Korjaukset

Obesity is considered a serious problem that could be a negative outcome for health.

Gawęcki (2001:14) defines obesity ‘as a gain in body weight, conditioned by the accumulation of excess body fat, significantly above the norms set for specific ages, races and sexes, and exceeding the physiological needs and adaptability of the human body’.

According to Rosiek, et al (2015), 20% of the world's population is obese in the world and obesity is the sixth significant factor that could be caused death.

Power et al (1997), state obesity in childhood can effect adult morbidity and death-rate.

Thus, the overweight in childhood period may actually predict health risks later.

A study Chagnon, et al ( 2000 cited in Wake, et al 2003), show that 60% of overweight might be because of ‘lifestyle’ factors; increased food intake, declining levels of physical activity and increased sedentary behaviour.

Gortmaker, et al (1999), suggest that obesity is the origin of can be complex that connecting with the environmental and genetic factors, and the result of obesity back to using energy to much by diet unhealthy.

TV watching has been referred that one of the causes to increase the level of prevalence obesity (Gortmaker, et al 1999).

Both Shannon et al (1991) and Dietz, et al (1994), state that the effect of television viewing could often be a contributing factor to obesity among children because of the displacement of activities by spending a long time in front of TV and bad diet.

In addition, Taras and Gage (1995) find that most of the products advertised on children's television are food.

Also, spending a long time on TV is related to between-meal eating snacking (Clancy-Hepburn &Nevill, 1974).

According to Clancy-Hepburn and Nevill (1974), there are experimental studies that show the impacts of activity to fat ratio decrease.

Furthermore, some studies find that fat could impact on the prevalence and treatment of obesity (Gutin and Manos, 1993).

Eisenmann et al. (2002), explain the relationship between spending a long time on TV and obesity.

Displacement of growing energy intake and physical activity. therefore, a causal relationship can only be demonstrated in an experiment, children who exposed to the television reduction intervention could decrease their levels of adiposity. there are a number of programs interventions were showed to reducing development of obesity (Gortmaker et al, 1999).

These programs mostly demand parental involvement or school to focus on modifications of physical activity and diet.

Previous study of reducing children's television viewing have uncontrolled and limited to a small number of families.( Jason et al. 1993) ( Wolfe et al. 1984).

In this study focused on a large number of participants and also focused on Home-based for children, this program was designed for children aged 4-7 who spend a long time on TV about 14 hours a week.

In addition The program was mainly focused on reducing TV viewing on children's body mass index. there were 70 families are participants, the family used television monitoring devices the home for all the time of study. and TV Allowance is plugged with TV appliance. to turn on the television monitor, each family have individual code that content 4-digit code to protect children from watching television on other family member time and children do not have information about the codes of family.

There were rewards for children.

If they were not watch TV about $0.25 for each half hour, up to $2.00 per week.

In addition, promoting children by a star chart to reduce television viewing and for doing alternative behaviours such as doing activities.

As a result, during 6 months when the child reached the 50% per from the star charts were stopped thus the families received praise to change the behaviour. and also alternatives ideas to sedentary behaviour and advice to reduce spending long time front of TV.

Using strategies of electronic TV time restriction devices have a potential impact to decrease children's TV viewing ( Mhurchu, et al 2009).

As a result of this study, (2003) found reduction in television viewing for children whose BMI was at or above the 75th percentile for age and sex.

However, the intervention did not clarify significant decreases in weight .

Declining number of hours TV viewing by (11.1) hours per week at 24 months.

The intervention used in children aged 4 to 7 years is applicable to older children. the difference is that older children might have more chance to visit friends and to increase the level of television viewing at friends' homes.