lesson, we will also explore cultural aspects related to the usage and understanding of verbs in Turkmenistan.
-Turkmen verb conjugation is based on two components: the verb stem and the conjugation suffix. The verb stem is the root form of the verb, which usually ends with the letters "-mak" or "-mek." The conjugation suffixes are the endings that change according to personal pronouns.
+So let's get started and dive into the fascinating world of Turkmen verb conjugation!
-As we proceed with the lesson, you'll notice that Turkmen verbs are relatively easy to conjugate. So, let's get started!
+== Turkmen Verbs: Structure and Forms ==
-==Regular Verb Conjugation in the Present Tense==
+Before we dive into verb conjugation, let's first understand the structure and forms of Turkmen verbs. Verbs in Turkmen consist of a stem and a verb ending. The verb endings change depending on the subject of the sentence and the tense being used.
-Regular verbs in the present tense follow a systematic pattern for conjugation. To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, follow these steps:
+In the present tense, Turkmen verbs have three main forms:
+. The indefinite form: This form is used when the subject of the sentence is not specified or when referring to a general action.
+. The definite form: This form is used when the subject of the sentence is specified.
+. The negative form: This form is used to express negation or the absence of an action.
-. Remove the "-mak" or "-mek" ending from the infinitive form of the verb to find the verb stem.
+Now that we have a basic understanding of Turkmen verb structure and forms, let's move on to verb conjugation.
-. Attach the appropriate personal pronoun suffix to the verb stem.
-Here is a list of personal pronoun suffixes for regular verbs in the present tense:
+== Conjugating Regular Turkmen Verbs ==
-* I: -ýan / -yan
+Conjugating regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense is relatively straightforward. The verb endings change based on the subject of the sentence, and there are specific rules to follow depending on the verb stem.
-* You (singular, informal): -ýar / -yar
-* He/She/It: -ýar / -yar
-* We: -ýas / -yas
-* You (plural, formal): -ýaň / -yaň
-* They: -ýarlar / -yarlar
-For example, let's conjugate the verb "işlemek" (to work) with each personal pronoun:
+Let's look at the conjugation pattern for regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense:
-Examples:
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
 |-
-| işleýän || iş-le-yän || I work
+| ýazmak  || [jazˈmak] || to write
 |-
-| işleýär || iş-le-yär || You work (singular, informal)
+| gitmek  || [gitˈmek] || to go
 |-
-| işleýär || iş-le-yär || He/She/It works
+| okamak  || [oˈkamak] || to read
 |-
-| işleýäs || iş-le-yäs || We work
+| gelmek  || [ɡelˈmek] || to come
+|}
+As you can see from the examples above, the verb stem remains the same throughout conjugation, and the endings change based on the subject of the sentence.
+Let's explore the conjugation patterns for regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense using the verb "ýazmak" (to write) as an example:
+=== Indefinite Form ===
+The indefinite form is used when the subject of the sentence is not specified or when referring to a general action. To form the indefinite form of a regular Turkmen verb in the present tense, follow these steps:
+. Take the verb stem, which is "ýaz-"
+. Add the appropriate verb ending based on the subject of the sentence.
+Here are the verb endings for the indefinite form in the present tense:
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Subject !! Verb Ending
 |-
-| işleýäň || iş-le-yäň || You work (plural, formal)
+| I (singular) || -ýan/-iň
 |-
-| işleýärler || iş-le-yärler || They work
+| you (singular) || -san/-sin
+|-
+| he/she/it || -ar/-er
+|-
+| we (inclusive) || -ar/-er
+|-
+| we (exclusive) || -arys/-äris
+|-
+| you (plural) || -san/-sin
+|-
+| they || -lar/-ler
 |}
-====Turkmen Culture Tip====
+Let's see the indefinite form conjugation of the verb "ýazmak" (to write):
-The Turkmen work culture highly valuates punctuality and discipline, which are seen as essential traits for success in this Central Asian country. It is common for the locals to wake up early in the morning and be punctual for appointments, meetings, and events.
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| ýazýan  || [jazˈjan] || I write
+|-
+| ýazsan  || [jazˈsan] || you write
+|-
+| ýazar  || [jaˈzar] || he/she/it writes
+|-
+| ýazarys  || [jazaˈrɯs] || we (exclusive) write
+|-
+| ýazarys  || [jazaˈrɯs] || we (inclusive) write
+|-
+| ýazsan  || [jazˈsan] || you write
+|-
+| ýazarlar  || [jazarˈlar] || they write
+|}
-==Common Regular Verbs in Turkmen==
+=== Definite Form ===
-Now that you have learned the process of conjugating regular verbs in the present tense, let's practice with a list of some common regular verbs.
+The definite form is used when the subject of the sentence is specified. To form the definite form of a regular Turkmen verb in the present tense, follow these steps:
-Examples of regular verbs in their infinitive forms, along with their meanings in English, are as follows:
+. Take the verb stem, which is "ýaz-"
+. Add the appropriate verb ending based on the subject of the sentence.
-* okamak (to read)
+Here are the verb endings for the definite form in the present tense:
-* yaşamak (to live)
-* goýmak (to put)
-* gelmek (to come)
-* gitmek (to go)
-Pick a verb and try conjugating it with each personal pronoun following the instructions you've learned in this lesson.
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Subject !! Verb Ending
+|-
+| I (singular) || -ym/-im
+|-
+| you (singular) || -syz/-siz
+|-
+| he/she/it || -dir
+|-
+| we (inclusive) || -ik
+|-
+| we (exclusive) || -miz
+|-
+| you (plural) || -siz/-syz
+|-
+| they || -dirler
+|}
-Here's an example using the verb "goýmak" (to put):
+Let's see the definite form conjugation of the verb "ýazmak" (to write):
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
 |-
-| goýýan || goy-yän || I put
+| ýazym  || [jazˈɯm] || I write
 |-
-| goýýar || goy-yär || You put (singular, informal)
+| ýazsyz  || [jazˈsɯz] || you write
 |-
-| goýýar || goy-yär || He/She/It puts
+| ýazdyr  || [jazˈdir] || he/she/it writes
 |-
-| goýýas || goy-yäs || We put
+| ýazmiz  || [jazˈmiz] || we (exclusive) write
 |-
-| goýýaň || goy-yäň || You put (plural, formal)
+| ýazmiz  || [jazˈmiz] || we (inclusive) write
 |-
-| goýýarlar || goy-yärler || They put
+| ýazsyz  || [jazˈsɯz] || you write
+|-
+| ýazdyrlar  || [jazdirˈlar] || they write
 |}
-==Conclusion==
+=== Negative Form ===
-In this lesson, you have learned how to conjugate regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense. Remember, the key is to identify the verb stem and attach the appropriate personal pronoun suffix. Once you get the hang of this process, conjugating regular verbs in Turkmen will become second nature to you.
+The negative form is used to express negation or the absence of an action. To form the negative form of a regular Turkmen verb in the present tense, follow these steps:
-We encourage you to practice conjugating the verbs introduced in this lesson and any others you come across in your Turkmen language journey. If you ever find yourself in Turkmenistan or interacting with the locals, your knowledge of verb conjugation will surely help you communicate more effectively.
+. Take the verb stem, which is "ýaz-"
+. Add the negative verb ending "-ma/-me" after the verb stem.
-Keep up the good work, and enjoy the rest of the "Complete 0 to A1 Turkmen Course"!
+Here are the negative verb endings for the present tense:
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Subject !! Verb Ending
+|-
+| I (singular) || -maň/-meň
+|-
+| you (singular) || -san/-sen
+|-
+| he/she/it || -ar/-er
+|-
+| we (inclusive) || -ar/-er
+|-
+| we (exclusive) || -arys/-äris
+|-
+| you (plural) || -san/-sen
+|-
+| they || -lar/-ler
+|}
+Let's see the negative form conjugation of the verb "ýazmak" (to write):
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Turkmen !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| ýazmaň  || [jazˈmaŋ] || I don't write
+|-
+| ýazsan  || [jazˈsan] || you don't write
+|-
+| ýazar  || [jaˈzar] || he/she/it doesn't write
+|-
+| ýazarys  || [jazaˈrɯs] || we (exclusive) don't write
+|-
+| ýazarys  || [jazaˈrɯs] || we (inclusive) don't write
+|-
+| ýazsan  || [jazˈsan] || you don't write
+|-
+| ýazarlar  || [jazarˈlar] || they don't write
+|}
+== Cultural Insights: Verbs in Turkmenistan ==
+In Turkmenistan, the usage of verbs reflects the cultural values and traditions of the Turkmen people. Verbs play a significant role in everyday communication, and the choice of verbs can convey respect, politeness, and social hierarchy.
+One interesting cultural aspect of Turkmen verbs is the use of honorific verbs. These verbs are used to show respect to someone of higher social status, such as elders, teachers, or leaders. Using honorific verbs is considered a sign of politeness and deference in Turkmen culture.
+For example, instead of using the regular verb "ýazmak" (to write), Turkmen people may use the honorific verb "öýremek" (to teach) when referring to someone who is older or holds a higher position. This subtle linguistic choice reflects the importance of showing respect and honoring social hierarchies in Turkmen society.
+Another cultural aspect related to verbs in Turkmenistan is the use of proverbs and idiomatic expressions. Turkmen proverbs often use verbs to convey wisdom, advice, or cultural values. Learning these proverbs and understanding their underlying verbs can provide valuable insights into Turkmen culture and mindset.
+For example, the proverb "Iş bolan adam üçin gara toprak ýeter" (A person with work has enough black soil) emphasizes the value of hard work and the satisfaction that comes from being productive. The verb "bolan" (having) in this proverb encapsulates the concept of being industrious and self-sufficient, which are highly valued traits in Turkmen society.
+== Practice Exercises ==
+Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Complete the following exercises to reinforce your understanding of basic verb conjugation in Turkmen.
+Exercise 1: Conjugate the verb "gitmek" (to go) in the indefinite form for the given subjects.
+* I (singular)
+* you (singular)
+* he/she/it
+* we (exclusive)
+* we (inclusive)
+* you (plural)
+* they
+Exercise 2: Conjugate the verb "okamak" (to read) in the definite form for the given subjects.
+* I (singular)
+* you (singular)
+* he/she/it
+* we (exclusive)
+* we (inclusive)
+* you (plural)
+* they
+Exercise 3: Conjugate the verb "gelmek" (to come) in the negative form for the given subjects.
+* I (singular)
+* you (singular)
+* he/she/it
+* we (exclusive)
+* we (inclusive)
+* you (plural)
+* they
+== Solutions ==
+Exercise 1: Indefinite Form of "gitmek" (to go)
+* ýörem
+* ýörsin
+* ýör
+* ýöremiz
+* ýöremiz
+* ýörsin
+* ýörler
+Exercise 2: Definite Form of "okamak" (to read)
+* okam
+* okasyz
+* okar
+* okamiz
+* okamiz
+* okasyz
+* okarlar
+Exercise 3: Negative Form of "gelmek" (to come)
+* galmam
+* gelsen
+* gelmez
+* gelmäris
+* gelmäris
+* gelsen
+* gelmezler
+Congratulations on completing the practice exercises! You're well on your way to mastering basic verb conjugation in Turkmen.
+== Conclusion ==
+In this lesson, we explored the intricacies of basic verb conjugation in Turkmen. We learned about the structure and forms of Turkmen verbs, and we delved into the conjugation patterns for regular verbs in the present tense. Along the way, we discovered cultural insights related to verbs in Turkmenistan, highlighting the significance of verbs in everyday communication and cultural expressions.
+By practicing the exercises provided, you have reinforced your understanding of basic verb conjugation in Turkmen. Keep practicing and applying these concepts in real-life situations to further enhance your language skills.
+In the next lesson, we will continue our journey through the Turkmen language and explore the world of numbers and time. Get ready to count and tell time in Turkmen!
-<span link>Well done on mastering this lesson! Don't miss these related pages to expand your knowledge: [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Verbs|Verbs]] & [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]].</span>
 {{#seo:
-|title=Turkmen Grammar - Pronouns and Verbs - Basic Verb Conjugation
+|title=Turkmen Grammar → Pronouns and Verbs → Basic Verb Conjugation
-|keywords=Turkmen grammar, pronouns, verbs, basic verb conjugation, present tense, Turkmen language, Turkmen culture
+|keywords=Turkmen grammar, Turkmen verbs, basic verb conjugation, Turkmen language, present tense, regular verbs, Turkmen culture
-|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to conjugate regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense.}}
+|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to conjugate regular Turkmen verbs in the present tense. We will explore the structure and forms of Turkmen verbs, delve into conjugation patterns, and provide cultural insights related to verbs in Turkmenistan.
+}}
 {{Turkmen-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
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+<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo-16k></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
+==Sources==
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_grammar Turkmen grammar - Wikipedia]
+* [https://tm.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/TurkmenLanguageLearningGuide.pdf Turkmen Language Grammar Guide]
 ==Other Lessons==
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 * [[Language/Turkmen/Grammar/Adjective-Agreement|Adjective Agreement]]
-<span class='maj'></span>
-==Sources==
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_grammar Turkmen grammar - Wikipedia]
-* [https://tm.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/124/TurkmenLanguageLearningGuide.pdf Turkmen Language Grammar Guide]
 {{Turkmen-Page-Bottom}}
-<span links></span>
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