Language/Nigerian-pidgin/Grammar/Tense-Aspect-Mood-Markers
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- S = subject, V = verb
markers | secondary
interpretations |
uses | examples | translation | |||||||
mood | |||||||||||
declarative | S + V | [+realis] modality | statements | À go tawn. | ‘I went to town.’ | ||||||
factitive aspect & tense | questions | ||||||||||
imperative | ZERO + V | [-completive] aspect | commands | Go tawn! | ‘Go to town!’ | ||||||
[-past] tense | |||||||||||
subjunctive | mek + S + V | [-completive] aspect | purposive | À kuk mek à cho̱p. | ‘I cooked so that I might eat.’ | ||||||
[-past] tense | causative | ||||||||||
hortatory/imperative | |||||||||||
modality | |||||||||||
realis | S + ko̱m + V | [+completive] aspect | epistemic certainty | À ko̱m go tawn. | ‘I (really) went to town.’ | ||||||
[+past] tense | emphasis, narration | ||||||||||
irrealis | S + gò + V | [-past] tense | epistemic uncertainty | À gò go tawn. | ‘I will/would go to town.’ | ||||||
conditional, future | |||||||||||
aspect | |||||||||||
factative | S + V | V[+active] = [+completive] | perfect(ive) | À tink (se) im go. | ‘I am thinking/think (that) s/he has gone/went.’ | ||||||
V[-active] =
[-completive] |
imperfect(ive)
habitual |
||||||||||
completive | S + do̱n + V | [+past] tense | completive | À do̱n go (finish).
Im (do̱n) go finish. |
‘I have gone/went.’ | ||||||
S + V + finish | perfect(ive) | ||||||||||
incompletive | S + dè + V | [-past] tense | incompletive | À dè go. | ‘I go/am going.’ | ||||||
reduplicated V | imperfect(ive) | ||||||||||
progressive, habitual | |||||||||||
tense/sequence | |||||||||||
factative | S + V | V[+active] = [+past] | A tink (se) ìm go. | ‘I am thinking/think (that) s/he has gone/went.’ | |||||||
V[-active] = [-past] | |||||||||||
anterior | S + bìn + V | [+completive] aspect | anterior sequence | À bìn go. | ‘I went/had gone.’ | ||||||
past tense, pluperfect | |||||||||||
modal verbs | |||||||||||
competence | S + fit + V | ‘be able (to)’ | ability, permission | A fit go. | ‘I can go.’ | ||||||
obligation | S + fò̱ + V | ‘should’ ‘would’ ‘ought (to)’ | past conditional | A fò̱ go. | ‘I should go.’ | ||||||
consent | S + gri + V | ‘consent (to)’ | agreement | A gri go. | ‘I agree to go.’ | ||||||
desiderative | S + layk + V | ‘like (to)’ ‘be about to’ | desire
incipient aspect |
A layk go. | ‘I like to go.’
‘I’m about to go.’ | ||||||
obligation | S + mo̱s + V | ‘must’ | obligation | A mo̱s go. | ‘I must go.’ | ||||||
competence | S + sàbi + V | ‘know how (to)’ | competence
cognitive ability |
A sàbi go. | ‘I know how to go.’ | ||||||
desiderative | S + wan + V | ‘want (to)’ | desire
incipient aspect |
A wan go. | ‘I want to go.’
‘I’m about to go.’ |
Source: https://apics-online.info/surveys/17
Other Lessons[edit | edit source]
- Personal pronouns, adnominal possessives, and reflexive pronouns
- Serialized Verb Constructions
- Noun phrase