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{{Nepali-individual-language-Page-Top}}
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<div class="pg_page_title">Nepali (individual language) Grammar → Nouns and Pronouns → Noun Cases in Nepali</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Nepali (individual language) Grammar → Noun Cases in Nepali</div>
 
In learning Nepali, understanding noun cases is crucial as it forms the backbone of sentence structure. Noun cases determine the function of nouns within a sentence, such as whether they are the subject, object, or possessive. This lesson will guide you through the different noun cases in Nepali, helping you to form meaningful sentences with confidence.
 
We will delve into the following sections:
 
* '''Introduction to Noun Cases'''
 
* '''The Different Noun Cases in Nepali'''
 
* '''Examples of Noun Cases'''
 
* '''Practice Exercises'''
 
By the end of this lesson, you will not only grasp the concept of noun cases but also be able to apply them in your conversations. So, let’s get started!
 
__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Introduction to Noun Cases ===


Welcome to the lesson on "Noun Cases in Nepali"! In this lesson, we will explore the different cases of Nepali nouns and how they are used in sentences. Understanding noun cases is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences in Nepali. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of the various noun cases and how to use them effectively.
In Nepali, nouns can take different forms depending on their role in a sentence. This is similar to how we use different cases in English, such as "I" (nominative), "me" (accusative), and "my" (possessive). However, in Nepali, these changes occur through specific suffixes added to the nouns.  


Nepali, the official language of Nepal, is a fascinating language with a rich cultural heritage. It is spoken by millions of people in Nepal and the surrounding regions. Learning Nepali opens up doors to connect with the Nepali-speaking community, explore the country's vibrant culture, and delve into its beautiful literature.
Noun cases in Nepali are as follows:


Throughout this lesson, we will provide comprehensive explanations, numerous examples, and engaging exercises to reinforce your understanding of noun cases in Nepali. So let's dive in and discover the beauty of Nepali grammar!
* Nominative Case (Subject)


== Noun Cases in Nepali ==
* Accusative Case (Object)


Nepali nouns change their form depending on their grammatical function in a sentence. These different forms are called noun cases. In Nepali, there are seven noun cases, each serving a specific purpose. They are:
* Dative Case (Indirect Object)


1. Nominative Case (प्रथमा विभक्ति)
* Genitive Case (Possessive)
2. Accusative Case (द्वितीया विभक्ति)
3. Instrumental Case (तृतीया विभक्ति)
4. Dative Case (चतुर्था विभक्ति)
5. Ablative Case (पञ्चमा विभक्ति)
6. Genitive Case (षष्ठा विभक्ति)
7. Locative Case (सप्तमा विभक्ति)


Let's explore each case in detail and see how they are used in sentences.
* Instrumental Case (Means)


=== 1. Nominative Case (प्रथमा विभक्ति) ===
* Locative Case (Location)


The Nominative Case is used to indicate the subject of a sentence. It answers the question "Who?" or "What?" is performing the action.  
Each case provides a unique function, and understanding these will enhance your ability to communicate effectively.


To form the nominative case, most nouns simply retain their base form. However, some nouns undergo slight changes in their endings.
=== The Different Noun Cases in Nepali ===
 
==== Nominative Case ====
 
The '''nominative case''' is used for the subject of a sentence. It answers the question "who?" or "what?" is performing the action.


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| राम  || rāma || Ram
|-
| सिता  || sitā || Sita
|-
|-
| राम (Ram) || [rām] || Ram
 
| बच्चा  || bacchā || Child
 
|-
|-
| गिता (Gita) || [gītā] || Gita
 
| किताब  || kitāb || Book
 
|-
|-
| फल (Phal) || [phal] || Fruit
|}


In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "फल" (Phal) remain unchanged in the nominative case.
| कुकुर  || kukur || Dog


=== 2. Accusative Case (द्वितीया विभक्ति) ===
|}


The Accusative Case is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. It answers the question "Whom?" or "What?" is receiving the action.
==== Accusative Case ====


In the accusative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-लाई" (-lāī) to the noun.
The '''accusative case''' is used for the direct object of a sentence. It answers the question "whom?" or "what?" is affected by the action.


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| रामलाई (Ramlāī) || [rām-lā-ī] || Ram
 
| रामलाई || rāmalā'ī || Ram (object)
 
|-
 
| सितालाई  || sitālā'ī || Sita (object)
 
|-
|-
| गितालाई (Gitālāī) || [gītā-lā-ī] || Gita
 
| बच्चालाई  || bacchālā'ī || Child (object)
 
|-
|-
| फललाई (Phallāī) || [phal-lā-ī] || Fruit
|}


In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "फल" (Phal) change to "रामलाई" (Ramlaī), "गितालाई" (Gitālāī), and "फललाई" (Phallāī) in the accusative case.
| किताबलाई  || kitāblā'ī || Book (object)
 
|-


=== 3. Instrumental Case (तृतीया विभक्ति) ===
| कुकुरलाई  || kukurlā'ī || Dog (object)


The Instrumental Case is used to indicate the means or instrument by which an action is performed. It answers the question "By whom?" or "By what?" is the action done.
|}


To form the instrumental case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-बाट" (-bāṭ) to the noun.
==== Dative Case ====
 
The '''dative case''' indicates the indirect object, usually expressing the recipient of something. It answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom?"


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| रामबाट (Rāmbāṭ) || [rām-bā-ṭ] || By Ram
 
| रामलाई  || rāmalā'ī || To Ram
 
|-
|-
| गिताबाट (Gitābāṭ) || [gītā-bā-ṭ] || By Gita
 
| सितालाई  || sitālā'ī || To Sita
 
|-
 
| बच्चालाई  || bacchālā'ī || To the child
 
|-
|-
| विद्यालयबाट (Vidyālayabāṭ) || [vidyālaya-bā-ṭ] || By the school
|}


In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामबाट" (Rāmbāṭ), "गिताबाट" (Gitābāṭ), and "विद्यालयबाट" (Vidyālayabāṭ) in the instrumental case.
| किताबलाई  || kitāblā'ī || To the book
 
|-


=== 4. Dative Case (चतुर्था विभक्ति) ===
| कुकुरलाई  || kukurlā'ī || To the dog


The Dative Case is used to indicate the recipient or the person for whom an action is done. It answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" is the action done.
|}


To form the dative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-लाई" (-lāī) to the noun.
==== Genitive Case ====
 
The '''genitive case''' expresses possession. It answers the question "whose?"


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| रामको  || rāmakō || Ram's
|-
| सिताको  || sitākō || Sita's
|-
|-
| रामलाई (Ramlāī) || [rām-lā-ī] || To Ram
 
| बच्चाको  || bacchākō || Child's
 
|-
|-
| गितालाई (Gitālāī) || [gītā-lā-ī] || To Gita
 
| पुस्तकको  || pustakkō || Book's
 
|-
|-
| विद्यालयलाई (Vidyālayalāī) || [vidyālaya-lā-ī] || To the school
|}


In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामलाई" (Ramlaī), "गितालाई" (Gitālāī), and "विद्यालयलाई" (Vidyālayalāī) in the dative case.
| कुकुरको  || kukurkō || Dog's


=== 5. Ablative Case (पञ्चमा विभक्ति) ===
|}


The Ablative Case is used to indicate the source or origin of something. It answers the question "From whom?" or "From where?" is something coming.
==== Instrumental Case ====


To form the ablative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-बाट" (-bāṭ) to the noun.
The '''instrumental case''' indicates the means or instrument by which the action is performed. It answers the question "with what?" or "by what means?"


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| रामबाट (Rāmbāṭ) || [rām-bā-ṭ] || From Ram
 
| रामसँग  || rāmasaṅga || With Ram
 
|-
|-
| गिताबाट (Gitābāṭ) || [gītā-bā-ṭ] || From Gita
 
| सितासँग  || sitāsāṅga || With Sita
 
|-
 
| बच्चासँग  || bacchāsāṅga || With the child
 
|-
 
| पुस्तकसँग  || pustakasāṅga || With the book
 
|-
|-
| विद्यालयबाट (Vidyālayabāṭ) || [vidyālaya-bā-ṭ] || From the school
|}


In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामबाट" (Rāmbāṭ), "गिताबाट" (Gitābāṭ), and "विद्यालयबाट" (Vidyālayabāṭ) in the ablative case.
| कुकुरसँग  || kukursāṅga || With the dog


=== 6. Genitive Case (षष्ठा विभक्ति) ===
|}


The Genitive Case is used to indicate possession or association. It answers the question "Whose?" or "Of whom?"
==== Locative Case ====


To form the genitive case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-को" (-ko) to the noun.
The '''locative case''' indicates location or time. It answers the question "where?" or "when?"


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| रामको (Ramko) || [rām-ko] || Ram's
 
| राममा  || rāmamā || In Ram
 
|-
|-
| गिताको (Gitāko) || [gītā-ko] || Gita's
 
| सितामा  || sitāmā || In Sita
 
|-
 
| बच्चामा  || bacchāmā || In the child
 
|-
 
| पुस्तकमा  || pustakmā || In the book
 
|-
|-
| विद्यालयको (Vidyālayako) || [vidyālaya-ko] || The school's
 
| कुकुरमा  || kukurmā || In the dog
 
|}
|}


In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामको" (Ramko), "गिताको" (Gitāko), and "विद्यालयको" (Vidyālayako) in the genitive case.
=== Examples of Noun Cases ===
 
Let’s explore some sentences that illustrate how these noun cases operate in context:
 
1. '''Nominative''': राम स्कूल जान्छ। (Ram goes to school.)
 
2. '''Accusative''': म रामलाई देख्छु। (I see Ram.)
 
3. '''Dative''': म रामलाई किताब दिन्छु। (I give the book to Ram.)
 
4. '''Genitive''': यो रामको किताब हो। (This is Ram's book.)
 
5. '''Instrumental''': म कुकुरसँग खेल्दछु। (I play with the dog.)
 
6. '''Locative''': राम स्कूलमा छ। (Ram is in school.)


=== 7. Locative Case (सप्तमा विभक्ति) ===
Continue creating more examples as you practice to gain a deeper understanding of these cases.


The Locative Case is used to indicate location or place. It answers the question "Where?" or "In what place?"
=== Practice Exercises ===


To form the locative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-मा" (-mā) to the noun.
Now that you have learned about the different noun cases, it’s time to put that knowledge into practice! Here are some exercises for you:


Examples:
=== Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Case ===
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
Read the following sentences and identify which noun case is being used.
|-
 
| राममा (Rāmmā) || [rām-mā] || In Ram
1. म रामलाई भेट्न जान्छु। (I go to meet Ram.)
|-
 
| गितामा (Gitāmā) || [gītā-mā] || In Gita
2. यो किताब सिता को हो। (This book belongs to Sita.)
|-
 
| विद्यालयमा (Vidyālayamā) || [vidyālaya-mā] || In the school
3. कुकुर खेल्न रामसँग गएको छ। (The dog has gone to play with Ram.)
|}
 
4. बच्चा स्कूलमा छ। (The child is in school.)
 
5. म चिया पिउँछु। (I drink tea.)
 
=== Exercise 2: Complete the Sentences ===
 
Fill in the blanks with the correct noun form based on the context provided.
 
1. म _______ (राम) लाई भेट्न जान्छु।
 
2. यो _______ (सिता) को किताब हो।
 
3. कुकुर _______ (साथी) संग खेल्दै छ।
 
4. बच्चा _______ (स्कूल) मा छ।
 
5. म _______ (कुकुर) संग खेल्न चाहन्छु।
 
=== Exercise 3: Transform the Noun Cases ===
 
Change the nouns in the given sentences from one case to another.
 
1. रामको किताब → (Genitive to Accusative)
 
2. बच्चा स्कूलमा → (Locative to Nominative)
 
3. म कुकुरलाई देख्छु। → (Accusative to Dative)
 
=== Solutions and Explanations ===
 
'''Exercise 1 Solutions:'''


In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "राममा" (Rāmmā), "गितामा" (Gitāmā), and "विद्यालयमा" (Vidyālayamā) in the locative case.
1. Dative Case


== Cultural Insights ==
2. Genitive Case


Nepal is a country with diverse ethnicities, languages, and cultures. The usage and understanding of noun cases can vary slightly in different regions of Nepal, especially among ethnic communities. For example, the Newar community, which has its own language called "Newari," has its own unique set of noun cases.
3. Instrumental Case


Historically, the Nepali language has been influenced by Sanskrit, which has also contributed to the development of noun cases. Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-Aryan language, is known for its complex grammatical structure and rich literature. Many Nepali nouns have their roots in Sanskrit, which is why the noun cases in Nepali may seem familiar to those who have studied Sanskrit or other Indo-Aryan languages.
4. Locative Case


Nepal is also known for its breathtaking landscapes, including the majestic Himalayan mountains and lush green valleys. The Nepali language beautifully captures the essence of these natural wonders through its grammar and vocabulary. Learning about noun cases in Nepali not only helps you understand the language but also provides insights into the Nepali culture and its deep connection with nature.
5. Nominative Case


== Exercises ==
'''Exercise 2 Solutions:'''


Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Complete the following exercises to reinforce your understanding of noun cases in Nepali.
1. रामलाई


Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Case
2. सिताको
Identify the noun case used in each sentence and write it down. The first one has been done for you as an example.


1. रामलाई पत्र लेखिएको छ। (Accusative Case)
3. साथी
2. गिताबाट गान गाउनुहोस्।
3. फललाई खानुहोस्।
4. रामलाई विद्यालय जानुपर्छ।
5. गितामा बस चढ्नुहोस्।


Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks
4. स्कूलमा
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate noun case form of the given word. The first one has been done for you as an example.


1. रामलाई (Accusative Case) पत्र लेखिएको छ।
5. कुकुरसँग
2. गिताबाट गान ______।
3. फललाई ______।
4. रामलाई विद्यालय ______।
5. गितामा बस ______।


== Solutions ==
'''Exercise 3 Solutions:'''


Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Case
1. रामको किताब → रामको किताबलाई
1. रामलाई पत्र लेखिएको छ। (Accusative Case)
2. गिताबाट गान गाउनुहोस्। (Instrumental Case)
3. फललाई खानुहोस्। (Accusative Case)
4. रामलाई विद्यालय जानुपर्छ। (Dative Case)
5. गितामा बस चढ्नुहोस्। (Locative Case)


Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks
2. बच्चा स्कूलमा → बच्चा
1. रामलाई पत्र लेखिएको छ।
2. गिताबाट गान गाउनुहोस्।
3. फललाई खानुहोस्।
4. रामलाई विद्यालय जानुपर्छ।
5. गितामा बस चढ्नुहोस्।


== Conclusion ==
3. म कुकुरलाई देख्छु। → म कुकुरलाई दिन्छु।


Congratulations! You have successfully learned about the noun cases in Nepali. By understanding the different noun cases and their usage, you are now equipped to construct grammatically correct sentences in Nepali. Keep practicing and exploring the beauty of the Nepali language, and you will soon become a confident speaker and writer.
By practicing these exercises, you will solidify your understanding of noun cases in Nepali. Keep exploring sentences, and soon these forms will become second nature to you as you communicate in Nepali.  


In the next lesson, we will delve into the world of pronouns in Nepali. So stay tuned and keep up the great work!
Remember, learning a language is a journey, and mastering noun cases is a significant step on that path. Happy learning!


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Latest revision as of 16:55, 1 August 2024

◀️ Introduction to Nepali Nouns — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Pronouns in Nepali ▶️

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Nepali (individual language) Grammar → Noun Cases in Nepali

In learning Nepali, understanding noun cases is crucial as it forms the backbone of sentence structure. Noun cases determine the function of nouns within a sentence, such as whether they are the subject, object, or possessive. This lesson will guide you through the different noun cases in Nepali, helping you to form meaningful sentences with confidence.

We will delve into the following sections:

  • Introduction to Noun Cases
  • The Different Noun Cases in Nepali
  • Examples of Noun Cases
  • Practice Exercises

By the end of this lesson, you will not only grasp the concept of noun cases but also be able to apply them in your conversations. So, let’s get started!

Introduction to Noun Cases[edit | edit source]

In Nepali, nouns can take different forms depending on their role in a sentence. This is similar to how we use different cases in English, such as "I" (nominative), "me" (accusative), and "my" (possessive). However, in Nepali, these changes occur through specific suffixes added to the nouns.

Noun cases in Nepali are as follows:

  • Nominative Case (Subject)
  • Accusative Case (Object)
  • Dative Case (Indirect Object)
  • Genitive Case (Possessive)
  • Instrumental Case (Means)
  • Locative Case (Location)

Each case provides a unique function, and understanding these will enhance your ability to communicate effectively.

The Different Noun Cases in Nepali[edit | edit source]

Nominative Case[edit | edit source]

The nominative case is used for the subject of a sentence. It answers the question "who?" or "what?" is performing the action.

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
राम rāma Ram
सिता sitā Sita
बच्चा bacchā Child
किताब kitāb Book
कुकुर kukur Dog

Accusative Case[edit | edit source]

The accusative case is used for the direct object of a sentence. It answers the question "whom?" or "what?" is affected by the action.

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
रामलाई rāmalā'ī Ram (object)
सितालाई sitālā'ī Sita (object)
बच्चालाई bacchālā'ī Child (object)
किताबलाई kitāblā'ī Book (object)
कुकुरलाई kukurlā'ī Dog (object)

Dative Case[edit | edit source]

The dative case indicates the indirect object, usually expressing the recipient of something. It answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom?"

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
रामलाई rāmalā'ī To Ram
सितालाई sitālā'ī To Sita
बच्चालाई bacchālā'ī To the child
किताबलाई kitāblā'ī To the book
कुकुरलाई kukurlā'ī To the dog

Genitive Case[edit | edit source]

The genitive case expresses possession. It answers the question "whose?"

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
रामको rāmakō Ram's
सिताको sitākō Sita's
बच्चाको bacchākō Child's
पुस्तकको pustakkō Book's
कुकुरको kukurkō Dog's

Instrumental Case[edit | edit source]

The instrumental case indicates the means or instrument by which the action is performed. It answers the question "with what?" or "by what means?"

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
रामसँग rāmasaṅga With Ram
सितासँग sitāsāṅga With Sita
बच्चासँग bacchāsāṅga With the child
पुस्तकसँग pustakasāṅga With the book
कुकुरसँग kukursāṅga With the dog

Locative Case[edit | edit source]

The locative case indicates location or time. It answers the question "where?" or "when?"

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
राममा rāmamā In Ram
सितामा sitāmā In Sita
बच्चामा bacchāmā In the child
पुस्तकमा pustakmā In the book
कुकुरमा kukurmā In the dog

Examples of Noun Cases[edit | edit source]

Let’s explore some sentences that illustrate how these noun cases operate in context:

1. Nominative: राम स्कूल जान्छ। (Ram goes to school.)

2. Accusative: म रामलाई देख्छु। (I see Ram.)

3. Dative: म रामलाई किताब दिन्छु। (I give the book to Ram.)

4. Genitive: यो रामको किताब हो। (This is Ram's book.)

5. Instrumental: म कुकुरसँग खेल्दछु। (I play with the dog.)

6. Locative: राम स्कूलमा छ। (Ram is in school.)

Continue creating more examples as you practice to gain a deeper understanding of these cases.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that you have learned about the different noun cases, it’s time to put that knowledge into practice! Here are some exercises for you:

Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Case[edit | edit source]

Read the following sentences and identify which noun case is being used.

1. म रामलाई भेट्न जान्छु। (I go to meet Ram.)

2. यो किताब सिता को हो। (This book belongs to Sita.)

3. कुकुर खेल्न रामसँग गएको छ। (The dog has gone to play with Ram.)

4. बच्चा स्कूलमा छ। (The child is in school.)

5. म चिया पिउँछु। (I drink tea.)

Exercise 2: Complete the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct noun form based on the context provided.

1. म _______ (राम) लाई भेट्न जान्छु।

2. यो _______ (सिता) को किताब हो।

3. कुकुर _______ (साथी) संग खेल्दै छ।

4. बच्चा _______ (स्कूल) मा छ।

5. म _______ (कुकुर) संग खेल्न चाहन्छु।

Exercise 3: Transform the Noun Cases[edit | edit source]

Change the nouns in the given sentences from one case to another.

1. रामको किताब → (Genitive to Accusative)

2. बच्चा स्कूलमा → (Locative to Nominative)

3. म कुकुरलाई देख्छु। → (Accusative to Dative)

Solutions and Explanations[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1 Solutions:

1. Dative Case

2. Genitive Case

3. Instrumental Case

4. Locative Case

5. Nominative Case

Exercise 2 Solutions:

1. रामलाई

2. सिताको

3. साथी

4. स्कूलमा

5. कुकुरसँग

Exercise 3 Solutions:

1. रामको किताब → रामको किताबलाई

2. बच्चा स्कूलमा → बच्चा

3. म कुकुरलाई देख्छु। → म कुकुरलाई दिन्छु।

By practicing these exercises, you will solidify your understanding of noun cases in Nepali. Keep exploring sentences, and soon these forms will become second nature to you as you communicate in Nepali.

Remember, learning a language is a journey, and mastering noun cases is a significant step on that path. Happy learning!

Table of Contents - Nepali (individual language) Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Nouns and Pronouns


Verbs and Tenses


Adjectives and Adverbs


Negation and Interrogatives


Numbers in Nepali


Words and Phrases


Food and Drinks


Festivals in Nepal


Nepali Society


Nepali Cuisine


Nepali Arts and Crafts


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Introduction to Nepali Nouns — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Pronouns in Nepali ▶️

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