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<div class="pg_page_title">Tamil Finite Verbs Conjugation</div>


= How to Conjugate Finite Verbs in Tamil = 
__TOC__


=== Finite Verbs === 
==Finite Verbs ==


==== Overview ====
===Overview ===
Finite verb forms show tense, person and number (eg; I go, she goes, we went, etc.)
Finite verb forms show tense, person and number (e.g.  I go, she goes, we went, etc.).


In Tamil, Finite Verbs generally have a 3 part structure:the ‘Verb Stem’the ‘Tense Suffix’ (to indicate past, present or future tense) ; anda ‘Subject Marker’ (to indicate Person, Number and Gender – ie I, We, He, She etc).Eg, The verb varuven means I will come. [varu- verb stem, v- marks future tense, en marks “I” (first person)]In this example, Varu is the Verb Stem, ‘v’ is used to indicate it is for future tense and ‘en’ is used when referring to ‘I’ (that is, the first person)
In Tamil, Finite Verbs generally have a 3 part structure:
* The "Verb Stem"
* The "Tense Suffix" (to indicate past, present or future tense)
* anda "Subject Marker" (to indicate Person, Number and Gender – i.e. I, We, He, She etc).


==== Types of Finite Verbs and Tense Suffixes ====
* Example: The verb "varuven" means "I will come".  
There are 7 main types of Finite verbs. These are purely classified on how they get conjugated (ie, based on which TENSE suffix is used).


The tense suffix for past and present tense also depends on whether you are talking in High Tamil or Colloquial Tamil
In this example:
* '''Varu''' is the Verb Stem
* '''v''' is used to indicate it is for future tense
* '''en''' is used when referring to "I" (that is, the first person)


The tense suffix for future tense is the same in both High and Colloquial Tamil
=== Types of Finite Verbs and Tense Suffixes ===
The Tamil language has 7 main types of finite verbs. These are classified according to their conjugation (i.e. according to the TENSE suffix used).
* The tense suffix for the past and present tense also depends on the language register (high or colloquial)
* The future time suffix is the same regardless of the register
* The tables below show the time suffixes for each type of finite verb for each register


The charts below show the Tense suffixes for each Type of Finite Verb for both High and Colloquial Tamil.
NB: Those rules are different for other kinds of verbs.


Rules are different for other kind of verbs 
==Tense Suffixes==
 
===Tense Suffixes for High Tamil with the Tamil Script ===
=== Tense Suffixes for High Tamil with Tamil Script === 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
Line 33: Line 43:
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|sei (do)- செய்
|sei (do) - செய்
|nei (weave)
|
* nei (weave)
|-
|-
|Type 2
|Type 2
Line 40: Line 51:
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|aRi (know)- அறி
|aRi (know) - அறி
|vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise),
|
sari (roll or tumble down)
* vizhu (fall),
* ezhu (rise),
* sari (roll or tumble down)
|-
|-
|Type 3
|Type 3
Line 48: Line 61:
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|vaangu (buy/get)- வாங்கு
|vaangu (buy/get) - வாங்கு
|thoongu (sleep), ezhuthu (write), anuppu (send)
|
* thoongu (sleep),
* ezhuthu (write),  
* anuppu (send)
|-
|-
|Type 4
|Type 4
Line 55: Line 71:
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>கிற் | giR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|vidu ( leave)- விடு
|vidu (leave) - விடு
|PiDi (Catch/hold), KeDu (spoil), peru (get)
|
* PiDi (Catch/hold),
* KeDu (spoil),  
* peru (get)
|-
|-
|Type 5
|Type 5
Line 63: Line 82:
|<nowiki>ப் | p/b</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப் | p/b</nowiki>
|uN (eat) – உண்
|uN (eat) – உண்
|kaaN (see), keL (listen)
|
* kaaN (see),
* keL (listen)
|-
|-
|Type 6
|Type 6
Line 69: Line 90:
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki>
|paDi(read/study)-படி
|paDi (read/study) - படி
|koDu (give), eDu (take), paar (see)
|
* koDu (give),
* eDu (take),  
* paar (see)
|-
|-
|Type 7
|Type 7
Line 76: Line 100:
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki>
|naDa(walk)-நட
|naDa (walk) - நட
|para (fly), kala (mix), marA (forget)
|
* para (fly),
* kala (mix),  
* marA (forget)
|} 
|} 
----
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Verb Stem
!Verb Stem
!Past
!Past
!Present
!Present
!Future (same as for Colloquial Tamil)
!Future <code>same as for Colloquial Tamil</code>
|-
|-
|Type 1- Sei (do)
|Type 1 – Sei <code>do</code>
|Seidhen (dh+en=dhen)
|Seidhen <code>dh + en = dhen</code>
|SeigiRyen (giR+en= giRean)
|SeigiRyen <code>giR + en = giRean</code>
|Seivean (Iv +en=vean)
|Seivean <code>Iv + en = vean</code>
|-
|-
|Type 2- Ari (know)
|Type 2 –  Ari <code>know</code>
|Arindhean (ndh+en=dhean)
|Arindhean <code>ndh + en = dhean</code>
|ArigiRean (giR+en=giRean)
|ArigiRean <code>giR + en = giRean</code>
|Arivean (Iv +en=vean)
|Arivean <code>Iv + en = vean</code>
|-
|-
|Type 3 – Vaangu (buy/get)
|Type 3 – Vaangu <code>buy/get</code>
|Vaanginean (in+en=inean)
|Vaanginean <code>in + en = inean</code>
|VaangugiRean (giR+en=GiRean)
|VaangugiRean <code>giR + en = GiRean</code>
|Vaanguvean (Iv +en=vean)
|Vaanguvean <code>Iv + en = vean</code>
|-
|-
|Type 4 – Vidu (leave)
|Type 4 – Vidu <code>leave</code>
|Vittean (t+t+en)
|Vittean <code>t + t + en</code>
|VidugiRean (giR+en=giRean)
|VidugiRean <code>giR + en = giRean</code>
|Viduvean (Iv +en=vean)
|Viduvean <code>Iv + en = vean</code>
|-
|-
|Type 5 – Un (eat)
|Type 5 – Un <code>eat</code>
|Undean(d+en)
|Undean <code>d + en</code>
|UngiRean (giR+en=giRean)
|UngiRean <code>giR + en = giRean</code>
|Unbean(b+en=bean)
|Unbean <code>b + en = bean</code>
|-
|-
|Type 6 – Padi (read/study)
|Type 6 – Padi <code>read/study</code>
|Paditthean (tth+en=tthean)
|Paditthean <code>tth + en = tthean</code>
|Padikkirean(kkiR+en=kkirean)
|Padikkirean <code>kkiR + en = kkirean</code>
|Padippean(pp+en=ppean)
|Padippean <code>pp + en = ppean</code>
|-
|-
|Type 7 – Nada (walk)
|Type 7 – Nada <code>walk</code>
|Nadandhean(ndh+ean=ndhean)
|Nadandhean <code>ndh + ean = ndhean</code>
|NadakkiRean (kkir+en=kkirean)
|NadakkiRean <code>kkir + en = kkirean</code>
|Nadappean(pp+en=ppean)
|Nadappean <code>pp + en = ppean</code>
|}
|}


=== Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil with Tamil Script === 
===Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil with the Tamil Script ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
Line 134: Line 162:
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|sei (do)- செய்
|sei (do) - செய்
|nei (weave)
|
* nei (weave)
|-
|-
|Type 2
|Type 2
Line 141: Line 170:
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|aRi (know)- அறி
|aRi (know) - அறி
|vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise),
|
sari (roll or tumble down)
* vizhu (fall),  
* ezhu (rise),
* sari (roll or tumble down)
|-
|-
|Type 3
|Type 3
Line 149: Line 180:
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|vaangu (buy/get)- வாங்கு
|vaangu (buy/get) - வாங்கு
|thoongu (sleep), ezhuthu (write), anuppu (send)
|
* thoongu (sleep),  
* ezhuthu (write),  
* anuppu (send)
|-
|-
|Type 4
|Type 4
Line 156: Line 190:
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ற் | R</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|<nowiki>வ் | v</nowiki>
|vidu ( leave)- விடு
|vidu ( leave) - விடு
|PiDi (Catch/hold), KeDu (spoil), peru (get)
|
* PiDi (Catch/hold),  
* KeDu (spoil),  
* peru (get)
|-
|-
|Type 5
|Type 5
Line 164: Line 201:
|<nowiki>ப் | p/b</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப் | p/b</nowiki>
|uN (eat) – உண்
|uN (eat) – உண்
|kaaN (see), keL (listen)
|
* kaaN (see),  
* keL (listen)
|-
|-
|Type 6
|Type 6
Line 170: Line 209:
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki>
|paDi(read/study)-படி
|paDi (read/study) -படி
|koDu (give), eDu (take), paar (see)
|
* koDu (give),  
* eDu (take),  
* paar (see)
|-
|-
|Type 7
|Type 7
Line 177: Line 219:
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>க்கிற் | kkiR</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ப்ப் | pp</nowiki>
|naDa(walk)-நட
|naDa (walk) -நட
|para (fly), kala (mix), marA (forget)
|
* para (fly),  
* kala (mix),  
* marA (forget)
|}
|}


=== Example of Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil === 
====Example of Tense Suffixes for the Colloquial Tamil ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Verb Stem
!Verb Stem
Line 188: Line 233:
!Future (same as for High Tamil)
!Future (same as for High Tamil)
|-
|-
|Type 1- Sei (do)
|Type 1 – Sei <code>do</code>
|Senjean (nj+ean=jean)
|Senjean <code>nj + ean = jean</code>
|Seirean (R+ean=rean)
|Seirean <code>R + ean = rean</code>
|Seivean (Iv +ean=vean)
|Seivean <code>Iv + ean = vean</code>
|-
|Type 2 –  Ari <code>know</code>
|Arinjean <code>nj + ean = jean</code>
|Arirean <code>R + ean = rean</code>
|Arivean <code>Iv + ean = vean</code>
|-
|Type 3 – Vaangu <code>buy/get</code>
|Vaangunean <code>un + ean = unean</code>
|vaangurean <code>R + ean = iRean</code>
|Vaanguvean <code>Iv + ean = vean</code>
|-
|Type 4 – Vidu <code>leave</code>
|Vittean <code>t + t + ean = ttean</code>
|Vidrean <code>R + ean = Rean</code>
|Viduvean <code>Iv + ean = vean</code>
|-
|Type 5 – Un <code>eat</code>
|Undean <code>d + ean = dean</code>
|UngiRean <code>giR + ean = giRean</code>
|Unbean <code>b + ean = bean</code>
|-
|Type 6 – Padi <code>read/study</code>
|Padichchean <code>chch + ean = chen</code>
|Padikkirean <code>kkiR + ean = kkirean</code>
|Padippean <code>pp + ean = ppean</code>
|-
|Type 7 – Nada <code>walk</code>
|Nadandhean <code>ndh + ean = ndhean</code>
|NadakkiRean <code>kkiR + ean = kkirean</code>
|Nadappean <code>pp + ean = ppean</code>
|}
 
===Tense Suffixes for High Tamil without the Tamil Script ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Past
!Present
!Future
!Example
!Other Examples
|-
|Type 1
|dh
|giR
|v
|sei (do)- செய்
|
* nei (weave)
|-
|-
|Type 2- Ari (know)
|Type 2
|Arinjean(nj+ean=jean)
|ndh
|Arirean(R+ean=rean)
|giR
|Arivean (Iv +ean=vean)
|v
|aRi (know)
|
* vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise),
* sari (roll or tumble down)
|-
|-
|Type 3 – Vaangu (buy/get)
|Type 3
|Vaangunean(un+ean=unean)
|in
|vaangurean(R+ean=iRean)
|giR
|Vaanguvean (Iv +ean=vean)
|v
|vaangu (buy/get)
|
* thoongu (sleep),
* ezhuthu (write),
* anuppu (send)
|-
|-
|Type 4 – Vidu (leave)
|Type 4
|Vittean (t+t+ean=ttean)
|End consonant doubling
|Vidrean (R+ean=Rean)
|giR
|Viduvean (Iv +ean=vean)
|v
|vidu ( leave)
|
* PiDi (Catch/hold),
* KeDu (spoil),
* peru (get)
|-
|-
|Type 5 – Un (eat)
|Type 5
|Undean(d+ean=dean)
|t/d
|UngiRean (giR+ean=giRean)
|kiR/ giR
|Unbean(b+ean=bean)
|p/b
|uN (eat)
|
* kaaN (see),
* keL (listen)
|-
|-
|Type 6 – Padi (read/study)
|Type 6
|Padichchean(chch+ean=chen)
|tth
|Padikkirean(kkiR+ean=kkirean)
|kkiR
|Padippean(pp+ean=ppean)
|pp
|paDi(read/study)
|
* koDu (give),
* eDu (take),
* paar (see)
|-
|Type 7
|ndh
|kkiR
|pp
|naDa(walk)
|
* para (fly),
* kala (mix),
* marA (forget)
|}
 
===Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil without Tamil Script ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Past
!Present
!Future
!Example
!Other Examples
|-
|Type 1
|nj
|R
|v
|sei (do)- செய்
|
* nei (weave)
|-
|Type 2
|ndh / nj
|R
|v
|aRi (know)
|
* vizhu (fall),
* ezhu (rise),
* sari (roll or tumble down)
|-
|Type 3
|un
|R
|v
|vaangu (buy/get)
|
* thoongu (sleep),
* ezhuthu (write),
* anuppu (send)
|-
|Type 4
|End consonant doubling
|R
|v
|vidu ( leave)
|
* PiDi (Catch/hold),
* KeDu (spoil),
* peru (get)
|-
|Type 5
|t/d
|R
|p/b
|uN (eat)
|
* kaaN (see),
* keL (listen)
|-
|Type 6
|chch / tth
|kkiR
|pp
|paDi(read/study)
|
* koDu (give),
* eDu (take),
* paar (see)
|-
|-
|Type 7 – Nada (walk)
|Type 7
|Nadandhean(ndh+ean=ndhean)
|ndh
|NadakkiRean (kkiR+ean=kkirean)
|kkiR
|Nadappean(pp+ean=ppean)
|pp
|naDa(walk)
|
* para (fly),
* kala (mix),
* marA (forget)
|}
|}


=== Subject Markers === 
==Subject Markers ==


VSubject Markers indicate PERSON/NUMBER/GENDER (ie; I, We, He, She etc)
* Subject Markers indicate PERSON / NUMBER / GENDER (i.e. I, We, He, She etc.).


The subject markers are the same for all of the 7 types of Finite Verbs, only the Tense suffixes for each Type differs.
* The subject markers are the same for all of the 7 types of Finite Verbs, only the Tense suffixes for each Type differs.


Following are the Subject Markers used for both High and Colloquial Tamil. 
* Following are the Subject Markers used for both High and Colloquial Tamil. 


=== Subject Markers for High Tamil === 
===Subject Markers for High Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
Line 239: Line 437:
|-
|-
| colspan="1" |First person
| colspan="1" |First person
| colspan="3" |<nowiki>I ஏன் | En</nowiki>
| colspan="3" |I  
| colspan="2" |<nowiki>We ஓம் | Om</nowiki>
ஏன் | En
| colspan="2" |We  
ஓம் | Om
|-
|-
|Second person
|Second person
| colspan="3" |You(singular)
| colspan="3" |You (singular)
ஆய் | aay
ஆய் | aay
| colspan="3" |You ( plural/respect)
| colspan="3" |You (plural/respect)
ஈர்கள் | iirkal / ஈர் | irr
ஈர்கள் | iirkal / ஈர் | irr
|-
|-
Line 257: Line 457:
| colspan="1" |They (Human)
| colspan="1" |They (Human)
அனர்/ஆர்கள்
அனர்/ஆர்கள்
anar */ aarkal
 
anar*/ aarkal
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |It #
| colspan="3" |It
அது | adhu
அது | adhu
| colspan="2" |They (non human)
| colspan="2" |They (non human)
அன | ana#*
அன | ana#*
|-
|-
| colspan="6" |*indicates that in future tense , nonhuman nouns take the ending “-um”(instead of -v/-p/-pp) . Eg athu varum (it’ll come)
| colspan="6" |*indicates that in future tense , nonhuman nouns take the ending "-um" (instead of -v/-p/-pp) . E.g. athu varum (it"ll come)
<nowiki>*</nowiki>indicates that in present tense, kiR/kiRR changes kinR/KKinRR
<nowiki>*</nowiki>indicates that in present tense, kiR/kiRR changes kinR/KKinRR
Eg, SeikinRanar – They (human being) are doing.
 
E.g. SeikinRanar – They (human being) are doing.
|}
|}


=== Subject Markers for Colloquial Tamil === 
===Subject Markers for Colloquial Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="1" |
| colspan="1" |
Line 293: Line 495:
|}
|}


=== EXAMPLE === 
===Examples===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |padi
! colspan="2" |padi
Line 357: Line 559:
|nii padi
|nii padi
|Nii padi
|Nii padi
|you read ……. (order statement) – informal
|you read ... (order statement) – informal
|-
|-
|Imperative Formal
|Imperative Formal
|Niinga padinga
|Niinga padinga
|Niinga padipiinga
|Niinga padipiinga
|you read ……. (order statement) – formal
|you read ... (order statement) – formal
|-
|-
|Past Informal
|Past Informal
Line 460: Line 662:
|}
|}


=== Tense Suffixes for High Tamil without Tamil Script === 
==Transliteration ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |VOWELS
!Past
! colspan="2" |CONSONANTS
!Present
!Future
!Example
!Other Examples
|-
|Type 1
|dh
|giR
|v
|sei (do)- செய்
|nei (weave)
|-
|Type 2
|ndh
|giR
|v
|aRi (know)
|vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise),
sari (roll or tumble down)
|-
|Type 3
|in
|giR
|v
|vaangu (buy/get)
|thoongu (sleep), ezhuthu (write), anuppu (send)
|-
|Type 4
|End consonant doubling
|giR
|v
|vidu ( leave)
|PiDi (Catch/hold), KeDu (spoil), peru (get)
|-
|Type 5
|t/d
|kiR/ giR
|p/b
|uN (eat)
|kaaN (see), keL (listen)
|-
|Type 6
|tth
|kkiR
|pp
|paDi(read/study)
|koDu (give), eDu (take), paar (see)
|-
|-
|Type 7
|ndh
|kkiR
|pp
|naDa(walk)
|para (fly), kala (mix), marA (forget)
|}
=== Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil without Tamil Script === 
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Past
!Present
!Future
!Example
!Other Examples
|-
|Type 1
|nj
|R
|v
|sei (do)- செய்
|nei (weave)
|-
|Type 2
|ndh / nj
|R
|v
|aRi (know)
|vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise),
sari (roll or tumble down)
|-
|Type 3
|un
|R
|v
|vaangu (buy/get)
|thoongu (sleep), ezhuthu (write), anuppu (send)
|-
|Type 4
|End consonant doubling
|R
|v
|vidu ( leave)
|PiDi (Catch/hold), KeDu (spoil), peru (get)
|-
|Type 5
|t/d
|R
|p/b
|uN (eat)
|kaaN (see), keL (listen)
|-
|Type 6
|chch / tth
|kkiR
|pp
|paDi(read/study)
|koDu (give), eDu (take), paar (see)
|-
|Type 7
|ndh
|kkiR
|pp
|naDa(walk)
|para (fly), kala (mix), marA (forget)
|}
=== Transliteration === 
{| class="wikitable"
!VOWELS
!CONSONANTS
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Tamil script
!Tamil script
!Transliteration
!Transliteration
Line 594: Line 675:
|A
|A
|க
|க
|ka
|
ga
* ka
* ga
|-
|-
|ஆ
|ஆ
|Aa
|Aa
|ங
|ங
|nga
|
* nga
|-
|-
|இ
|இ
|I
|I
|ச
|ச
|cha
|
sa
* cha
* sa
|-
|-
|ஈ
|ஈ
Line 616: Line 700:
|U
|U
|ஞ
|ஞ
|nja
|
* nja
|-
|-
|ஊ
|ஊ
Line 622: Line 707:
E
E
|ட
|ட
|ta
|
da
* ta
* da
|-
|-
|எ
|எ
|E/ae
|E/ae
|ண
|ண
|Na
|
* Na
|-
|-
|ஏ
|ஏ
|Ai
|Ai
|த
|த
|tha
|
dha
* tha
* dha
|-
|-
|ஐ
|ஐ
|O
|O
|ந
|ந
|na
|
* na
|-
|-
|ஒ
|ஒ
|O/oa
|O/oa
|ப
|ப
|pa
|
ba
* pa
* ba
|-
|-
|ஔ
|ஔ
Line 698: Line 788:
|} 
|} 


=== VOWELS FOUND IN SPOKEN TAMIL === 
==Vowels in Spoken Tamil==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!æ
!
ŭ | ù
* æ
ñ / ~m
* ŭ | ù
!The vowel sound ‘E’ at end of words is often realised as ‘æ’ in spoken Tamil.
* ñ / ~m
!The vowel sound "E" at end of words is often pronounced as "æ".
half-u
half-u
nasalisation of vowel
nasalisation of vowel
!æ is sound of ‘a’ in the english word b’a’t.
!æ is sound of "a" in the english word "bat".
|} 
|} 


=== GRANTHA LETTERS === 
==Grantha Letters==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|ஹ
|ஹ
Line 732: Line 823:
|Sri
|Sri
|}
|}
==Sources==
* https://ilearntamil.com/how-to-conjugate-finite-verbs-in-tamil/
==Videos==
===FINITE VERBS in tamil - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZbHf_JfL7k</youtube>
===Verb types in tamil | English Grammar in Tamil - YouTube===
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hr9jEpJapKk</youtube>
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Negatives|Negatives]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Adjective-and-Adverb-Relationships|Adjective and Adverb Relationships]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Plural-Noun-Suffix-Addition|Plural Noun Suffix Addition]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Verb-Classes|Verb Classes]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Plural-nouns|Plural nouns]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Present-Tense|Present Tense]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Future-Tense-எதிர்காலம்|Future Tense எதிர்காலம்]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Continuous-tense|Continuous tense]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Strong-Middle-Weak-Verbs|Strong Middle Weak Verbs]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/That,-This,-and-Question-Words|That, This, and Question Words]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Cases|Cases]]
* [[Language/Tamil/Grammar/Adjective-(பெயரடை)|Adjective (பெயரடை)]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 14:00, 27 March 2023

Tamil-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Tamil Finite Verbs Conjugation

Finite Verbs[edit | edit source]

Overview[edit | edit source]

Finite verb forms show tense, person and number (e.g. I go, she goes, we went, etc.).

In Tamil, Finite Verbs generally have a 3 part structure:

  • The "Verb Stem"
  • The "Tense Suffix" (to indicate past, present or future tense)
  • anda "Subject Marker" (to indicate Person, Number and Gender – i.e. I, We, He, She etc).
  • Example: The verb "varuven" means "I will come".

In this example:

  • Varu is the Verb Stem
  • v is used to indicate it is for future tense
  • en is used when referring to "I" (that is, the first person)

Types of Finite Verbs and Tense Suffixes[edit | edit source]

The Tamil language has 7 main types of finite verbs. These are classified according to their conjugation (i.e. according to the TENSE suffix used).

  • The tense suffix for the past and present tense also depends on the language register (high or colloquial)
  • The future time suffix is the same regardless of the register
  • The tables below show the time suffixes for each type of finite verb for each register

NB: Those rules are different for other kinds of verbs.

Tense Suffixes[edit | edit source]

Tense Suffixes for High Tamil with the Tamil Script[edit | edit source]

Past Present Future Example Other Examples
Type 1 த் | dh கிற் | giR வ் | v sei (do) - செய்
  • nei (weave)
Type 2 ந்த் | ndh கிற் | giR வ் | v aRi (know) - அறி
  • vizhu (fall),
  • ezhu (rise),
  • sari (roll or tumble down)
Type 3 இன் | in கிற் | giR வ் | v vaangu (buy/get) - வாங்கு
  • thoongu (sleep),
  • ezhuthu (write),
  • anuppu (send)
Type 4 End consonant doubling கிற் | giR வ் | v vidu (leave) - விடு
  • PiDi (Catch/hold),
  • KeDu (spoil),
  • peru (get)
Type 5 ட் | t/d கிற் | kiR/ giR ப் | p/b uN (eat) – உண்
  • kaaN (see),
  • keL (listen)
Type 6 த்த் | tth க்கிற் | kkiR ப்ப் | pp paDi (read/study) - படி
  • koDu (give),
  • eDu (take),
  • paar (see)
Type 7 ந்த் | ndh க்கிற் | kkiR ப்ப் | pp naDa (walk) - நட
  • para (fly),
  • kala (mix),
  • marA (forget)

 

Verb Stem Past Present Future same as for Colloquial Tamil
Type 1 – Sei do Seidhen dh + en = dhen SeigiRyen giR + en = giRean Seivean Iv + en = vean
Type 2 – Ari know Arindhean ndh + en = dhean ArigiRean giR + en = giRean Arivean Iv + en = vean
Type 3 – Vaangu buy/get Vaanginean in + en = inean VaangugiRean giR + en = GiRean Vaanguvean Iv + en = vean
Type 4 – Vidu leave Vittean t + t + en VidugiRean giR + en = giRean Viduvean Iv + en = vean
Type 5 – Un eat Undean d + en UngiRean giR + en = giRean Unbean b + en = bean
Type 6 – Padi read/study Paditthean tth + en = tthean Padikkirean kkiR + en = kkirean Padippean pp + en = ppean
Type 7 – Nada walk Nadandhean ndh + ean = ndhean NadakkiRean kkir + en = kkirean Nadappean pp + en = ppean

Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil with the Tamil Script[edit | edit source]

Past Present Future Example Other Examples
Type 1 ஞ்ச் | nj ற் | R வ் | v sei (do) - செய்
  • nei (weave)
Type 2 ந்த் | ndh / ஞ்ச் | nj ற் | R வ் | v aRi (know) - அறி
  • vizhu (fall),
  • ezhu (rise),
  • sari (roll or tumble down)
Type 3 உன் | u ற் | R வ் | v vaangu (buy/get) - வாங்கு
  • thoongu (sleep),
  • ezhuthu (write),
  • anuppu (send)
Type 4 End consonant doubling ற் | R வ் | v vidu ( leave) - விடு
  • PiDi (Catch/hold),
  • KeDu (spoil),
  • peru (get)
Type 5 ட் | t/d ற் | R ப் | p/b uN (eat) – உண்
  • kaaN (see),
  • keL (listen)
Type 6 த்த் | tth க்கிற் | kkiR ப்ப் | pp paDi (read/study) -படி
  • koDu (give),
  • eDu (take),
  • paar (see)
Type 7 ந்த் | ndh க்கிற் | kkiR ப்ப் | pp naDa (walk) -நட
  • para (fly),
  • kala (mix),
  • marA (forget)

Example of Tense Suffixes for the Colloquial Tamil[edit | edit source]

Verb Stem Past Present Future (same as for High Tamil)
Type 1 – Sei do Senjean nj + ean = jean Seirean R + ean = rean Seivean Iv + ean = vean
Type 2 – Ari know Arinjean nj + ean = jean Arirean R + ean = rean Arivean Iv + ean = vean
Type 3 – Vaangu buy/get Vaangunean un + ean = unean vaangurean R + ean = iRean Vaanguvean Iv + ean = vean
Type 4 – Vidu leave Vittean t + t + ean = ttean Vidrean R + ean = Rean Viduvean Iv + ean = vean
Type 5 – Un eat Undean d + ean = dean UngiRean giR + ean = giRean Unbean b + ean = bean
Type 6 – Padi read/study Padichchean chch + ean = chen Padikkirean kkiR + ean = kkirean Padippean pp + ean = ppean
Type 7 – Nada walk Nadandhean ndh + ean = ndhean NadakkiRean kkiR + ean = kkirean Nadappean pp + ean = ppean

Tense Suffixes for High Tamil without the Tamil Script[edit | edit source]

Past Present Future Example Other Examples
Type 1 dh giR v sei (do)- செய்
  • nei (weave)
Type 2 ndh giR v aRi (know)
  • vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise),
  • sari (roll or tumble down)
Type 3 in giR v vaangu (buy/get)
  • thoongu (sleep),
  • ezhuthu (write),
  • anuppu (send)
Type 4 End consonant doubling giR v vidu ( leave)
  • PiDi (Catch/hold),
  • KeDu (spoil),
  • peru (get)
Type 5 t/d kiR/ giR p/b uN (eat)
  • kaaN (see),
  • keL (listen)
Type 6 tth kkiR pp paDi(read/study)
  • koDu (give),
  • eDu (take),
  • paar (see)
Type 7 ndh kkiR pp naDa(walk)
  • para (fly),
  • kala (mix),
  • marA (forget)

Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil without Tamil Script[edit | edit source]

Past Present Future Example Other Examples
Type 1 nj R v sei (do)- செய்
  • nei (weave)
Type 2 ndh / nj R v aRi (know)
  • vizhu (fall),
  • ezhu (rise),
  • sari (roll or tumble down)
Type 3 un R v vaangu (buy/get)
  • thoongu (sleep),
  • ezhuthu (write),
  • anuppu (send)
Type 4 End consonant doubling R v vidu ( leave)
  • PiDi (Catch/hold),
  • KeDu (spoil),
  • peru (get)
Type 5 t/d R p/b uN (eat)
  • kaaN (see),
  • keL (listen)
Type 6 chch / tth kkiR pp paDi(read/study)
  • koDu (give),
  • eDu (take),
  • paar (see)
Type 7 ndh kkiR pp naDa(walk)
  • para (fly),
  • kala (mix),
  • marA (forget)

Subject Markers[edit | edit source]

  • Subject Markers indicate PERSON / NUMBER / GENDER (i.e. I, We, He, She etc.).
  • The subject markers are the same for all of the 7 types of Finite Verbs, only the Tense suffixes for each Type differs.
  • Following are the Subject Markers used for both High and Colloquial Tamil. 

Subject Markers for High Tamil[edit | edit source]

Singular Plural
First person I

ஏன் | En

We

ஓம் | Om

Second person You (singular)

ஆய் | aay

You (plural/respect)

ஈர்கள் | iirkal / ஈர் | irr

Third Person He

ஆன் | aan

He /She (Polite)

ஆர் | aar

She

ஆள் | aal

They (Human)

அனர்/ஆர்கள்

anar*/ aarkal

It

அது | adhu

They (non human)

அன | ana#*

*indicates that in future tense , nonhuman nouns take the ending "-um" (instead of -v/-p/-pp) . E.g. athu varum (it"ll come)

*indicates that in present tense, kiR/kiRR changes kinR/KKinRR

E.g. SeikinRanar – They (human being) are doing.

Subject Markers for Colloquial Tamil[edit | edit source]

Singular Plural
First person I Eñ We O~m
Second person You dha You (Polite) eenga
Third Person He dhaañ She dhaa He (Polite) aarù She (Polite) aanga
It dhu/chu They dhunga / chunga

Examples[edit | edit source]

padi read or study
padikka to read
vaasi read
High colloquial English meaning
Past Tense naan padiththaen Naañ Padichæñ I read (past)
Present Tense Naan padikkiRaen Naañ Padikiræñ I am reading
Future Tense naan padaippaen Naañ padipæñ I will read
Past Informal nii padiththaai Nii padichæ you read (past) – informal
Past Formal niingaL padiththiirgaL Niinga padichiinga you read (past) – formal
Present Informal nii padikkiRaa Nii padikiræ you are reading – informal
Present Formal niingaL padikkiRiirgaL Niinga padikireenga you are reading – formal
Future Informal nii padippaai Nii padipæ you will read – informal
Future Formal niingaL padippiirgaL Niinga padipiinga you are reading – formal
Imperative informal nii padi Nii padi you read ... (order statement) – informal
Imperative Formal Niinga padinga Niinga padipiinga you read ... (order statement) – formal
Past Informal avan padiththaan avañ Padichchaañ he read – informal
Past Formal avar padiththaar avrù padichchaarù he read – formal
Present Informal avan padikkiRaan avañ padikkiraañ He is reading – informal
Present Formal avar padikkiRaar avrù padikiraar he is reading – formal
Future Informal avan padippaan avañ padippaañ he will read – informal
Future Formal avar padippaar avar padippaarù he will read – formal
Past Informal avaL padiththaaL ava(L) padichchaa(L) she read – informal
Past Formal avargaaL padiththaargaL avanga padichchaanga she read – formal
Past Formal avargaaL padiththaargaL avanga padichchaanga she read – formal
Present Informal avaL padikkiraaL ava(L) padikkiraa(L) she is reading – informal
Present Formal avargaL padikkiraargaL avanga padikkiraanga she is reading – formal
Future Informal avaL padippaaL ava(L) padippaa(L) she will read – informal
Future Formal avargaL padippaargaL avanga padippaanga she will read – formal
Past Informal naam padiththoam naama padichcho~m we read – listener included
Past formal naangaL padiththoam naanga padichcho~m we read – listener excluded
Present Informal naam padikiroam naama padikiroa~m we are reading – listener included
Present Formal naangaL paddikkiroam naanga padikkiroa~m we are reading – listener excluded
Future Informal naam paddippoam naama paddippoa~m we will read – listener included
Future Formal naangaL paddippoam naanga paddippoa~m we will read – listener excluded

Transliteration[edit | edit source]

VOWELS CONSONANTS
Tamil script Transliteration Tamil script Transliteration
அ A க
  • ka
  • ga
ஆ Aa ங
  • nga
இ I ச
  • cha
  • sa
ஈ Ii
உ U ஞ
  • nja
ஊ Uu

E

ட
  • ta
  • da
எ E/ae ண
  • Na
ஏ Ai த
  • tha
  • dha
ஐ O ந
  • na
ஒ O/oa ப
  • pa
  • ba
ஔ Au ம ma
ய ya
ர ra
ல la
வ va
ள Au
ழ Azha
ள La
ற Ra
ன na

 

Vowels in Spoken Tamil[edit | edit source]

  • æ
  • ŭ | ù
  • ñ / ~m
 The vowel sound "E" at end of words is often pronounced as "æ".

half-u nasalisation of vowel

æ is sound of "a" in the english word "bat".

 

Grantha Letters[edit | edit source]

ஹ ha
ஜ ja
ஸ sa
ஷ sha
ஶ ś
க்ஷ ksha
ஸ்ரீ\ Sri

Sources[edit | edit source]

Videos[edit | edit source]

FINITE VERBS in tamil - YouTube[edit | edit source]

Verb types in tamil | English Grammar in Tamil - YouTube[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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