Difference between revisions of "Language/Armenian/Grammar/Definite-and-Indefinite"

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Armenian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Definite and Indefinite

In this lesson, we will dive into an essential aspect of Armenian grammar: the concepts of definite and indefinite nouns. Understanding these concepts is crucial for forming coherent sentences and effectively communicating in Armenian. Just like in English, the way we refer to people, places, and things can change depending on whether we are speaking about something specific or something general.

Why Are Definite and Indefinite Important?[edit | edit source]

In Armenian, as in many languages, the distinction between definite and indefinite nouns helps to clarify meaning. It tells the listener whether we are talking about a specific item or a general one. This lesson will equip you with the necessary tools to navigate these concepts, helping you in both spoken and written Armenian.

Outline of the Lesson[edit | edit source]

1. Definite Nouns

Definition

Usage

Examples

2. Indefinite Nouns

Definition

Usage

Examples

3. Comparison Between Definite and Indefinite

4. Exercises and Practice

5. Summary and Conclusion

Definite Nouns[edit | edit source]

Definition[edit | edit source]

Definite nouns refer to specific items that are known to the speaker and the listener. In Armenian, definite nouns are often marked by the definite article "ը" (y), which is attached to the end of the noun.

Usage[edit | edit source]

You would use definite nouns when you are referring to something that both the speaker and the listener are already familiar with. For example:

The book on the table

The teacher in the classroom

Examples[edit | edit source]

Let's look at some examples of definite nouns in Armenian.

Armenian	Pronunciation	English
գիրքը	girk'ə	the book
ավտոմեքենան	avtomek'əna	the car
տունը	tunə	the house
ուսուցիչը	usuc'ic'ə	the teacher
աշակերտը	ašakertə	the student
ծառը	ts'aru	the tree
շունը	šunə	the dog
մեքենան	mek'ēna	the vehicle
խոհանոցը	xohanoc'ə	the kitchen
սենյակը	sēnyakə	the room

Indefinite Nouns[edit | edit source]

Definition[edit | edit source]

Indefinite nouns refer to general items that are not specifically identified. In Armenian, indefinite nouns do not take a definite article.

Usage[edit | edit source]

Indefinite nouns are used when the speaker is talking about any item of a certain type, without specifying which one. For example:

A book

A teacher

Examples[edit | edit source]

Here are some examples of indefinite nouns in Armenian.

Armenian	Pronunciation	English
գիր	gir	a book
ավտոմեքենա	avtomek'əna	a car
տուն	tun	a house
ուսուցիչ	usuc'ic'	a teacher
աշակերտ	ašakert	a student
ծառ	ts'aru	a tree
շուն	šun	a dog
մեքենա	mek'ēna	a vehicle
խոհանոց	xohanoc'	a kitchen
սենյակ	sēnyak	a room

Comparison Between Definite and Indefinite[edit | edit source]

To further clarify the differences between definite and indefinite nouns, let’s look at some comparative examples.

Armenian (Definite)	Pronunciation	English	Armenian (Indefinite)	Pronunciation	English
գիրքը	girk'ə	the book	գիր	gir	a book
ավտոմեքենան	avtomek'əna	the car	ավտոմեքենա	avtomek'əna	a car
տունը	tunə	the house	տուն	tun	a house
ուսուցիչը	usuc'ic'ə	the teacher	ուսուցիչ	usuc'ic'	a teacher
աշակերտը	ašakertə	the student	աշակերտ	ašakert	a student

Now that we have covered the definitions, uses, and examples of definite and indefinite nouns, let’s move on to some exercises to test your understanding!

Exercises and Practice[edit | edit source]

Here are some exercises to help reinforce what you have learned about definite and indefinite nouns in Armenian.

Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Type[edit | edit source]

Determine whether the following nouns are definite or indefinite. Write "D" for definite and "I" for indefinite.

1. գիրքը (the book)

2. ուսուցիչ (a teacher)

3. տունը (the house)

4. խոհանոց (a kitchen)

5. աշակերտը (the student)

Answers:

1. D

2. I

3. D

4. I

5. D

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Complete the sentences with the correct form of definite or indefinite nouns.

1. Ես կարդում եմ ___ (գիր)։ (I am reading a book.)

2. ___ (տուն) շատ գեղեցիկ է։ (The house is very beautiful.)

3. ___ (սենյակ) լավ է։ (A room is nice.)

4. Ինձ պետք է ___ (շուն)։ (I need a dog.)

5. ___ (Աշակերտ) իմ ընկերն է։ (The student is my friend.)

Answers:

1. գիր

2. Տունը

3. Սենյակը

4. Շուն

5. Աշակերտը

Exercise 3: Translate to Armenian[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences into Armenian, using the correct definite or indefinite nouns.

1. The teacher is here.

2. I want a car.

3. The tree is tall.

4. A book is on the table.

5. The student is studying.

Answers:

1. Ուսուցիչը այստեղ է։

2. Ես ուզում եմ ավտոմեքենա։

3. Ծառը բարձր է։

4. Գիրքն է սեղանին։

5. Աշակերտը սովորում է։

Exercise 4: Create Sentences[edit | edit source]

Create sentences using the following nouns, first as definite and then as indefinite.

1. մեքենա (vehicle)

2. գիր (book)

Answers:

1.

Մեքենան արագ է։ (The vehicle is fast.)

Ես ունեմ մեքենա։ (I have a vehicle.)

2.

Գիրքը հետաքրքիր է։ (The book is interesting.)

Ես կարդում եմ գիր։ (I am reading a book.)

Exercise 5: Match the Pairs[edit | edit source]

Match the Armenian words to their English translations.

1. ուսուցիչը

2. տուն

3. կատվիկը

4. շունը

5. այգի

| Armenian | English |

|---|---|

| A | the teacher |

| B | the house |

| C | a kitten |

| D | the dog |

| E | a garden |

Answers:

1 - A

2 - B

3 - C

4 - D

5 - E

Exercise 6: Choose the Correct Form[edit | edit source]

Choose the correct form (definite or indefinite) to complete the sentences.

1. ___ (գիր) կա սեղանի վրա։ (A book is on the table.)

2. ___ (շուն) շատ գեղեցիկ է։ (The dog is very beautiful.)

3. Ես ունեմ ___ (տուն)։ (I have a house.)

4. ___ (ուսուցիչ) իմ ընկերն է։ (The teacher is my friend.)

5. Ես տեսել եմ ___ (ծառ)։ (I saw a tree.)

Answers:

1. Գիր

2. Շունը

3. Տուն

4. Ուսուցիչը

5. Ծառը

Exercise 7: Identify the Article[edit | edit source]

Identify whether the nouns in the following sentences have definite or indefinite articles.

1. Ես գնեցի ավտոմեքենա։

2. Գիրքը հետաքրքիր է։

3. Նա ունի տուն։

4. Ես տեսա աշակերտը։

5. Ծառը բարձր է։

Answers:

1. I - I (indefinite)

2. II - D (definite)

3. III - I (indefinite)

4. IV - D (definite)

5. V - D (definite)

Exercise 8: Write About Yourself[edit | edit source]

Write three sentences about yourself using both definite and indefinite nouns.

Example:

Ես ունեմ շուն։ (I have a dog.)

Շունը շատ խաղասեր է։ (The dog is very playful.)

Ես սիրում եմ կարդալ գիր։ (I love to read a book.)

Exercise 9: Fill in the Chart[edit | edit source]

Fill in the chart with definite and indefinite nouns based on the provided category.

| Category | Definite Noun | Indefinite Noun |

|---|---|---|

| Food | ___ | ___ |

| Animals | ___ | ___ |

| Places | ___ | ___ |

Answers:

| Category | Definite Noun | Indefinite Noun |

|---|---|---|

| Food | սուպը (the soup) | սուպ (a soup) |

| Animals | կատուն (the cat) | կատու (a cat) |

| Places | քաղաքը (the city) | քաղաք (a city) |

Exercise 10: Role Play[edit | edit source]

In pairs, practice a short dialogue using definite and indefinite nouns. One person can ask about a specific item (definite), and the other can respond with a general statement (indefinite).

Example:

Person A: Ուսուցիչը որտեղ է? (Where is the teacher?)

Person B: Ես չեմ տեսել ուսուցիչ։ (I haven’t seen a teacher.)

Summary and Conclusion[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we explored the concepts of definite and indefinite nouns in Armenian. We discussed their definitions, uses, and provided numerous examples to clarify these concepts. Through various exercises, you practiced identifying, translating, and using these nouns in sentences, which will help you become more proficient in Armenian.

As you continue your journey in learning Armenian, remember that mastering these basic grammatical structures will open up more complex sentence constructions, enhancing your ability to communicate effectively. Keep practicing, and don't hesitate to revisit these concepts as needed.

Table of Contents - Armenian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Course Presentation

Greetings and Introductions

Alphabet and Pronunciation

Numbers and Time

Basic Sentence Structure

Family and Relationships

Nouns and Pronouns

Food and Dining

Verbs and Tenses

Travel and Transportation

Adjectives and Adverbs

Armenian Traditions and Customs

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Armenian-Page-Top}}
+<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Armenian|Armenian]]  → [[Language/Armenian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Definite and Indefinite</div>
+In this lesson, we will dive into an essential aspect of Armenian grammar: the concepts of '''definite''' and '''indefinite''' nouns. Understanding these concepts is crucial for forming coherent sentences and effectively communicating in Armenian. Just like in English, the way we refer to people, places, and things can change depending on whether we are speaking about something specific or something general.
+=== Why Are Definite and Indefinite Important? ===
+In Armenian, as in many languages, the distinction between definite and indefinite nouns helps to clarify meaning. It tells the listener whether we are talking about a specific item or a general one. This lesson will equip you with the necessary tools to navigate these concepts, helping you in both spoken and written Armenian.
+=== Outline of the Lesson ===
+. '''Definite Nouns'''
+* Definition
+* Usage
+* Examples
+. '''Indefinite Nouns'''
+* Definition
+* Usage
+* Examples
+. '''Comparison Between Definite and Indefinite'''
+. '''Exercises and Practice'''
-<div class="pg_page_title">Armenian Grammar → Conditional and Reality → Definite and Indefinite</div>
+. '''Summary and Conclusion'''
 __TOC__
-As a beginner learner of Armenian, you will already have learned about basic sentence structures and other important concepts, such as noun and pronoun, verb conjugation and adjectives. You will also have been introduced to some Armenian culture and history, as well as basic vocabulary necessary for daily life. In this lesson, we will be discussing the concepts of definite and indefinite in Armenian.
+=== Definite Nouns ===
+==== Definition ====
+'''Definite nouns''' refer to specific items that are known to the speaker and the listener. In Armenian, definite nouns are often marked by the definite article "ը" (y), which is attached to the end of the noun.
-== Definite and Indefinite ==
+==== Usage ====
-In Armenian, definite nouns are those that we recognize as specific objects or people, or those that have already been mentioned in previous sentences or conversations. Indefinite nouns refer to objects or people in a more general sense, and have not yet been specified or identified.
+You would use definite nouns when you are referring to something that both the speaker and the listener are already familiar with. For example:
-For example, take the Armenian word for "book". If we say "գիրք" (girk), we are referring to any book in general. However, if we refer to "գրքին" (grk’in), we are speaking of a specific book that we have already established in the conversation.
+* The book on the table
-Another example could be the words "տուր" (tur) and "այցելություն" (aytsevolut’youn). Both words refer to the concept of "tourism", but "այցելություն" is a more specific and definite term, referring to the act of visiting different places, while "տուր" is a more general and indefinite term, referring to the concept of traveling for pleasure.
+* The teacher in the classroom
-Definite nouns are formed by adding various affixes to the noun.
+==== Examples ====
-Some examples are:
+Let's look at some examples of definite nouns in Armenian.
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Armenian !! Pronunciation !! English
 |-
-| եսական (esakan) || e-sa-kan || belonging to, for
+| գիրքը || girk'ə || the book
 |-
-| պարունակ (parounak) || pa-ru-na-k || including
+| ավտոմեքենան || avtomek'əna || the car
 |-
-| վրայով (vrayov) || vra-yov || on top of, on
+| տունը || tunə || the house
 |-
-| մրգաշարժ (mrgasharch) || mrga-sharj || about, concerning
+| ուսուցիչը || usuc'ic'ə || the teacher
+|-
+| աշակերտը || ašakertə || the student
+|-
+| ծառը || ts'aru || the tree
+|-
+| շունը || šunə || the dog
+|-
+| մեքենան || mek'ēna || the vehicle
+|-
+| խոհանոցը || xohanoc'ə || the kitchen
+|-
+| սենյակը || sēnyakə || the room
 |}
-These affixes are added to the end of the noun to make it definite.
+=== Indefinite Nouns ===
+==== Definition ====
+'''Indefinite nouns''' refer to general items that are not specifically identified. In Armenian, indefinite nouns do not take a definite article.
+==== Usage ====
+Indefinite nouns are used when the speaker is talking about any item of a certain type, without specifying which one. For example:
+* A book
+* A teacher
-Indefinite nouns, on the other hand, are formed by adding the suffix "-ում" or "-ույն" to the end of the noun.
+==== Examples ====
-For example:
+Here are some examples of indefinite nouns in Armenian.
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Armenian !! Pronunciation !! English
 |-
-| կլոր (klor) || klor || circle
+| գիր || gir || a book
 |-
-| կլորում (klorum) || klor-um || in a circle
+| ավտոմեքենա || avtomek'əna || a car
 |-
-| պատերազմ (paterazm) || pa-te-ra-zm || war
+| տուն || tun || a house
+|-
+| ուսուցիչ || usuc'ic' || a teacher
+|-
+| աշակերտ || ašakert || a student
+|-
+| ծառ || ts'aru || a tree
+|-
+| շուն || šun || a dog
+|-
+| մեքենա || mek'ēna || a vehicle
+|-
+| խոհանոց || xohanoc' || a kitchen
+|-
+| սենյակ || sēnyak || a room
+|}
+=== Comparison Between Definite and Indefinite ===
+To further clarify the differences between definite and indefinite nouns, let’s look at some comparative examples.
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Armenian (Definite) !! Pronunciation !! English !! Armenian (Indefinite) !! Pronunciation !! English
+|-
+| գիրքը || girk'ə || the book || գիր || gir || a book
+|-
+| ավտոմեքենան || avtomek'əna || the car || ավտոմեքենա || avtomek'əna || a car
 |-
-| պատերազմուն (paterazmun) || pa-te-ra-zmun || in a war
+| տունը || tunə || the house || տուն || tun || a house
+|-
+| ուսուցիչը || usuc'ic'ə || the teacher || ուսուցիչ || usuc'ic' || a teacher
+|-
+| աշակերտը || ašakertə || the student || աշակերտ || ašakert || a student
 |}
-The suffix "-ում" is generally used with nouns that indicate place, time, or manner, while the suffix "-ույն" is used with nouns indicating possession or action.
+Now that we have covered the definitions, uses, and examples of definite and indefinite nouns, let’s move on to some exercises to test your understanding!
+=== Exercises and Practice ===
+Here are some exercises to help reinforce what you have learned about definite and indefinite nouns in Armenian.
+==== Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Type ====
+Determine whether the following nouns are definite or indefinite. Write "D" for definite and "I" for indefinite.
+. գիրքը (the book)
+. ուսուցիչ (a teacher)
+. տունը (the house)
+. խոհանոց (a kitchen)
+. աշակերտը (the student)
+''Answers:''
+. D
+. I
+. D
+. I
+. D
+==== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ====
+Complete the sentences with the correct form of definite or indefinite nouns.
+. Ես կարդում եմ ___ (գիր)։ (I am reading a book.)
+. ___ (տուն) շատ գեղեցիկ է։ (The house is very beautiful.)
+. ___ (սենյակ) լավ է։ (A room is nice.)
+. Ինձ պետք է ___ (շուն)։ (I need a dog.)
+. ___ (Աշակերտ) իմ ընկերն է։ (The student is my friend.)
+''Answers:''
+. գիր
+. Տունը
+. Սենյակը
+. Շուն
+. Աշակերտը
+==== Exercise 3: Translate to Armenian ====
+Translate the following sentences into Armenian, using the correct definite or indefinite nouns.
+. The teacher is here.
+. I want a car.
+. The tree is tall.
+. A book is on the table.
+. The student is studying.
+''Answers:''
+. Ուսուցիչը այստեղ է։
-It is important to remember that using the correct form of a noun, whether definite or indefinite, can be critical to the meaning of a sentence.
+. Ես ուզում եմ ավտոմեքենա։
-For example, let's take the sentence "I found a book in the library." In Armenian, this could be written as "Այսօր գիրք գտայ գրադարանում" (Aysohr girk gtay gra-ta-ra-noum).
+. Ծառը բարձր է։
-If we change the sentence to "I found the book in the library," it would be written as "Այսօր գրքին գտայ գրադարանում" (Aysohr grk’in gtay gra-ta-ra-noum), using the definite form "քրքշրժ" to indicate a specific book.
+. Գիրքն է սեղանին։
-== Conclusion ==
+. Աշակերտը սովորում է։
-In this lesson, we have discussed the concepts of definite and indefinite in Armenian. It is important to remember the correct usage of these forms, as it can significantly alter the meaning of sentences. As always, practice makes perfect, so try to use these concepts as much as possible in your own Armenian conversations and writing.
+==== Exercise 4: Create Sentences ====
+Create sentences using the following nouns, first as definite and then as indefinite.
+. մեքենա (vehicle)
+. գիր (book)
+''Answers:''
+.
+* Մեքենան արագ է։ (The vehicle is fast.)
+* Ես ունեմ մեքենա։ (I have a vehicle.)
+.
+* Գիրքը հետաքրքիր է։ (The book is interesting.)
+* Ես կարդում եմ գիր։ (I am reading a book.)
+==== Exercise 5: Match the Pairs ====
+Match the Armenian words to their English translations.
+. ուսուցիչը
+. տուն
+. կատվիկը
+. շունը
+. այգի
+| Armenian | English |
+|---|---|
+| A | the teacher |
+| B | the house |
+| C | a kitten |
+| D | the dog |
+| E | a garden |
+''Answers:''
+- A
+- B
+- C
+- D
+- E
+==== Exercise 6: Choose the Correct Form ====
+Choose the correct form (definite or indefinite) to complete the sentences.
+. ___ (գիր) կա սեղանի վրա։ (A book is on the table.)
+. ___ (շուն) շատ գեղեցիկ է։ (The dog is very beautiful.)
+. Ես ունեմ ___ (տուն)։ (I have a house.)
+. ___ (ուսուցիչ) իմ ընկերն է։ (The teacher is my friend.)
+. Ես տեսել եմ ___ (ծառ)։ (I saw a tree.)
+''Answers:''
+. Գիր
+. Շունը
+. Տուն
+. Ուսուցիչը
+. Ծառը
+==== Exercise 7: Identify the Article ====
+Identify whether the nouns in the following sentences have definite or indefinite articles.
+. Ես գնեցի ավտոմեքենա։
+. Գիրքը հետաքրքիր է։
+. Նա ունի տուն։
+. Ես տեսա աշակերտը։
+. Ծառը բարձր է։
+''Answers:''
+. I - I (indefinite)
+. II - D (definite)
+. III - I (indefinite)
+. IV - D (definite)
+. V - D (definite)
+==== Exercise 8: Write About Yourself ====
+Write three sentences about yourself using both definite and indefinite nouns.
+''Example:''
+* Ես ունեմ շուն։ (I have a dog.)
+* Շունը շատ խաղասեր է։ (The dog is very playful.)
+* Ես սիրում եմ կարդալ գիր։ (I love to read a book.)
+==== Exercise 9: Fill in the Chart ====
+Fill in the chart with definite and indefinite nouns based on the provided category.
+| Category | Definite Noun | Indefinite Noun |
+|---|---|---|
+| Food | ___ | ___ |
+| Animals | ___ | ___ |
+| Places | ___ | ___ |
+''Answers:''
+| Category | Definite Noun | Indefinite Noun |
+|---|---|---|
+| Food | սուպը (the soup) | սուպ (a soup) |
+| Animals | կատուն (the cat) | կատու (a cat) |
+| Places | քաղաքը (the city) | քաղաք (a city) |
+==== Exercise 10: Role Play ====
+In pairs, practice a short dialogue using definite and indefinite nouns. One person can ask about a specific item (definite), and the other can respond with a general statement (indefinite).
+''Example:''
+* Person A: Ուսուցիչը որտեղ է? (Where is the teacher?)
+* Person B: Ես չեմ տեսել ուսուցիչ։ (I haven’t seen a teacher.)
+=== Summary and Conclusion ===
+In this lesson, we explored the concepts of definite and indefinite nouns in Armenian. We discussed their definitions, uses, and provided numerous examples to clarify these concepts. Through various exercises, you practiced identifying, translating, and using these nouns in sentences, which will help you become more proficient in Armenian.
+As you continue your journey in learning Armenian, remember that mastering these basic grammatical structures will open up more complex sentence constructions, enhancing your ability to communicate effectively. Keep practicing, and don't hesitate to revisit these concepts as needed.
 {{#seo:
-|title=Armenian Grammar → Conditional and Reality → Definite and Indefinite
-|keywords=Armenian Grammar, definite, indefinite, Armenian language, sentence structures, beginner Armenian learner, Armenian culture, nouns, affixes, suffixes, vocabulary
+|title=Armenian Grammar: Definite and Indefinite Nouns
-|description=In this lesson, we will be discussing the concepts of definite and indefinite in Armenian. Definite nouns are formed by adding various affixes to the noun, while indefinite nouns are formed by adding the suffix "-ում" or "-ույն" to the end of the noun.
+|keywords=Armenian grammar, definite nouns, indefinite nouns, language learning, Armenian language
+|description=In this lesson, you will learn about definite and indefinite nouns in Armenian, including their definitions, uses, examples, and practice exercises.
 }}
-{{Armenian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
+{{Template:Armenian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
 [[Category:Course]]
@@ Line 74: / Line 463: @@
 [[Category:0-to-A1-Course]]
 [[Category:Armenian-0-to-A1-Course]]
+<span openai_correct_model></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-4o-mini></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
+==Sources==
+* [http://mylanguages.org/armenian_articles.php Armenian Articles]
+* [https://www.lingq.com/en/grammar-resource/armenian/article/ The LingQ Armenian Grammar Guide - Article]
-==Related Lessons==
+==Other Lessons==
 * [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/Question-Mark-and-Exclamation-Point|Question Mark and Exclamation Point]]
 * [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/The-Past-Perfect-Tense|The Past Perfect Tense]]
@@ Line 89: / Line 484: @@
-<span class='maj'></span>
-==Sources==
-* [http://mylanguages.org/armenian_articles.php Armenian Articles]
-* [https://www.lingq.com/en/grammar-resource/armenian/article/ The LingQ Armenian Grammar Guide - Article]
 {{Armenian-Page-Bottom}}

Difference between revisions of "Language/Armenian/Grammar/Definite-and-Indefinite"

Latest revision as of 07:27, 1 August 2024

Why Are Definite and Indefinite Important?[edit | edit source]

Outline of the Lesson[edit | edit source]

Definite Nouns[edit | edit source]

Definition[edit | edit source]

Usage[edit | edit source]

Examples[edit | edit source]

Indefinite Nouns[edit | edit source]

Definition[edit | edit source]

Usage[edit | edit source]

Examples[edit | edit source]

Comparison Between Definite and Indefinite[edit | edit source]

Exercises and Practice[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Type[edit | edit source]

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Exercise 3: Translate to Armenian[edit | edit source]

Exercise 4: Create Sentences[edit | edit source]

Exercise 5: Match the Pairs[edit | edit source]

Exercise 6: Choose the Correct Form[edit | edit source]

Exercise 7: Identify the Article[edit | edit source]

Exercise 8: Write About Yourself[edit | edit source]

Exercise 9: Fill in the Chart[edit | edit source]

Exercise 10: Role Play[edit | edit source]

Summary and Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Table of Contents - Armenian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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