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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Italian|Italian]]  → [[Language/Italian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Italian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Present Subjunctive</div>


<div class="pg_page_title">Italian Grammar - Subjunctive and Imperative Moods > Present Subjunctive</div>
In the beautiful tapestry of the Italian language, the subjunctive mood plays a crucial role, allowing speakers to express desires, doubts, and emotions with finesse. While it may seem daunting to beginners, mastering the Present Subjunctive can elevate your Italian and help you communicate more nuanced thoughts. In this lesson, we’ll explore the formation and usage of the Present Subjunctive, along with cultural insights that enrich your understanding of this essential grammatical structure.
 
This lesson is structured as follows:


__TOC__
__TOC__


The present subjunctive is a mood, that is, a grammatical feature of the Italian language that allows the speaker to express a range of attitudes towards what is being said. The present subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses to express necessity, possibility, doubt or uncertainty, and emotion. It is therefore an important tool for speakers of Italian who wish to express themselves with precision and nuance. In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use the present subjunctive in Italian.
=== Introduction to the Present Subjunctive ===


== Formation ==
The Present Subjunctive, or "Congiuntivo Presente," is used in Italian to express uncertain actions, wishes, emotions, and hypothetical situations. It's a mood that conveys a sense of possibility rather than certainty. For instance, when you say "I hope that he comes," you’re not asserting that he will come; rather, you’re expressing a wish about the possibility of it happening.
To form the present subjunctive, you add the appropriate endings to the stem of the verb. The stem is obtained by removing the -are, -ere or -ire ending from the infinitive form of the verb. Here are the endings for each conjugation:


*Verbs ending in -are:
Understanding the Present Subjunctive is vital for engaging in conversations that involve feelings or opinions. It often surfaces in subordinate clauses introduced by certain conjunctions like "che" (that), and it is frequently used after specific verbs that express feelings, desires, or doubts.
 
=== Formation of the Present Subjunctive ===
 
To form the Present Subjunctive, you start with the present tense of the verb, then drop the ending and add the subjunctive endings. The endings vary depending on whether the verb is in the -are, -ere, or -ire group.
 
==== Regular Verbs ====
 
1. '''-are Verbs''':
 
* Remove the -are ending and add:
 
* '''-i, -i, -i, -iamo, -iate, -ino'''
 
Example: '''parlare''' (to speak)


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Pronoun !! Ending
 
! Italian !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
|-
| io || -i
 
| parli || ˈpar.li || you (singular) speak
 
|-
|-
| tu || -i
 
| parli || ˈpar.li || he/she speaks
 
|-
|-
| egli/ella || -i
 
| parliamo || parˈlja.mo || we speak
 
|-
|-
| noi || -iamo
 
| parliate || parˈlja.te || you (plural) speak
 
|-
|-
| voi || -iate
 
|-
| parlino || ˈpar.li.no || they speak
| essi/esse || -ino
 
|}
|}


*Verbs ending in -ere and -ire:
2. '''-ere Verbs''':  


{| class="wikitable"
* Remove the -ere ending and add:
! Pronoun !! Ending
|-
| io || -a
|-
| tu || -a
|-
| egli/ella || -a
|-
| noi || -iamo
|-
| voi || -iate
|-
| essi/esse || -ano
|}


Here are some examples:
* '''-a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano'''


*For the verb "parlare" (to speak):
Example: '''credere''' (to believe)


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Italian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Italian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| che io parli || ké io pàrli || that I speak
 
| creda || ˈkre.da || you (singular) believe
 
|-
|-
| che tu parli || ké tu pàrli || that you speak
 
| creda || ˈkre.da || he/she believes
 
|-
|-
| che egli/ella parli || ké èlli/élla pàrli || that he/she speaks
 
| crediamo || kreˈdja.mo || we believe
 
|-
|-
| che noi parliamo || ké nòi parlìamo || that we speak
 
| crediate || kreˈdja.te || you (plural) believe
 
|-
|-
| che voi parliate || ké voi parlìate || that you (plural) speak
 
|-
| credano || ˈkre.da.no || they believe
| che essi/esse parlino || ké èssi/èsse parlìno || that they speak
 
|}
|}


*For the verb "aprire" (to open):
3. '''-ire Verbs''':
 
* Remove the -ire ending and add:
 
* '''-a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano'''
 
Example: '''dormire''' (to sleep)


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Italian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Italian !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| che io apra || ké io àpra || that I open
 
| dorma || ˈdor.ma || you (singular) sleep
 
|-
|-
| che tu apra || ké tu àpra || that you open
 
| dorma || ˈdor.ma || he/she sleeps
 
|-
|-
| che egli/ella apra || ké èlli/élla àpra || that he/she opens
 
| dormiamo || dorˈmja.mo || we sleep
 
|-
|-
| che noi apriamo || ké nòi aprìamo || that we open
 
| dormiate || dorˈmja.te || you (plural) sleep
 
|-
|-
| che voi aprite || ké voi aprìte || that you (plural) open
 
|-
| dormano || ˈdor.ma.no || they sleep
| che essi/esse aprano || ké èssi/èsse àprano || that they open
 
|}
|}


== Uses ==
==== Irregular Verbs ====
The present subjunctive is used after certain conjunctions, such as "che" (that), "senza che" (without), "a meno che" (unless), "prima che" (before), "dopo che" (after), "purche" (provided that), "benché" (although), "sebbene" (although), "affinché" (so that), and "perché" (that, so that).
 
Some Italian verbs are irregular in the subjunctive form. Here are the most common ones:
 
| Italian    | Pronunciation  | English                  |
 
|-------------|------------------|--------------------------|
 
| essere      | ˈɛs.se.re        | to be                    |
 
| abbia      | ˈab.bja          | I have                  |
 
| sia        | ˈsi.a            | he/she is                |
 
| vada        | ˈva.da          | I go                    |
 
| venga      | ˈven.ga          | I come                  |
 
| faccia      | ˈfat.tʃa        | I do/make                |
 
| possa      | ˈpɔs.sa          | I can                    |
 
=== Usage of the Present Subjunctive ===
 
The Present Subjunctive is typically used in several contexts:
 
==== Expressing Wishes and Desires ====
 
When you express a wish or a desire, the subjunctive is often required.
 
Example:
 
* '''Spero che tu venga.''' (I hope that you come.)
 
* '''Desidero che lui parli.''' (I wish that he speaks.)
 
==== Expressing Doubts and Uncertainty ====
 
The subjunctive mood is also used to express doubts or uncertainty.
 
Example:
 
* '''Non penso che sia vero.''' (I don't think that it's true.)
 
* '''Dubito che loro arrivino.''' (I doubt that they arrive.)
 
==== Expressing Emotions ====
 
When expressing emotions, such as joy, sadness, or fear, the subjunctive comes into play.
 
Example:
 
* '''Sono felice che tu sia qui.''' (I am happy that you are here.)
 
* '''Mi dispiace che lei non venga.''' (I am sorry that she is not coming.)
 
==== Conditional Sentences ====
 
In conditional sentences, the subjunctive mood is often utilized.
 
Example:
 
* '''Se avessi tempo, partirei.''' (If I had time, I would leave.)
 
=== Cultural Insights ===
 
In Italy, the use of the subjunctive can vary by region. For instance, in the more formal contexts of Tuscany, speakers might adhere strictly to subjunctive forms, whereas in some southern regions, you may encounter a more relaxed approach, with a tendency to use the indicative mood instead.
 
Here are some interesting cultural facts related to the subjunctive:
 
* '''Opera and Literature''': The subjunctive is frequently found in Italian opera and poetry, where emotions run high. Composers and poets use it as a tool to convey deep feelings, making it an integral part of the artistic expression in Italy.
 
* '''Regional Dialects''': In various Italian dialects, the use of the subjunctive can differ significantly. For instance, in Neapolitan dialect, speakers often simplify the subjunctive forms, reflecting the dialect's distinctive characteristics.
 
* '''Everyday Conversations''': While formal education emphasizes the use of the subjunctive, in casual conversations, many Italians may use the indicative mood. It shows how language evolves with usage, and understanding when to use the subjunctive can enhance your fluency and authenticity in conversations.
 
=== Summary ===
 
* The Present Subjunctive is used to express wishes, doubts, emotions, and hypothetical situations.
 
* Regular verbs follow specific patterns based on their endings (-are, -ere, -ire).
 
* Many common verbs are irregular in the subjunctive.
 
* Cultural context can influence the use and understanding of the subjunctive in Italy.
 
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now that you have learned about the Present Subjunctive, it’s time to practice!
 
1. '''Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in the subjunctive''':
 
* Spero che (tu, venire) _______.
 
* È importante che noi (studiare) _______.
 
* Dubito che loro (arrivare) _______ in tempo.
 
2. '''Translate the following sentences into Italian''':
 
* I hope that she is happy.
 
* I wish that you (plural) come to the party.
 
* It’s possible that he can help us.
 
3. '''Choose the correct form of the verb''':
 
* Non credo che tu (essere) _______ stanco. 
 
* È meglio che noi (fare) _______ attenzione. 
 
* Temiamo che loro (partire) _______ senza di noi.
 
4. '''Create five sentences using the Present Subjunctive'''.
 
5. '''Match the verbs with their correct subjunctive forms''':
 
* A: essere
 
* B: avere
 
* C: andare
 
* D: fare
 
| Italian Verb | Subjunctive Form |
 
|--------------|------------------|
 
| 1. essere    | _______          |


Here are some examples:
| 2. avere    | _______          |


*Che io parli italiano.
| 3. andare    | _______          |
(That I speak Italian.)


*Prima che tu parta.
| 4. fare      | _______          |
(Before you leave.)


*Dopo che egli mangi.
=== Solutions to Exercises ===
(After he eats.)


In addition, the present subjunctive is used in various idiomatic expressions, such as "bisogna che" (it's necessary that), "è meglio che" (it's better that), "è importante che" (it's important that), "credo che" (I believe that), and "penso che" (I think that).
1.  


Here are some examples:
* Spero che tu '''venga'''.


*Bisogna che noi studiamo.
* È importante che noi '''studiamo'''.
(It's necessary that we study.)


*È meglio che voi partiate.
* Dubito che loro '''arrivino'''.
(It's better that you (plural) leave.)


*È importante che loro capiscano.
2.  
(It's important that they understand.)


== Irregular forms ==
* Spero che lei sia felice.
There are a few verbs that are irregular in the present subjunctive. Some of the most common ones are:


*Essere (to be):
* Desidero che voi veniate alla festa.


{| class="wikitable"
* È possibile che lui possa aiutarci.
! Pronoun !! Ending
 
|-
3.
| io || sia
 
|-
* Non credo che tu '''sia''' stanco. 
| tu || sia
 
|-
* È meglio che noi '''facciamo''' attenzione. 
| egli/ella || sia
 
|-
* Temiamo che loro '''partano''' senza di noi.
| noi || siamo
 
|-
4.
| voi || siate
 
|-
* Example sentences could include:
| essi/esse || siano
|}


*Avere (to have):
* Spero che Maria '''sia''' felice.


{| class="wikitable"
* È possibile che noi '''vogliamo''' andare al cinema.
! Pronoun !! Ending
|-
| io || abbia
|-
| tu || abbia
|-
| egli/ella || abbia
|-
| noi || abbiamo
|-
| voi || abbiate
|-
| essi/esse || abbiano
|}


*Dovere (to have to):
* Dubito che Marco '''venga''' alla festa.


{| class="wikitable"
5.
! Pronoun !! Ending
|-
| io || debba
|-
| tu || debba
|-
| egli/ella || debba
|-
| noi || dobbiamo
|-
| voi || dobbiate
|-
| essi/esse || debbano
|}


*Potere (to be able to):
| Italian Verb | Subjunctive Form |


{| class="wikitable"
|--------------|------------------|
! Pronoun !! Ending
|-
| io || possa
|-
| tu || possa
|-
| egli/ella || possa
|-
| noi || possiamo
|-
| voi || possiate
|-
| essi/esse || possano
|}


*Venire (to come):
| 1. essere    | '''sia'''          |


{| class="wikitable"
| 2. avere    | '''abbia'''        |
! Pronoun !! Ending
|-
| io || venga
|-
| tu || venga
|-
| egli/ella || venga
|-
| noi || veniamo
|-
| voi || veniate
|-
| essi/esse || vengano
|}


== Exercises ==
| 3. andare    | '''vada'''        |
*Translate the following sentences into Italian, using the present subjunctive:


# I hope that she comes.
| 4. fare      | '''faccia'''       |
# It's necessary that they study.
# Unless you eat, you will be hungry.
# We doubt that he knows how to swim.
# It's important that you (formal) understand.


== Sources ==
Congratulations! You’ve taken a significant step toward mastering the Present Subjunctive in Italian. Keep practicing, and soon you’ll find it becomes second nature to express your wishes and emotions in this beautiful language!
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_verbs Italian verbs]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_grammar Italian grammar]


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Italian Grammar - Subjunctive and Imperative Moods > Present Subjunctive
 
|keywords=Italian, Grammar, Subjunctive, Imperative, Moods, Present Subjunctive, Italian course
|title=Understanding the Present Subjunctive in Italian
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use the present subjunctive in Italian.
 
|keywords=subjunctive, Italian grammar, learn Italian, present subjunctive, Italian language
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to form and use the Present Subjunctive in Italian, along with cultural insights and practice exercises.
 
}}
}}


{{Italian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}
{{Template:Italian-0-to-A1-Course-TOC}}


[[Category:Course]]
[[Category:Course]]
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<span openai_correct_model></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-4o-mini></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
==Videos==
===Present Subjunctive Tense in Italian: Congiuntivo Presente - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCJFh2h7ikI</youtube>
===Learn Italian Ep.31 - Present Subjunctive - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nv1vxcMdeQ8</youtube>
==Sources==
* [https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-present-subjunctive-tense-2011711 Understanding the Italian Present Subjunctive Tense]
* [https://grammar.collinsdictionary.com/us/italian-easy-learning/how-do-you-form-the-present-subjunctive-in-italian How do you form the present subjunctive in Italian? - Grammar]
* [https://www.fluentu.com/blog/italian/italian-subjunctive/ The Infamous Italian Subjunctive: A User's Manual | FluentU Italian]




==Related Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Past-Tense|Past Tense]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Past-Tense|Past Tense]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Nouns-and-Articles|Nouns and Articles]]
* [[Language/Italian/Grammar/Nouns-and-Articles|Nouns and Articles]]
Line 246: Line 370:




==Videos==
{{Italian-Page-Bottom}}
 
===Present Subjunctive Tense in Italian: Congiuntivo Presente - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCJFh2h7ikI</youtube>


===Learn Italian Ep.31 - Present Subjunctive - YouTube===
<span pgnav>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nv1vxcMdeQ8</youtube>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"


{{Italian-Page-Bottom}}
|[[Language/Italian/Culture/Italian-Contemporary-Art|◀️ Italian Contemporary Art — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Italian/Grammar/Imperative-Form|Next Lesson — Imperative Form ▶️]]
|}
</span>

Latest revision as of 13:58, 29 July 2024

◀️ Italian Contemporary Art — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Imperative Form ▶️

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Italian → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Present Subjunctive

In the beautiful tapestry of the Italian language, the subjunctive mood plays a crucial role, allowing speakers to express desires, doubts, and emotions with finesse. While it may seem daunting to beginners, mastering the Present Subjunctive can elevate your Italian and help you communicate more nuanced thoughts. In this lesson, we’ll explore the formation and usage of the Present Subjunctive, along with cultural insights that enrich your understanding of this essential grammatical structure.

This lesson is structured as follows:

Introduction to the Present Subjunctive[edit | edit source]

The Present Subjunctive, or "Congiuntivo Presente," is used in Italian to express uncertain actions, wishes, emotions, and hypothetical situations. It's a mood that conveys a sense of possibility rather than certainty. For instance, when you say "I hope that he comes," you’re not asserting that he will come; rather, you’re expressing a wish about the possibility of it happening.

Understanding the Present Subjunctive is vital for engaging in conversations that involve feelings or opinions. It often surfaces in subordinate clauses introduced by certain conjunctions like "che" (that), and it is frequently used after specific verbs that express feelings, desires, or doubts.

Formation of the Present Subjunctive[edit | edit source]

To form the Present Subjunctive, you start with the present tense of the verb, then drop the ending and add the subjunctive endings. The endings vary depending on whether the verb is in the -are, -ere, or -ire group.

Regular Verbs[edit | edit source]

1. -are Verbs:

  • Remove the -are ending and add:
  • -i, -i, -i, -iamo, -iate, -ino

Example: parlare (to speak)

Italian Pronunciation English
parli ˈpar.li you (singular) speak
parli ˈpar.li he/she speaks
parliamo parˈlja.mo we speak
parliate parˈlja.te you (plural) speak
parlino ˈpar.li.no they speak

2. -ere Verbs:

  • Remove the -ere ending and add:
  • -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano

Example: credere (to believe)

Italian Pronunciation English
creda ˈkre.da you (singular) believe
creda ˈkre.da he/she believes
crediamo kreˈdja.mo we believe
crediate kreˈdja.te you (plural) believe
credano ˈkre.da.no they believe

3. -ire Verbs:

  • Remove the -ire ending and add:
  • -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano

Example: dormire (to sleep)

Italian Pronunciation English
dorma ˈdor.ma you (singular) sleep
dorma ˈdor.ma he/she sleeps
dormiamo dorˈmja.mo we sleep
dormiate dorˈmja.te you (plural) sleep
dormano ˈdor.ma.no they sleep

Irregular Verbs[edit | edit source]

Some Italian verbs are irregular in the subjunctive form. Here are the most common ones:

| Italian | Pronunciation | English |

|-------------|------------------|--------------------------|

| essere | ˈɛs.se.re | to be |

| abbia | ˈab.bja | I have |

| sia | ˈsi.a | he/she is |

| vada | ˈva.da | I go |

| venga | ˈven.ga | I come |

| faccia | ˈfat.tʃa | I do/make |

| possa | ˈpɔs.sa | I can |

Usage of the Present Subjunctive[edit | edit source]

The Present Subjunctive is typically used in several contexts:

Expressing Wishes and Desires[edit | edit source]

When you express a wish or a desire, the subjunctive is often required.

Example:

  • Spero che tu venga. (I hope that you come.)
  • Desidero che lui parli. (I wish that he speaks.)

Expressing Doubts and Uncertainty[edit | edit source]

The subjunctive mood is also used to express doubts or uncertainty.

Example:

  • Non penso che sia vero. (I don't think that it's true.)
  • Dubito che loro arrivino. (I doubt that they arrive.)

Expressing Emotions[edit | edit source]

When expressing emotions, such as joy, sadness, or fear, the subjunctive comes into play.

Example:

  • Sono felice che tu sia qui. (I am happy that you are here.)
  • Mi dispiace che lei non venga. (I am sorry that she is not coming.)

Conditional Sentences[edit | edit source]

In conditional sentences, the subjunctive mood is often utilized.

Example:

  • Se avessi tempo, partirei. (If I had time, I would leave.)

Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]

In Italy, the use of the subjunctive can vary by region. For instance, in the more formal contexts of Tuscany, speakers might adhere strictly to subjunctive forms, whereas in some southern regions, you may encounter a more relaxed approach, with a tendency to use the indicative mood instead.

Here are some interesting cultural facts related to the subjunctive:

  • Opera and Literature: The subjunctive is frequently found in Italian opera and poetry, where emotions run high. Composers and poets use it as a tool to convey deep feelings, making it an integral part of the artistic expression in Italy.
  • Regional Dialects: In various Italian dialects, the use of the subjunctive can differ significantly. For instance, in Neapolitan dialect, speakers often simplify the subjunctive forms, reflecting the dialect's distinctive characteristics.
  • Everyday Conversations: While formal education emphasizes the use of the subjunctive, in casual conversations, many Italians may use the indicative mood. It shows how language evolves with usage, and understanding when to use the subjunctive can enhance your fluency and authenticity in conversations.

Summary[edit | edit source]

  • The Present Subjunctive is used to express wishes, doubts, emotions, and hypothetical situations.
  • Regular verbs follow specific patterns based on their endings (-are, -ere, -ire).
  • Many common verbs are irregular in the subjunctive.
  • Cultural context can influence the use and understanding of the subjunctive in Italy.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that you have learned about the Present Subjunctive, it’s time to practice!

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in the subjunctive:

  • Spero che (tu, venire) _______.
  • È importante che noi (studiare) _______.
  • Dubito che loro (arrivare) _______ in tempo.

2. Translate the following sentences into Italian:

  • I hope that she is happy.
  • I wish that you (plural) come to the party.
  • It’s possible that he can help us.

3. Choose the correct form of the verb:

  • Non credo che tu (essere) _______ stanco.
  • È meglio che noi (fare) _______ attenzione.
  • Temiamo che loro (partire) _______ senza di noi.

4. Create five sentences using the Present Subjunctive.

5. Match the verbs with their correct subjunctive forms:

  • A: essere
  • B: avere
  • C: andare
  • D: fare

| Italian Verb | Subjunctive Form |

|--------------|------------------|

| 1. essere | _______ |

| 2. avere | _______ |

| 3. andare | _______ |

| 4. fare | _______ |

Solutions to Exercises[edit | edit source]

1.

  • Spero che tu venga.
  • È importante che noi studiamo.
  • Dubito che loro arrivino.

2.

  • Spero che lei sia felice.
  • Desidero che voi veniate alla festa.
  • È possibile che lui possa aiutarci.

3.

  • Non credo che tu sia stanco.
  • È meglio che noi facciamo attenzione.
  • Temiamo che loro partano senza di noi.

4.

  • Example sentences could include:
  • Spero che Maria sia felice.
  • È possibile che noi vogliamo andare al cinema.
  • Dubito che Marco venga alla festa.

5.

| Italian Verb | Subjunctive Form |

|--------------|------------------|

| 1. essere | sia |

| 2. avere | abbia |

| 3. andare | vada |

| 4. fare | faccia |

Congratulations! You’ve taken a significant step toward mastering the Present Subjunctive in Italian. Keep practicing, and soon you’ll find it becomes second nature to express your wishes and emotions in this beautiful language!

Table of Contents - Italian Course - 0 to A1[edit source]

Introduction to Italian Language


Daily Life Expressions


Italian Culture and Tradition


Past and Future Tenses


Social and Work Life


Italian Literature and Cinema


Subjunctive and Imperative Moods


Science and Technology


Italian Politics and Society


Compound Tenses


Arts and Design


Italian Language and Dialects

Videos[edit | edit source]

Present Subjunctive Tense in Italian: Congiuntivo Presente - YouTube[edit | edit source]

Learn Italian Ep.31 - Present Subjunctive - YouTube[edit | edit source]


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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