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Innovative Scotland

• Scotland is a small country not very famous but its innovations are impressive and used all over the world.

• Scottish innovators are numerous and have revolutionized our lives.

• Including in medicine, leisure, science, technology, transport or our daily life.

• In medicine, this innovations have helped a great deal.

• Firstly, the childbirth was revolutionized thanks to James Young, who discovered and created several products against labour pains during childbirth.

• For example chloroform in 1847.

• Secondly, medicines are created as propanol by James Whyte Black in 1960 or else penicillin by Alexander Flemming in 1928.

• The improvement of the MRI scanner by Peter Mansfield in 1977 was also very important and useful.

• The world of transport has also undergone a global development.

• Motors progressed with the creation of the combustion engine by Robert Stirling in 1816 and the two-stroke engine by Dugald Clerk in 1878.

• Today, this type of bicycle is very useful to get around and also to entertainment.

• In 1829, Mac Adam created the tarmac which enabled the construction of roads.

• In 1846, John Dunlop’s construction of tyres developed the automobile enormously.

• Scottish engineers also developed boats.

• For example with the construction of boat propellers.

• In 2002 the falkir wheel, a boat lift, was inaugurated in Scotland.

• Finally, agriculture and economy developed with the construction of the harvester and the plough by James Smith in 1813 and 1823.

• This started early, especially in the 18th century with the improvement of the steam engine by James Watt, which was very important in the industrial revolution.

• But also with the creation of the dye and the method of converting iron into steel by Charles Macintosh.

• Printing developed through the creation of a printing technique, ”stereotyping” by William Ged in 1725, which was later improved by Alexander Tilloch in 1784.

• In 1846, Alexander Bain created the electrochemical telegraph, which enabled the transmission of messages over long distances.

• Light was also improved with the creation of coal gas around 1800 by William Murdoch, then with the creation of the incandescent light bulb by James Bowman Lindsay in 1835.

• Photography was also revolutionised with the creation of a photographic process by Mungo Ponton and the world’s first colour photograph by James Clerk Maxwell in 1855.

• From the 19th century onwards, innovations comed in succession.

• In 1816, the kaleidoscope was created by David Brewster, the electric clock was created by Alexander Bain in 1840.

• In 1859, William Rankine discovered absolute zero, in 1880 criminal fingerprinting was introduced by Henry Faulds.

• Finally, Ian Wilmut created the first cloned animal, a sheep which name was Dolly.

• Scottish inventions are everywhere in our daily lives and are very useful and used.

• First, computer equipment is very used like the telephone, invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell or the improved television by John Logie Baird in 1926 which enabled the first live broadcast.

• Then, some equipment makes our lives easier, like the flushing toilet created by Alexander Cumming in 1775, the toaster designed by Alan MacMasters in 1893 or the vacuum flask created by James Dewar in 1904.

• Scotland was also an innovator in regard to clothing.

• In the 19th century, because of bad weather in Scotland, Charles Macintosh created the first waterproof coat..

• In addition, Scotland has made for a long time a tweed with the designation “Harris”.

• Some innovations improve the economy like the postal tamp of James Chalmers, which was innovated in the 19th century, and the ATM by John Shepherd-Barron.

• On the one hand by these traditional dishes and on the other hand, by the creation of new foods like marmalade, (golden shred) by James Robertson in 1864.

• To start with, there are some amazing art pieces in Scotland such as the kelburn castle with graffiti on one of its walls, or the sculpture “the kelpies” built in 2013.

• Other monuments are internationally recognized such as the forth bridge, next to Edinburgh built between 1882 and 1890 which is part of the UNESCO World Heritage.