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<div class="pg_page_title">Nepali (individual language) Grammar → Nouns and Pronouns → Noun Cases in Nepali</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Nepali (individual language) Grammar → Nouns and Pronouns → Noun Cases in Nepali</div>
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As a Nepali language teacher with 20 years of experience, I am excited to introduce you to the fascinating world of Nepali grammar. In this lesson, we will be exploring the different noun cases in Nepali.
== Introduction ==
 
Welcome to the lesson on "Noun Cases in Nepali"! In this lesson, we will explore the different cases of Nepali nouns and how they are used in sentences. Understanding noun cases is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences in Nepali. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of the various noun cases and how to use them effectively.
 
Nepali, the official language of Nepal, is a fascinating language with a rich cultural heritage. It is spoken by millions of people in Nepal and the surrounding regions. Learning Nepali opens up doors to connect with the Nepali-speaking community, explore the country's vibrant culture, and delve into its beautiful literature.
 
Throughout this lesson, we will provide comprehensive explanations, numerous examples, and engaging exercises to reinforce your understanding of noun cases in Nepali. So let's dive in and discover the beauty of Nepali grammar!
 
== Noun Cases in Nepali ==
 
Nepali nouns change their form depending on their grammatical function in a sentence. These different forms are called noun cases. In Nepali, there are seven noun cases, each serving a specific purpose. They are:
 
1. Nominative Case (प्रथमा विभक्ति)
2. Accusative Case (द्वितीया विभक्ति)
3. Instrumental Case (तृतीया विभक्ति)
4. Dative Case (चतुर्था विभक्ति)
5. Ablative Case (पञ्चमा विभक्ति)
6. Genitive Case (षष्ठा विभक्ति)
7. Locative Case (सप्तमा विभक्ति)


In Nepali, noun cases are used to indicate the function of a noun in a sentence. There are five cases in Nepali: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive, and Ablative.
Let's explore each case in detail and see how they are used in sentences.


=== 1. Nominative Case (प्रथमा विभक्ति) ===


<span link>Don't hesitate to look into these other pages after completing this lesson: [[Language/Nepali-individual-language/Grammar/Interrogatives-in-Nepali|Interrogatives in Nepali]] & [[Language/Nepali-individual-language/Grammar/Pronouns-in-Nepali|Pronouns in Nepali]].</span>
The Nominative Case is used to indicate the subject of a sentence. It answers the question "Who?" or "What?" is performing the action.  
== Nominative Case ==
The nominative case is used to indicate the subject of the sentence. In Nepali, the subject usually comes before the verb.


Here are some examples:
To form the nominative case, most nouns simply retain their base form. However, some nouns undergo slight changes in their endings.


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| मेरो नाम राज हो। || Mero naam raaj ho. || My name is Raj.
| राम (Ram) || [rām] || Ram
|-
|-
| यो पुस्तक हो। || Yo pustak ho. || This is a book.
| गिता (Gita) || [gītā] || Gita
|-
|-
| उनी यति उठ्न चाहन्छ। || Uni yati utna chahanchha. || She wants to get up early.
| फल (Phal) || [phal] || Fruit
|}
|}


== Accusative Case ==
In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "फल" (Phal) remain unchanged in the nominative case.
The accusative case is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. In Nepali, it usually comes after the verb.
 
=== 2. Accusative Case (द्वितीया विभक्ति) ===
 
The Accusative Case is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. It answers the question "Whom?" or "What?" is receiving the action.


Here are some examples:
In the accusative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-लाई" (-lāī) to the noun.


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| मैले त्यो किताब खोलेँ। || Maile tyo kitaab kholen. || I opened that book.
| रामलाई (Ramlāī) || [rām-lā-ī] || Ram
|-
|-
| उनी घरमा कल्ल तोड्छ। || Uni gharma kall todchha. || He breaks stones at home.
| गितालाई (Gitālāī) || [gītā-lā-ī] || Gita
|-
|-
| तपाईंलाई के खान दिनुभएको छ? || Tapailai ke khan dinubhayeko cha? || What have you been given to eat?
| फललाई (Phallāī) || [phal-lā-ī] || Fruit
|}
|}


== Dative Case ==
In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "फल" (Phal) change to "रामलाई" (Ramlaī), "गितालाई" (Gitālāī), and "फललाई" (Phallāī) in the accusative case.
The dative case is used to indicate the indirect object of a verb. In Nepali, it usually comes before the direct object.
 
=== 3. Instrumental Case (तृतीया विभक्ति) ===
 
The Instrumental Case is used to indicate the means or instrument by which an action is performed. It answers the question "By whom?" or "By what?" is the action done.


Here are some examples:
To form the instrumental case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-बाट" (-bāṭ) to the noun.


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| म सिङ्गापुरमा मेरा साथीलाई उपहार दिनु पर्यो। || Ma Singapurama mera saathilai upahaar dinu paryo. || I had to give a gift to my friend in Singapore.
| रामबाट (Rāmbāṭ) || [rām-bā-ṭ] || By Ram
|-
|-
| यो घडी मेरो बाबाको उपहार हो। || Yo ghadi mero babako upahaar ho. || This watch is a gift from my father.
| गिताबाट (Gitābāṭ) || [gītā-bā-ṭ] || By Gita
|-
|-
| मलाई यो घर लिनु पर्यो। || Malai yo ghar linu paryo. || I had to buy this house.
| विद्यालयबाट (Vidyālayabāṭ) || [vidyālaya-bā-ṭ] || By the school
|}
|}


== Genitive Case ==
In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामबाट" (Rāmbāṭ), "गिताबाट" (Gitābāṭ), and "विद्यालयबाट" (Vidyālayabāṭ) in the instrumental case.
The genitive case is used to indicate possession. In Nepali, it usually comes after the noun it modifies.
 
=== 4. Dative Case (चतुर्था विभक्ति) ===
 
The Dative Case is used to indicate the recipient or the person for whom an action is done. It answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" is the action done.


Here are some examples:
To form the dative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-लाई" (-lāī) to the noun.


Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| मेरो घर || Mero ghar || My house
| रामलाई (Ramlāī) || [rām-lā-ī] || To Ram
|-
|-
| तपाईंको नाम के हो? || Tapainko naam ke ho? || What is your name?
| गितालाई (Gitālāī) || [gītā-lā-ī] || To Gita
|-
|-
| उनीको काम || Uniko kaam || His work
| विद्यालयलाई (Vidyālayalāī) || [vidyālaya-lā-ī] || To the school
|}
|}


== Ablative Case ==
In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामलाई" (Ramlaī), "गितालाई" (Gitālāī), and "विद्यालयलाई" (Vidyālayalāī) in the dative case.
The ablative case is used to indicate the origin of something or someone. In Nepali, it usually comes after the noun it modifies.
 
=== 5. Ablative Case (पञ्चमा विभक्ति) ===


Here are some examples:
The Ablative Case is used to indicate the source or origin of something. It answers the question "From whom?" or "From where?" is something coming.


To form the ablative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-बाट" (-bāṭ) to the noun.
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| केही लोग भोजपुरबाट आएका थिए। || Kehi log Bhojpurbaat aayeka thiye. || Some people came from Bhojpur.
| रामबाट (Rāmbāṭ) || [rām-bā-ṭ] || From Ram
|-
|-
| उसले अमेरिकाबाट फोन गरे। || Usle Amerikabat phone gare. || He called from America.
| गिताबाट (Gitābāṭ) || [gītā-bā-ṭ] || From Gita
|-
|-
| भारतमा संग्रम हुँदा || Bharatma sangram hunda || During the war in India
| विद्यालयबाट (Vidyālayabāṭ) || [vidyālaya-bā-ṭ] || From the school
|}
|}


Now that you have a basic understanding of the different cases in Nepali nouns, it is time to start practicing to get a feel for how they are used in sentences. Don't be afraid to make mistakes, as practicing is the key to becoming proficient in any language.
In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामबाट" (Rāmbāṭ), "गिताबाट" (Gitābāṭ), and "विद्यालयबाट" (Vidyālayabāṭ) in the ablative case.
 
=== 6. Genitive Case (षष्ठा विभक्ति) ===
 
The Genitive Case is used to indicate possession or association. It answers the question "Whose?" or "Of whom?"
 
To form the genitive case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-को" (-ko) to the noun.
 
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| रामको (Ramko) || [rām-ko] || Ram's
|-
| गिताको (Gitāko) || [gītā-ko] || Gita's
|-
| विद्यालयको (Vidyālayako) || [vidyālaya-ko] || The school's
|}
 
In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामको" (Ramko), "गिताको" (Gitāko), and "विद्यालयको" (Vidyālayako) in the genitive case.
 
=== 7. Locative Case (सप्तमा विभक्ति) ===
 
The Locative Case is used to indicate location or place. It answers the question "Where?" or "In what place?"
 
To form the locative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-मा" (-mā) to the noun.
 
Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
! Nepali (individual language) !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| राममा (Rāmmā) || [rām-mā] || In Ram
|-
| गितामा (Gitāmā) || [gītā-mā] || In Gita
|-
| विद्यालयमा (Vidyālayamā) || [vidyālaya-mā] || In the school
|}
 
In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "राममा" (Rāmmā), "गितामा" (Gitāmā), and "विद्यालयमा" (Vidyālayamā) in the locative case.
 
== Cultural Insights ==
 
Nepal is a country with diverse ethnicities, languages, and cultures. The usage and understanding of noun cases can vary slightly in different regions of Nepal, especially among ethnic communities. For example, the Newar community, which has its own language called "Newari," has its own unique set of noun cases.
 
Historically, the Nepali language has been influenced by Sanskrit, which has also contributed to the development of noun cases. Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-Aryan language, is known for its complex grammatical structure and rich literature. Many Nepali nouns have their roots in Sanskrit, which is why the noun cases in Nepali may seem familiar to those who have studied Sanskrit or other Indo-Aryan languages.
 
Nepal is also known for its breathtaking landscapes, including the majestic Himalayan mountains and lush green valleys. The Nepali language beautifully captures the essence of these natural wonders through its grammar and vocabulary. Learning about noun cases in Nepali not only helps you understand the language but also provides insights into the Nepali culture and its deep connection with nature.
 
== Exercises ==
 
Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Complete the following exercises to reinforce your understanding of noun cases in Nepali.
 
Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Case
Identify the noun case used in each sentence and write it down. The first one has been done for you as an example.
 
1. रामलाई पत्र लेखिएको छ। (Accusative Case)
2. गिताबाट गान गाउनुहोस्।
3. फललाई खानुहोस्।
4. रामलाई विद्यालय जानुपर्छ।
5. गितामा बस चढ्नुहोस्।
 
Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate noun case form of the given word. The first one has been done for you as an example.
 
1. रामलाई (Accusative Case) पत्र लेखिएको छ।
2. गिताबाट गान ______।
3. फललाई ______।
4. रामलाई विद्यालय ______।
5. गितामा बस ______।
 
== Solutions ==
 
Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Case
1. रामलाई पत्र लेखिएको छ। (Accusative Case)
2. गिताबाट गान गाउनुहोस्। (Instrumental Case)
3. फललाई खानुहोस्। (Accusative Case)
4. रामलाई विद्यालय जानुपर्छ। (Dative Case)
5. गितामा बस चढ्नुहोस्। (Locative Case)
 
Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks
1. रामलाई पत्र लेखिएको छ।
2. गिताबाट गान गाउनुहोस्।
3. फललाई खानुहोस्।
4. रामलाई विद्यालय जानुपर्छ।
5. गितामा बस चढ्नुहोस्।
 
== Conclusion ==
 
Congratulations! You have successfully learned about the noun cases in Nepali. By understanding the different noun cases and their usage, you are now equipped to construct grammatically correct sentences in Nepali. Keep practicing and exploring the beauty of the Nepali language, and you will soon become a confident speaker and writer.
 
In the next lesson, we will delve into the world of pronouns in Nepali. So stay tuned and keep up the great work!


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|title=Nepali Grammar: Noun Cases in Nepali
|keywords=Nepali nouns, Nepali grammar, Nepali language, Nepali cases
|keywords=Nepali grammar, Nepali language, Nepali noun cases, Nepali nouns, Nepali language learning
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* [[Language/Nepali-individual-language/Grammar/Introduction-to-Nepali-Verbs|Introduction to Nepali Verbs]]
* [[Language/Nepali-individual-language/Grammar/Introduction-to-Nepali-Verbs|Introduction to Nepali Verbs]]


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Revision as of 22:19, 20 June 2023

◀️ Introduction to Nepali Nouns — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Pronouns in Nepali ▶️

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Nepali (individual language) Grammar → Nouns and Pronouns → Noun Cases in Nepali

Introduction

Welcome to the lesson on "Noun Cases in Nepali"! In this lesson, we will explore the different cases of Nepali nouns and how they are used in sentences. Understanding noun cases is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences in Nepali. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of the various noun cases and how to use them effectively.

Nepali, the official language of Nepal, is a fascinating language with a rich cultural heritage. It is spoken by millions of people in Nepal and the surrounding regions. Learning Nepali opens up doors to connect with the Nepali-speaking community, explore the country's vibrant culture, and delve into its beautiful literature.

Throughout this lesson, we will provide comprehensive explanations, numerous examples, and engaging exercises to reinforce your understanding of noun cases in Nepali. So let's dive in and discover the beauty of Nepali grammar!

Noun Cases in Nepali

Nepali nouns change their form depending on their grammatical function in a sentence. These different forms are called noun cases. In Nepali, there are seven noun cases, each serving a specific purpose. They are:

1. Nominative Case (प्रथमा विभक्ति) 2. Accusative Case (द्वितीया विभक्ति) 3. Instrumental Case (तृतीया विभक्ति) 4. Dative Case (चतुर्था विभक्ति) 5. Ablative Case (पञ्चमा विभक्ति) 6. Genitive Case (षष्ठा विभक्ति) 7. Locative Case (सप्तमा विभक्ति)

Let's explore each case in detail and see how they are used in sentences.

1. Nominative Case (प्रथमा विभक्ति)

The Nominative Case is used to indicate the subject of a sentence. It answers the question "Who?" or "What?" is performing the action.

To form the nominative case, most nouns simply retain their base form. However, some nouns undergo slight changes in their endings.

Examples:

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
राम (Ram) [rām] Ram
गिता (Gita) [gītā] Gita
फल (Phal) [phal] Fruit

In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "फल" (Phal) remain unchanged in the nominative case.

2. Accusative Case (द्वितीया विभक्ति)

The Accusative Case is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. It answers the question "Whom?" or "What?" is receiving the action.

In the accusative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-लाई" (-lāī) to the noun.

Examples:

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
रामलाई (Ramlāī) [rām-lā-ī] Ram
गितालाई (Gitālāī) [gītā-lā-ī] Gita
फललाई (Phallāī) [phal-lā-ī] Fruit

In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "फल" (Phal) change to "रामलाई" (Ramlaī), "गितालाई" (Gitālāī), and "फललाई" (Phallāī) in the accusative case.

3. Instrumental Case (तृतीया विभक्ति)

The Instrumental Case is used to indicate the means or instrument by which an action is performed. It answers the question "By whom?" or "By what?" is the action done.

To form the instrumental case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-बाट" (-bāṭ) to the noun.

Examples:

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
रामबाट (Rāmbāṭ) [rām-bā-ṭ] By Ram
गिताबाट (Gitābāṭ) [gītā-bā-ṭ] By Gita
विद्यालयबाट (Vidyālayabāṭ) [vidyālaya-bā-ṭ] By the school

In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामबाट" (Rāmbāṭ), "गिताबाट" (Gitābāṭ), and "विद्यालयबाट" (Vidyālayabāṭ) in the instrumental case.

4. Dative Case (चतुर्था विभक्ति)

The Dative Case is used to indicate the recipient or the person for whom an action is done. It answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" is the action done.

To form the dative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-लाई" (-lāī) to the noun.

Examples:

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
रामलाई (Ramlāī) [rām-lā-ī] To Ram
गितालाई (Gitālāī) [gītā-lā-ī] To Gita
विद्यालयलाई (Vidyālayalāī) [vidyālaya-lā-ī] To the school

In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामलाई" (Ramlaī), "गितालाई" (Gitālāī), and "विद्यालयलाई" (Vidyālayalāī) in the dative case.

5. Ablative Case (पञ्चमा विभक्ति)

The Ablative Case is used to indicate the source or origin of something. It answers the question "From whom?" or "From where?" is something coming.

To form the ablative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-बाट" (-bāṭ) to the noun.

Examples:

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
रामबाट (Rāmbāṭ) [rām-bā-ṭ] From Ram
गिताबाट (Gitābāṭ) [gītā-bā-ṭ] From Gita
विद्यालयबाट (Vidyālayabāṭ) [vidyālaya-bā-ṭ] From the school

In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामबाट" (Rāmbāṭ), "गिताबाट" (Gitābāṭ), and "विद्यालयबाट" (Vidyālayabāṭ) in the ablative case.

6. Genitive Case (षष्ठा विभक्ति)

The Genitive Case is used to indicate possession or association. It answers the question "Whose?" or "Of whom?"

To form the genitive case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-को" (-ko) to the noun.

Examples:

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
रामको (Ramko) [rām-ko] Ram's
गिताको (Gitāko) [gītā-ko] Gita's
विद्यालयको (Vidyālayako) [vidyālaya-ko] The school's

In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "रामको" (Ramko), "गिताको" (Gitāko), and "विद्यालयको" (Vidyālayako) in the genitive case.

7. Locative Case (सप्तमा विभक्ति)

The Locative Case is used to indicate location or place. It answers the question "Where?" or "In what place?"

To form the locative case, nouns undergo changes in their endings. The most common change is the addition of the suffix "-मा" (-mā) to the noun.

Examples:

Nepali (individual language) Pronunciation English
राममा (Rāmmā) [rām-mā] In Ram
गितामा (Gitāmā) [gītā-mā] In Gita
विद्यालयमा (Vidyālayamā) [vidyālaya-mā] In the school

In the examples above, the nouns "राम" (Ram), "गिता" (Gita), and "विद्यालय" (Vidyālaya) change to "राममा" (Rāmmā), "गितामा" (Gitāmā), and "विद्यालयमा" (Vidyālayamā) in the locative case.

Cultural Insights

Nepal is a country with diverse ethnicities, languages, and cultures. The usage and understanding of noun cases can vary slightly in different regions of Nepal, especially among ethnic communities. For example, the Newar community, which has its own language called "Newari," has its own unique set of noun cases.

Historically, the Nepali language has been influenced by Sanskrit, which has also contributed to the development of noun cases. Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-Aryan language, is known for its complex grammatical structure and rich literature. Many Nepali nouns have their roots in Sanskrit, which is why the noun cases in Nepali may seem familiar to those who have studied Sanskrit or other Indo-Aryan languages.

Nepal is also known for its breathtaking landscapes, including the majestic Himalayan mountains and lush green valleys. The Nepali language beautifully captures the essence of these natural wonders through its grammar and vocabulary. Learning about noun cases in Nepali not only helps you understand the language but also provides insights into the Nepali culture and its deep connection with nature.

Exercises

Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Complete the following exercises to reinforce your understanding of noun cases in Nepali.

Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Case Identify the noun case used in each sentence and write it down. The first one has been done for you as an example.

1. रामलाई पत्र लेखिएको छ। (Accusative Case) 2. गिताबाट गान गाउनुहोस्। 3. फललाई खानुहोस्। 4. रामलाई विद्यालय जानुपर्छ। 5. गितामा बस चढ्नुहोस्।

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks Fill in the blanks with the appropriate noun case form of the given word. The first one has been done for you as an example.

1. रामलाई (Accusative Case) पत्र लेखिएको छ। 2. गिताबाट गान ______। 3. फललाई ______। 4. रामलाई विद्यालय ______। 5. गितामा बस ______।

Solutions

Exercise 1: Identify the Noun Case 1. रामलाई पत्र लेखिएको छ। (Accusative Case) 2. गिताबाट गान गाउनुहोस्। (Instrumental Case) 3. फललाई खानुहोस्। (Accusative Case) 4. रामलाई विद्यालय जानुपर्छ। (Dative Case) 5. गितामा बस चढ्नुहोस्। (Locative Case)

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks 1. रामलाई पत्र लेखिएको छ। 2. गिताबाट गान गाउनुहोस्। 3. फललाई खानुहोस्। 4. रामलाई विद्यालय जानुपर्छ। 5. गितामा बस चढ्नुहोस्।

Conclusion

Congratulations! You have successfully learned about the noun cases in Nepali. By understanding the different noun cases and their usage, you are now equipped to construct grammatically correct sentences in Nepali. Keep practicing and exploring the beauty of the Nepali language, and you will soon become a confident speaker and writer.

In the next lesson, we will delve into the world of pronouns in Nepali. So stay tuned and keep up the great work!



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