Difference between revisions of "Language/Polish/Grammar/Gender"
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➡ In today's lesson we will learn How to use genders in Polish. | ➡ In today's lesson we will learn How to use genders in Polish. | ||
Polish is a tough language to learn and that's common knowledge. | Polish is a tough language to learn and that's common knowledge. | ||
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If you want to speak correct Polish, you must know each noun gender. Basically, in Polish and other languages, nouns are often accompanied by adjectives describing them (big city, fantastic result, terrible performances, etc.). In Polish, adjectives have different forms and must match nouns. | If you want to speak correct Polish, you must know each noun gender. Basically, in Polish and other languages, nouns are often accompanied by adjectives describing them (big city, fantastic result, terrible performances, etc.). In Polish, adjectives have different forms and must match nouns. | ||
Polish distinguishes between the 3 genders: | Polish distinguishes between the 3 genders: | ||
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# feminine (rodzaj żeński) | # feminine (rodzaj żeński) | ||
# neuter (rodzaj nijaki) | # neuter (rodzaj nijaki) | ||
__TOC__ | |||
== Gender of Nouns in Polish == | == Gender of Nouns in Polish == | ||
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# Neuters end in -o, -e, -ę or -um<br> | # Neuters end in -o, -e, -ę or -um<br> | ||
Unfortunately, there are many exceptions. Some genders are consistent with the meaning, for example the masculine: | Unfortunately, there are many exceptions. Some genders are consistent with the meaning, for example the masculine: | ||
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* In the plural, they are distinguished into personal (humans) and impersonal (animals and objects). Often, the plurals of different genders are common, except the personal masculine. | * In the plural, they are distinguished into personal (humans) and impersonal (animals and objects). Often, the plurals of different genders are common, except the personal masculine. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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* This Baby (NEUTRAL GENDER) - '''TO''' dziecko | * This Baby (NEUTRAL GENDER) - '''TO''' dziecko | ||
=== Adjectives === | === Adjectives === | ||
For instance, English adjective 'good' in Polish language has got following forms: dobry (when agrees with grammatically masculine noun), dobra (when agrees with grammatically feminine nouns), dobre (when agrees with grammatically neuter nouns). So you would say: | For instance, English adjective 'good' in Polish language has got following forms: dobry (when agrees with grammatically masculine noun), dobra (when agrees with grammatically feminine nouns), dobre (when agrees with grammatically neuter nouns). So you would say: | ||
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More information: [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjective Agreement in Polish]] | More information: [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjective Agreement in Polish]] | ||
=== Verbs === | === Verbs === | ||
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In Polish past tenses we must add the right letter in the end of verb depending on the gender. | In Polish past tenses we must add the right letter in the end of verb depending on the gender. | ||
For example : | For example : | ||
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➡ JA BYŁ'''AM''' (said by a woman) | ➡ JA BYŁ'''AM''' (said by a woman) | ||
More information on [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Perfective-and-imperfective-verbs|Polish Verbs]]. | More information on [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Perfective-and-imperfective-verbs|Polish Verbs]]. | ||
Revision as of 13:26, 8 March 2023
Hi Polish Learners! 😃
➡ In today's lesson we will learn How to use genders in Polish.
Polish is a tough language to learn and that's common knowledge.
The reason behind it is not only the alphabet (which has 32 letters as opposed to English 26) but among other things, gender.
It can be really confusing for non-native speakers that are trying to learn Polish because the language is gendered.
If you want to speak correct Polish, you must know each noun gender. Basically, in Polish and other languages, nouns are often accompanied by adjectives describing them (big city, fantastic result, terrible performances, etc.). In Polish, adjectives have different forms and must match nouns.
Polish distinguishes between the 3 genders:
- masculine (rodzaj męski)
- feminine (rodzaj żeński)
- neuter (rodzaj nijaki)
Gender of Nouns in Polish
While masculine and feminine are referring to men or women, neuter words refer either to babies or inanimate objects.
How can you guess the gender of nouns in Polish? Here are basic tips below (see also the video at the bottom of this page):
- Masculine ends with a hard consonant (spółgłoska) and a few -a.
- Feminine nouns generally end in -a, in -i, or in a soft consonant (ń, ć…)
- Neuters end in -o, -e, -ę or -um
Unfortunately, there are many exceptions. Some genders are consistent with the meaning, for example the masculine:
- poeta (poet),
- dziadzio (grandfather),
- wykładowca (teacher),
- dentysta (male dentist and for a woman it would be dentistka).
The masculine is divided into "personal animates" (names expressing a human being), non-personal animates (an animal), inanimate (an object or an idea).
- In the singular, the masculine are distinguished into animate (humans and animals) and inanimate (objects).
- In the plural, they are distinguished into personal (humans) and impersonal (animals and objects). Often, the plurals of different genders are common, except the personal masculine.
| Gender | Masculine | Neutral | Feminine |
|---|---|---|---|
| The word ends
with: |
a consonant
-a (if male) |
-o
-e -ę -um |
-a
-ść (abstract nouns) a consonant (rare irregularities) |
| Examples |
|
|
|
Gender of Pronouns, Adjectives and Verbs
Demonstrative Pronouns "This"
The English demonstrative pronoun 'this' has in Polish language 3 variations. These are ten, ta and to. We use them depending on the grammatical gender of the nouns that the pronoun describes:
- This Man (MASCULINE GENDER) - TEN mężczyzna
- This Woman (FEMININE GENDER) - TA kobieta
- This chair (NEUTRAL GENDER) - TO krzesło
- This Baby (NEUTRAL GENDER) - TO dziecko
Adjectives
For instance, English adjective 'good' in Polish language has got following forms: dobry (when agrees with grammatically masculine noun), dobra (when agrees with grammatically feminine nouns), dobre (when agrees with grammatically neuter nouns). So you would say:
- dobry chłopiec - good boy
- dobra dziewczynka - good girl
- dobre dziecko - good child
More information: Adjective Agreement in Polish
Verbs
In Polish it is so important, because verbs must be inflected to every gender.
For example in the past simple in English, we describe only verb+ed or irregular form of this verb.
In Polish past tenses we must add the right letter in the end of verb depending on the gender.
For example :
- verb to be: BYĆ
➡ JA BYŁEM (said by a man)
➡ JA BYŁAM (said by a woman)
More information on Polish Verbs.
Videos
Grammatical gender of Polish nouns
Polish Grammar - Nouns Gender - How to guess it?
Sources
- https://www.po-polsku.fr/cas.php
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_grammar
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6b1oZ7Ah8w
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4DQBG4vjJk
- Polish Verbs
- Polish Adjectives