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[[File:Tamil-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]] | [[File:Tamil-Language-PolyglotClub.png|thumb]] | ||
<div | <div class="pg_page_title">Tamil Finite Verbs Conjugation</div> | ||
__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
==Finite Verbs == | ==Finite Verbs == | ||
===Overview === | ===Overview === | ||
Finite verb forms show tense, person and number ( | Finite verb forms show tense, person and number (e.g. I go, she goes, we went, etc.). | ||
In Tamil, Finite Verbs generally have a 3 part structure: | In Tamil, Finite Verbs generally have a 3 part structure: | ||
* The "Verb Stem" | |||
* The "Tense Suffix" (to indicate past, present or future tense) | |||
* anda "Subject Marker" (to indicate Person, Number and Gender – i.e. I, We, He, She etc). | |||
* Example: The verb "varuven" means "I will come". | |||
In this example: | |||
* '''Varu''' is the Verb Stem | |||
* '''v''' is used to indicate it is for future tense | |||
* '''en''' is used when referring to "I" (that is, the first person) | |||
The tense suffix for future | === Types of Finite Verbs and Tense Suffixes === | ||
The Tamil language has 7 main types of finite verbs. These are classified according to their conjugation (i.e. according to the TENSE suffix used). | |||
* The tense suffix for the past and present tense also depends on the language register (high or colloquial) | |||
* The future time suffix is the same regardless of the register | |||
* The tables below show the time suffixes for each type of finite verb for each register | |||
NB: Those rules are different for other kinds of verbs. | |||
==Tense Suffixes== | |||
===Tense Suffixes for High Tamil with the Tamil Script === | |||
==Tense Suffixes for High Tamil with Tamil Script == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 37: | Line 43: | ||
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki> | |<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | |<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | ||
|sei (do)- செய் | |sei (do) - செய் | ||
|nei (weave) | | | ||
* nei (weave) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 2 | |Type 2 | ||
Line 44: | Line 51: | ||
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki> | |<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | |<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | ||
|aRi (know)- அறி | |aRi (know) - அறி | ||
|vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise), | | | ||
sari (roll or tumble down) | * vizhu (fall), | ||
* ezhu (rise), | |||
* sari (roll or tumble down) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 3 | |Type 3 | ||
Line 52: | Line 61: | ||
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki> | |<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | |<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | ||
|vaangu (buy/get)- வாங்கு | |vaangu (buy/get) - வாங்கு | ||
|thoongu (sleep), ezhuthu (write), anuppu (send) | | | ||
* thoongu (sleep), | |||
* ezhuthu (write), | |||
* anuppu (send) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 4 | |Type 4 | ||
Line 59: | Line 71: | ||
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki> | |<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | |<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | ||
|vidu ( leave)- விடு | |vidu (leave) - விடு | ||
|PiDi (Catch/hold), KeDu (spoil), peru (get) | | | ||
* PiDi (Catch/hold), | |||
* KeDu (spoil), | |||
* peru (get) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 5 | |Type 5 | ||
Line 67: | Line 82: | ||
|<nowiki>ப் | p/b</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ப் | p/b</nowiki> | ||
|uN (eat) – உண் | |uN (eat) – உண் | ||
|kaaN (see), keL (listen) | | | ||
* kaaN (see), | |||
* keL (listen) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 6 | |Type 6 | ||
Line 73: | Line 90: | ||
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki> | |<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki> | ||
|paDi(read/study)-படி | |paDi (read/study) - படி | ||
|koDu (give), eDu (take), paar (see) | | | ||
* koDu (give), | |||
* eDu (take), | |||
* paar (see) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 7 | |Type 7 | ||
Line 80: | Line 100: | ||
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki> | |<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki> | ||
|naDa(walk)-நட | |naDa (walk) - நட | ||
|para (fly), kala (mix), marA (forget) | | | ||
* para (fly), | |||
* kala (mix), | |||
* marA (forget) | |||
|} | |} | ||
---- | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!Verb Stem | !Verb Stem | ||
!Past | !Past | ||
!Present | !Present | ||
!Future | !Future <code>same as for Colloquial Tamil</code> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 1 | |Type 1 – Sei <code>do</code> | ||
|Seidhen | |Seidhen <code>dh + en = dhen</code> | ||
|SeigiRyen | |SeigiRyen <code>giR + en = giRean</code> | ||
|Seivean | |Seivean <code>Iv + en = vean</code> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 2 | |Type 2 – Ari <code>know</code> | ||
|Arindhean | |Arindhean <code>ndh + en = dhean</code> | ||
|ArigiRean | |ArigiRean <code>giR + en = giRean</code> | ||
|Arivean | |Arivean <code>Iv + en = vean</code> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 3 – Vaangu | |Type 3 – Vaangu <code>buy/get</code> | ||
|Vaanginean | |Vaanginean <code>in + en = inean</code> | ||
|VaangugiRean | |VaangugiRean <code>giR + en = GiRean</code> | ||
|Vaanguvean | |Vaanguvean <code>Iv + en = vean</code> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 4 – Vidu | |Type 4 – Vidu <code>leave</code> | ||
|Vittean | |Vittean <code>t + t + en</code> | ||
|VidugiRean | |VidugiRean <code>giR + en = giRean</code> | ||
|Viduvean | |Viduvean <code>Iv + en = vean</code> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 5 – Un | |Type 5 – Un <code>eat</code> | ||
|Undean | |Undean <code>d + en</code> | ||
|UngiRean | |UngiRean <code>giR + en = giRean</code> | ||
|Unbean | |Unbean <code>b + en = bean</code> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 6 – Padi | |Type 6 – Padi <code>read/study</code> | ||
|Paditthean | |Paditthean <code>tth + en = tthean</code> | ||
|Padikkirean | |Padikkirean <code>kkiR + en = kkirean</code> | ||
|Padippean | |Padippean <code>pp + en = ppean</code> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 7 – Nada | |Type 7 – Nada <code>walk</code> | ||
|Nadandhean | |Nadandhean <code>ndh + ean = ndhean</code> | ||
|NadakkiRean | |NadakkiRean <code>kkir + en = kkirean</code> | ||
|Nadappean | |Nadappean <code>pp + en = ppean</code> | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil with Tamil Script == | ===Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil with the Tamil Script === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 138: | Line 162: | ||
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | |<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | ||
|sei (do)- செய் | |sei (do) - செய் | ||
|nei (weave) | | | ||
* nei (weave) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 2 | |Type 2 | ||
Line 145: | Line 170: | ||
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | |<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | ||
|aRi (know)- அறி | |aRi (know) - அறி | ||
|vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise), | | | ||
sari (roll or tumble down) | * vizhu (fall), | ||
* ezhu (rise), | |||
* sari (roll or tumble down) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 3 | |Type 3 | ||
Line 153: | Line 180: | ||
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | |<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | ||
|vaangu (buy/get)- வாங்கு | |vaangu (buy/get) - வாங்கு | ||
|thoongu (sleep), ezhuthu (write), anuppu (send) | | | ||
* thoongu (sleep), | |||
* ezhuthu (write), | |||
* anuppu (send) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 4 | |Type 4 | ||
Line 160: | Line 190: | ||
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | |<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki> | ||
|vidu ( leave)- விடு | |vidu ( leave) - விடு | ||
|PiDi (Catch/hold), KeDu (spoil), peru (get) | | | ||
* PiDi (Catch/hold), | |||
* KeDu (spoil), | |||
* peru (get) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 5 | |Type 5 | ||
Line 168: | Line 201: | ||
|<nowiki>ப் | p/b</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ப் | p/b</nowiki> | ||
|uN (eat) – உண் | |uN (eat) – உண் | ||
|kaaN (see), keL (listen) | | | ||
* kaaN (see), | |||
* keL (listen) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 6 | |Type 6 | ||
Line 174: | Line 209: | ||
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki> | |<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki> | ||
|paDi(read/study)-படி | |paDi (read/study) -படி | ||
|koDu (give), eDu (take), paar (see) | | | ||
* koDu (give), | |||
* eDu (take), | |||
* paar (see) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 7 | |Type 7 | ||
Line 181: | Line 219: | ||
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki> | |<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki> | |<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki> | ||
|naDa(walk)-நட | |naDa (walk) -நட | ||
|para (fly), kala (mix), marA (forget) | | | ||
* para (fly), | |||
* kala (mix), | |||
* marA (forget) | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Example of Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil == | ====Example of Tense Suffixes for the Colloquial Tamil ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!Verb Stem | !Verb Stem | ||
Line 192: | Line 233: | ||
!Future (same as for High Tamil) | !Future (same as for High Tamil) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 1 | |Type 1 – Sei <code>do</code> | ||
|Senjean | |Senjean <code>nj + ean = jean</code> | ||
|Seirean | |Seirean <code>R + ean = rean</code> | ||
|Seivean | |Seivean <code>Iv + ean = vean</code> | ||
|- | |||
|Type 2 – Ari <code>know</code> | |||
|Arinjean <code>nj + ean = jean</code> | |||
|Arirean <code>R + ean = rean</code> | |||
|Arivean <code>Iv + ean = vean</code> | |||
|- | |||
|Type 3 – Vaangu <code>buy/get</code> | |||
|Vaangunean <code>un + ean = unean</code> | |||
|vaangurean <code>R + ean = iRean</code> | |||
|Vaanguvean <code>Iv + ean = vean</code> | |||
|- | |||
|Type 4 – Vidu <code>leave</code> | |||
|Vittean <code>t + t + ean = ttean</code> | |||
|Vidrean <code>R + ean = Rean</code> | |||
|Viduvean <code>Iv + ean = vean</code> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type | |Type 5 – Un <code>eat</code> | ||
| | |Undean <code>d + ean = dean</code> | ||
| | |UngiRean <code>giR + ean = giRean</code> | ||
| | |Unbean <code>b + ean = bean</code> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type | |Type 6 – Padi <code>read/study</code> | ||
| | |Padichchean <code>chch + ean = chen</code> | ||
| | |Padikkirean <code>kkiR + ean = kkirean</code> | ||
| | |Padippean <code>pp + ean = ppean</code> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Type | |Type 7 – Nada <code>walk</code> | ||
| | |Nadandhean <code>ndh + ean = ndhean</code> | ||
| | |NadakkiRean <code>kkiR + ean = kkirean</code> | ||
| | |Nadappean <code>pp + ean = ppean</code> | ||
|} | |||
===Tense Suffixes for High Tamil without the Tamil Script === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
!Past | |||
!Present | |||
!Future | |||
!Example | |||
!Other Examples | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type | |Type 1 | ||
| | |dh | ||
| | |giR | ||
| | |v | ||
|sei (do)- செய் | |||
| | |||
* nei (weave) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 2 | |||
|ndh | |||
|giR | |||
|v | |||
|aRi (know) | |||
| | |||
* vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise), | |||
* sari (roll or tumble down) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 3 | |||
|in | |||
|giR | |||
|v | |||
|vaangu (buy/get) | |||
| | |||
* thoongu (sleep), | |||
* ezhuthu (write), | |||
* anuppu (send) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 4 | |||
|End consonant doubling | |||
|giR | |||
|v | |||
|vidu ( leave) | |||
| | |||
* PiDi (Catch/hold), | |||
* KeDu (spoil), | |||
* peru (get) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 5 | |||
|t/d | |||
|kiR/ giR | |||
|p/b | |||
|uN (eat) | |||
| | |||
* kaaN (see), | |||
* keL (listen) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 6 | |Type 6 | ||
| | |tth | ||
|kkiR | |||
|pp | |||
|paDi(read/study) | |||
| | |||
* koDu (give), | |||
* eDu (take), | |||
* paar (see) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Type 7 | |Type 7 | ||
| | |ndh | ||
| | |kkiR | ||
| | |pp | ||
|naDa(walk) | |||
| | |||
* para (fly), | |||
* kala (mix), | |||
* marA (forget) | |||
|} | |||
===Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil without Tamil Script === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
!Past | |||
!Present | |||
!Future | |||
!Example | |||
!Other Examples | |||
|- | |||
|Type 1 | |||
|nj | |||
|R | |||
|v | |||
|sei (do)- செய் | |||
| | |||
* nei (weave) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 2 | |||
|ndh / nj | |||
|R | |||
|v | |||
|aRi (know) | |||
| | |||
* vizhu (fall), | |||
* ezhu (rise), | |||
* sari (roll or tumble down) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 3 | |||
|un | |||
|R | |||
|v | |||
|vaangu (buy/get) | |||
| | |||
* thoongu (sleep), | |||
* ezhuthu (write), | |||
* anuppu (send) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 4 | |||
|End consonant doubling | |||
|R | |||
|v | |||
|vidu ( leave) | |||
| | |||
* PiDi (Catch/hold), | |||
* KeDu (spoil), | |||
* peru (get) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 5 | |||
|t/d | |||
|R | |||
|p/b | |||
|uN (eat) | |||
| | |||
* kaaN (see), | |||
* keL (listen) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 6 | |||
|chch / tth | |||
|kkiR | |||
|pp | |||
|paDi(read/study) | |||
| | |||
* koDu (give), | |||
* eDu (take), | |||
* paar (see) | |||
|- | |||
|Type 7 | |||
|ndh | |||
|kkiR | |||
|pp | |||
|naDa(walk) | |||
| | |||
* para (fly), | |||
* kala (mix), | |||
* marA (forget) | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Subject Markers == | ==Subject Markers == | ||
* Subject Markers indicate PERSON / NUMBER / GENDER (i.e. I, We, He, She etc.). | |||
The subject markers are the same for all of the 7 types of Finite Verbs, only the Tense suffixes for each Type differs. | * The subject markers are the same for all of the 7 types of Finite Verbs, only the Tense suffixes for each Type differs. | ||
Following are the Subject Markers used for both High and Colloquial Tamil. | * Following are the Subject Markers used for both High and Colloquial Tamil. | ||
==Subject Markers for High Tamil == | ===Subject Markers for High Tamil === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| colspan="1" | | | colspan="1" | | ||
Line 243: | Line 437: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="1" |First person | | colspan="1" |First person | ||
| colspan="3" | | | colspan="3" |I | ||
| colspan="2" | | ஏன் | En | ||
| colspan="2" |We | |||
ஓம் | Om | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Second person | |Second person | ||
| colspan="3" |You(singular) | | colspan="3" |You (singular) | ||
ஆய் | aay | ஆய் | aay | ||
| colspan="3" |You ( plural/respect) | | colspan="3" |You (plural/respect) | ||
ஈர்கள் | iirkal / ஈர் | irr | ஈர்கள் | iirkal / ஈர் | irr | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 261: | Line 457: | ||
| colspan="1" |They (Human) | | colspan="1" |They (Human) | ||
அனர்/ஆர்கள் | அனர்/ஆர்கள் | ||
anar */ aarkal | |||
anar*/ aarkal | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="3" |It | | colspan="3" |It | ||
அது | adhu | அது | adhu | ||
| colspan="2" |They (non human) | | colspan="2" |They (non human) | ||
அன | ana#* | அன | ana#* | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="6" |*indicates that in future tense , nonhuman nouns take the ending | | colspan="6" |*indicates that in future tense , nonhuman nouns take the ending "-um" (instead of -v/-p/-pp) . E.g. athu varum (it"ll come) | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>indicates that in present tense, kiR/kiRR changes kinR/KKinRR | <nowiki>*</nowiki>indicates that in present tense, kiR/kiRR changes kinR/KKinRR | ||
E.g. SeikinRanar – They (human being) are doing. | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Subject Markers for Colloquial Tamil == | ===Subject Markers for Colloquial Tamil === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| colspan="1" | | | colspan="1" | | ||
Line 297: | Line 495: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ===Examples=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! colspan="2" |padi | ! colspan="2" |padi | ||
Line 361: | Line 559: | ||
|nii padi | |nii padi | ||
|Nii padi | |Nii padi | ||
|you read | |you read ... (order statement) – informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Imperative Formal | |Imperative Formal | ||
|Niinga padinga | |Niinga padinga | ||
|Niinga padipiinga | |Niinga padipiinga | ||
|you read | |you read ... (order statement) – formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Past Informal | |Past Informal | ||
Line 464: | Line 662: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Transliteration == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |VOWELS | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |CONSONANTS | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Tamil script | !Tamil script | ||
!Transliteration | !Transliteration | ||
Line 598: | Line 675: | ||
|A | |A | ||
|க | |க | ||
|ka | | | ||
ga | * ka | ||
* ga | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ஆ | |ஆ | ||
|Aa | |Aa | ||
|ங | |ங | ||
|nga | | | ||
* nga | |||
|- | |- | ||
|இ | |இ | ||
|I | |I | ||
|ச | |ச | ||
|cha | | | ||
sa | * cha | ||
* sa | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ஈ | |ஈ | ||
Line 620: | Line 700: | ||
|U | |U | ||
|ஞ | |ஞ | ||
|nja | | | ||
* nja | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ஊ | |ஊ | ||
Line 626: | Line 707: | ||
E | E | ||
|ட | |ட | ||
|ta | | | ||
da | * ta | ||
* da | |||
|- | |- | ||
|எ | |எ | ||
|E/ae | |E/ae | ||
|ண | |ண | ||
|Na | | | ||
* Na | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ஏ | |ஏ | ||
|Ai | |Ai | ||
|த | |த | ||
|tha | | | ||
dha | * tha | ||
* dha | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ஐ | |ஐ | ||
|O | |O | ||
|ந | |ந | ||
|na | | | ||
* na | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ஒ | |ஒ | ||
|O/oa | |O/oa | ||
|ப | |ப | ||
|pa | | | ||
ba | * pa | ||
* ba | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ஔ | |ஔ | ||
Line 702: | Line 788: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Vowels in Spoken Tamil== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!æ | ! | ||
ŭ | ù | * æ | ||
ñ / ~m | * ŭ | ù | ||
!The vowel sound | * ñ / ~m | ||
!The vowel sound "E" at end of words is often pronounced as "æ". | |||
half-u | half-u | ||
nasalisation of vowel | nasalisation of vowel | ||
!æ is sound of | !æ is sound of "a" in the english word "bat". | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Grantha Letters== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|ஹ | |ஹ | ||
Line 738: | Line 825: | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
* https://ilearntamil.com/ | * https://ilearntamil.com/how-to-conjugate-finite-verbs-in-tamil/ | ||
==Videos== | |||
===FINITE VERBS in tamil - YouTube=== | |||
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZbHf_JfL7k</youtube> | |||
===Verb types in tamil | English Grammar in Tamil - YouTube=== | |||
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hr9jEpJapKk</youtube> | |||
==Other Lessons== | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Negatives|Negatives]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Adjective-and-Adverb-Relationships|Adjective and Adverb Relationships]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Negation|Negation]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Plural-Noun-Suffix-Addition|Plural Noun Suffix Addition]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Verb-Classes|Verb Classes]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Plural-nouns|Plural nouns]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Present-Tense|Present Tense]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Future-Tense-எதிர்காலம்|Future Tense எதிர்காலம்]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Continuous-tense|Continuous tense]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Strong-Middle-Weak-Verbs|Strong Middle Weak Verbs]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/That,-This,-and-Question-Words|That, This, and Question Words]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Cases|Cases]] | |||
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Adjective-(பெயரடை)|Adjective (பெயரடை)]] | |||
<span links></span> |
Latest revision as of 14:00, 27 March 2023
Tamil Finite Verbs Conjugation
Finite Verbs[edit | edit source]
Overview[edit | edit source]
Finite verb forms show tense, person and number (e.g. I go, she goes, we went, etc.).
In Tamil, Finite Verbs generally have a 3 part structure:
- The "Verb Stem"
- The "Tense Suffix" (to indicate past, present or future tense)
- anda "Subject Marker" (to indicate Person, Number and Gender – i.e. I, We, He, She etc).
- Example: The verb "varuven" means "I will come".
In this example:
- Varu is the Verb Stem
- v is used to indicate it is for future tense
- en is used when referring to "I" (that is, the first person)
Types of Finite Verbs and Tense Suffixes[edit | edit source]
The Tamil language has 7 main types of finite verbs. These are classified according to their conjugation (i.e. according to the TENSE suffix used).
- The tense suffix for the past and present tense also depends on the language register (high or colloquial)
- The future time suffix is the same regardless of the register
- The tables below show the time suffixes for each type of finite verb for each register
NB: Those rules are different for other kinds of verbs.
Tense Suffixes[edit | edit source]
Tense Suffixes for High Tamil with the Tamil Script[edit | edit source]
Past | Present | Future | Example | Other Examples | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | த் | dh | கிற் | giR | வ் | v | sei (do) - செய் |
|
Type 2 | ந்த் | ndh | கிற் | giR | வ் | v | aRi (know) - அறி |
|
Type 3 | இன் | in | கிற் | giR | வ் | v | vaangu (buy/get) - வாங்கு |
|
Type 4 | End consonant doubling | கிற் | giR | வ் | v | vidu (leave) - விடு |
|
Type 5 | ட் | t/d | கிற் | kiR/ giR | ப் | p/b | uN (eat) – உண் |
|
Type 6 | த்த் | tth | க்கிற் | kkiR | ப்ப் | pp | paDi (read/study) - படி |
|
Type 7 | ந்த் | ndh | க்கிற் | kkiR | ப்ப் | pp | naDa (walk) - நட |
|
Verb Stem | Past | Present | Future same as for Colloquial Tamil
|
---|---|---|---|
Type 1 – Sei do
|
Seidhen dh + en = dhen
|
SeigiRyen giR + en = giRean
|
Seivean Iv + en = vean
|
Type 2 – Ari know
|
Arindhean ndh + en = dhean
|
ArigiRean giR + en = giRean
|
Arivean Iv + en = vean
|
Type 3 – Vaangu buy/get
|
Vaanginean in + en = inean
|
VaangugiRean giR + en = GiRean
|
Vaanguvean Iv + en = vean
|
Type 4 – Vidu leave
|
Vittean t + t + en
|
VidugiRean giR + en = giRean
|
Viduvean Iv + en = vean
|
Type 5 – Un eat
|
Undean d + en
|
UngiRean giR + en = giRean
|
Unbean b + en = bean
|
Type 6 – Padi read/study
|
Paditthean tth + en = tthean
|
Padikkirean kkiR + en = kkirean
|
Padippean pp + en = ppean
|
Type 7 – Nada walk
|
Nadandhean ndh + ean = ndhean
|
NadakkiRean kkir + en = kkirean
|
Nadappean pp + en = ppean
|
Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil with the Tamil Script[edit | edit source]
Past | Present | Future | Example | Other Examples | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | ஞ்ச் | nj | ற் | R | வ் | v | sei (do) - செய் |
|
Type 2 | ந்த் | ndh / ஞ்ச் | nj | ற் | R | வ் | v | aRi (know) - அறி |
|
Type 3 | உன் | u | ற் | R | வ் | v | vaangu (buy/get) - வாங்கு |
|
Type 4 | End consonant doubling | ற் | R | வ் | v | vidu ( leave) - விடு |
|
Type 5 | ட் | t/d | ற் | R | ப் | p/b | uN (eat) – உண் |
|
Type 6 | த்த் | tth | க்கிற் | kkiR | ப்ப் | pp | paDi (read/study) -படி |
|
Type 7 | ந்த் | ndh | க்கிற் | kkiR | ப்ப் | pp | naDa (walk) -நட |
|
Example of Tense Suffixes for the Colloquial Tamil[edit | edit source]
Verb Stem | Past | Present | Future (same as for High Tamil) |
---|---|---|---|
Type 1 – Sei do
|
Senjean nj + ean = jean
|
Seirean R + ean = rean
|
Seivean Iv + ean = vean
|
Type 2 – Ari know
|
Arinjean nj + ean = jean
|
Arirean R + ean = rean
|
Arivean Iv + ean = vean
|
Type 3 – Vaangu buy/get
|
Vaangunean un + ean = unean
|
vaangurean R + ean = iRean
|
Vaanguvean Iv + ean = vean
|
Type 4 – Vidu leave
|
Vittean t + t + ean = ttean
|
Vidrean R + ean = Rean
|
Viduvean Iv + ean = vean
|
Type 5 – Un eat
|
Undean d + ean = dean
|
UngiRean giR + ean = giRean
|
Unbean b + ean = bean
|
Type 6 – Padi read/study
|
Padichchean chch + ean = chen
|
Padikkirean kkiR + ean = kkirean
|
Padippean pp + ean = ppean
|
Type 7 – Nada walk
|
Nadandhean ndh + ean = ndhean
|
NadakkiRean kkiR + ean = kkirean
|
Nadappean pp + ean = ppean
|
Tense Suffixes for High Tamil without the Tamil Script[edit | edit source]
Past | Present | Future | Example | Other Examples | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | dh | giR | v | sei (do)- செய் |
|
Type 2 | ndh | giR | v | aRi (know) |
|
Type 3 | in | giR | v | vaangu (buy/get) |
|
Type 4 | End consonant doubling | giR | v | vidu ( leave) |
|
Type 5 | t/d | kiR/ giR | p/b | uN (eat) |
|
Type 6 | tth | kkiR | pp | paDi(read/study) |
|
Type 7 | ndh | kkiR | pp | naDa(walk) |
|
Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil without Tamil Script[edit | edit source]
Past | Present | Future | Example | Other Examples | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | nj | R | v | sei (do)- செய் |
|
Type 2 | ndh / nj | R | v | aRi (know) |
|
Type 3 | un | R | v | vaangu (buy/get) |
|
Type 4 | End consonant doubling | R | v | vidu ( leave) |
|
Type 5 | t/d | R | p/b | uN (eat) |
|
Type 6 | chch / tth | kkiR | pp | paDi(read/study) |
|
Type 7 | ndh | kkiR | pp | naDa(walk) |
|
Subject Markers[edit | edit source]
- Subject Markers indicate PERSON / NUMBER / GENDER (i.e. I, We, He, She etc.).
- The subject markers are the same for all of the 7 types of Finite Verbs, only the Tense suffixes for each Type differs.
- Following are the Subject Markers used for both High and Colloquial Tamil.
Subject Markers for High Tamil[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
First person | I
ஏன் | En |
We
ஓம் | Om | ||||
Second person | You (singular)
ஆய் | aay |
You (plural/respect)
ஈர்கள் | iirkal / ஈர் | irr | ||||
Third Person | He
ஆன் | aan |
He /She (Polite)
ஆர் | aar |
She
ஆள் | aal |
They (Human)
அனர்/ஆர்கள் anar*/ aarkal | ||
It
அது | adhu |
They (non human)
அன | ana#* | |||||
*indicates that in future tense , nonhuman nouns take the ending "-um" (instead of -v/-p/-pp) . E.g. athu varum (it"ll come)
*indicates that in present tense, kiR/kiRR changes kinR/KKinRR E.g. SeikinRanar – They (human being) are doing. |
Subject Markers for Colloquial Tamil[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
First person | I Eñ | We O~m | ||||
Second person | You dha | You (Polite) eenga | ||||
Third Person | He dhaañ | She dhaa | He (Polite) aarù | She (Polite) aanga | ||
It dhu/chu | They dhunga / chunga |
Examples[edit | edit source]
padi | read or study | ||
---|---|---|---|
padikka | to read | ||
vaasi | read | ||
High | colloquial | English meaning | |
Past Tense | naan padiththaen | Naañ Padichæñ | I read (past) |
Present Tense | Naan padikkiRaen | Naañ Padikiræñ | I am reading |
Future Tense | naan padaippaen | Naañ padipæñ | I will read |
Past Informal | nii padiththaai | Nii padichæ | you read (past) – informal |
Past Formal | niingaL padiththiirgaL | Niinga padichiinga | you read (past) – formal |
Present Informal | nii padikkiRaa | Nii padikiræ | you are reading – informal |
Present Formal | niingaL padikkiRiirgaL | Niinga padikireenga | you are reading – formal |
Future Informal | nii padippaai | Nii padipæ | you will read – informal |
Future Formal | niingaL padippiirgaL | Niinga padipiinga | you are reading – formal |
Imperative informal | nii padi | Nii padi | you read ... (order statement) – informal |
Imperative Formal | Niinga padinga | Niinga padipiinga | you read ... (order statement) – formal |
Past Informal | avan padiththaan | avañ Padichchaañ | he read – informal |
Past Formal | avar padiththaar | avrù padichchaarù | he read – formal |
Present Informal | avan padikkiRaan | avañ padikkiraañ | He is reading – informal |
Present Formal | avar padikkiRaar | avrù padikiraar | he is reading – formal |
Future Informal | avan padippaan | avañ padippaañ | he will read – informal |
Future Formal | avar padippaar | avar padippaarù | he will read – formal |
Past Informal | avaL padiththaaL | ava(L) padichchaa(L) | she read – informal |
Past Formal | avargaaL padiththaargaL | avanga padichchaanga | she read – formal |
Past Formal | avargaaL padiththaargaL | avanga padichchaanga | she read – formal |
Present Informal | avaL padikkiraaL | ava(L) padikkiraa(L) | she is reading – informal |
Present Formal | avargaL padikkiraargaL | avanga padikkiraanga | she is reading – formal |
Future Informal | avaL padippaaL | ava(L) padippaa(L) | she will read – informal |
Future Formal | avargaL padippaargaL | avanga padippaanga | she will read – formal |
Past Informal | naam padiththoam | naama padichcho~m | we read – listener included |
Past formal | naangaL padiththoam | naanga padichcho~m | we read – listener excluded |
Present Informal | naam padikiroam | naama padikiroa~m | we are reading – listener included |
Present Formal | naangaL paddikkiroam | naanga padikkiroa~m | we are reading – listener excluded |
Future Informal | naam paddippoam | naama paddippoa~m | we will read – listener included |
Future Formal | naangaL paddippoam | naanga paddippoa~m | we will read – listener excluded |
Transliteration[edit | edit source]
VOWELS | CONSONANTS | ||
---|---|---|---|
Tamil script | Transliteration | Tamil script | Transliteration |
அ | A | க |
|
ஆ | Aa | ங |
|
இ | I | ச |
|
ஈ | Ii | ||
உ | U | ஞ |
|
ஊ | Uu
E |
ட |
|
எ | E/ae | ண |
|
ஏ | Ai | த |
|
ஐ | O | ந |
|
ஒ | O/oa | ப |
|
ஔ | Au | ம | ma |
ய | ya | ||
ர | ra | ||
ல | la | ||
வ | va | ||
ள | Au | ||
ழ | Azha | ||
ள | La | ||
ற | Ra | ||
ன | na |
Vowels in Spoken Tamil[edit | edit source]
|
The vowel sound "E" at end of words is often pronounced as "æ".
half-u nasalisation of vowel |
æ is sound of "a" in the english word "bat". |
---|
Grantha Letters[edit | edit source]
ஹ | ha |
ஜ | ja |
ஸ | sa |
ஷ | sha |
ஶ | ś |
க்ஷ | ksha |
ஸ்ரீ\ | Sri |
Sources[edit | edit source]
Videos[edit | edit source]
FINITE VERBS in tamil - YouTube[edit | edit source]
Verb types in tamil | English Grammar in Tamil - YouTube[edit | edit source]
Other Lessons[edit | edit source]
- Conditional Mood
- Negatives
- Adjective and Adverb Relationships
- Negation
- Plural Noun Suffix Addition
- Verb Classes
- Plural nouns
- Present Tense
- Future Tense எதிர்காலம்
- Continuous tense
- Strong Middle Weak Verbs
- That, This, and Question Words
- Cases
- Adjective (பெயரடை)