Difference between revisions of "Language/Polish/Grammar/Adjectives"

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Hi Polish Learners! 😃
Hi Polish Learners! 😃


➡ In today's lesson we will learn How to use Adjectives in Polish.  
➡ In today's lesson, we will learn how to use [[Language/Polish/Grammar|adjectives in Polish grammar]].  


As you probably assume, if adjectives are to be matched with the gender (feminine, masculine, neuter) of the noun "described", adjectives must also decline "case of the noun".  
As you probably assume, if adjectives are to be matched with the gender (feminine, masculine, neuter) of the noun "described", adjectives must also decline "case of the noun".  
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* krótkie (short, n)     
* krótkie (short, n)     


For the other "cases" I will try to present all the possibilities in the tables in this chapter.
For the other "cases", I will try to present all the possibilities in the tables in this chapter. After mastering this lesson, you can also explore our other related pages, such as the [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Verbs-and-Tenses|Introduction to Polish Grammar Verbs and Tenses]] and the [[Language/Polish/Grammar/The-Polish-Alphabet|Introduction to Polish Grammar: The Polish Alphabet]].
 
Happy learning!


Happy learning! 😊
__TOC__
__TOC__


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==Related Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Definite-Articles-in-Polish|Definite Articles in Polish]]
* [[Language/Polish/Grammar/Definite-Articles-in-Polish|Definite Articles in Polish]]
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<span maj></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo></span>
<span maj></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo></span>
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 10:12, 17 June 2023

PolishGrammar → Adjectives
Poland-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png

Hi Polish Learners! 😃

➡ In today's lesson, we will learn how to use adjectives in Polish grammar.

As you probably assume, if adjectives are to be matched with the gender (feminine, masculine, neuter) of the noun "described", adjectives must also decline "case of the noun".

The adjectives that you have learned so far are in the base case - the nominative:

  • duży (large, m)
  • Mala (small, f)
  • krótkie (short, n)

For the other "cases", I will try to present all the possibilities in the tables in this chapter. After mastering this lesson, you can also explore our other related pages, such as the Introduction to Polish Grammar Verbs and Tenses and the Introduction to Polish Grammar: The Polish Alphabet.

Happy learning! 😊

Cases[edit | edit source]

Case Singular Plural
Feminine Masculine personal AND masculine animated Masculine inanimate Neutral Masculine personal Others
Nominative -a/-ia -y/-i -e/-ie -i/-y -e/-ie
Genitive -ej/-iej -ego/-iego -ych/-ich
Dative -ej/-iej -emu/-iemu -ym/-im
Accusative -ą/-ią -ego/-iego -y/-i -e/-ie -ych/-ich -e/-ie
Instrumental -ą/-ią -ym/-im -ymi/-imi
Locative -ej/-iej -ym/-im -ych/-ich

Masculine Adjectives[edit | edit source]

1.) Ending with '-y':[edit | edit source]

Noun case Adjective Noun
Nom. duży (big) samochód (a car)
Gen. dużego samochodu
Dat. dużemu samochodowi
Acc. duży samochód
Ins. (z) dużym samochodem
Loc. (o) dużym samochodzie

2.) Ending with '-i':[edit | edit source]

Noun case Adjective Noun
Nom. niski (short, low) płot (fence)
Gen. niskiego płotu
Dat. niskiemu płotu
Acc. niski płot
Ins. (z) niskim płotem
Loc. (o) niskim płocie

As you can see, the main difference is that in adjectives ending in "-i" the "i" remains before the ending and adjectives ending in "-y" the "y" is deleted (at the exception of the last two cases).

Feminine Adjectives[edit | edit source]

1.) Having '-y' at the end of the masculine (ładna - m. Ładn y ):[edit | edit source]

Noun case Adjective Noun
Nom. ładna (pretty, beautiful) dziewczyna (a girl)
Gen. ładnej dziewczyny
Dat. ładnej dziewczynie
Acc. ładną dziewczynę
Ins. (z) ładną dziewczyną
Loc. (o) ładnej dziewczynie

2.) Having '-i' at the end of the masculine (długa - m. Dług i ):[edit | edit source]

Noun case Adjective Noun
Nom. długa (long) droga (a way, a road)
Gen. długiej drogi
Dat. długiej drodze
Acc. długą drogę
Ins. (z) długą drogą
Loc. (o) długiej drodze

Neutral Adjectives[edit | edit source]

1.) Having the ending '-y' in the masculine (trudne - m. Trudn y ):[edit | edit source]

Noun case Adjective Noun
Nom. trudne (difficult) zadanie (a task)
Gen. trudnego zadania
Dat. trudnemu zadaniu
Acc. trudne zadanie
Ins. (z) trudnym zadaniem
Loc. (o) trudnym zadaniu

2.) Having '-i' ending in the masculine (szerokie - m. szeroki):[edit | edit source]

Noun case Adjective Noun
Nom. szerokie (wide) okno (windows)
Gen. szerokiego okna
Dat. szerokiemu oknu
Acc. szerokie okno
Ins. (z) szerokim oknem
Loc. (o) szerokim oknie

In fact, it was not necessary to make these two tables, because as you can see the neutral adjectives are declined exactly like the masculine adjectives. Their endings vary only in the nominative and the accusative. The "vocative" case which did not appear in all the tables takes the nominative form.

Plural Adjectives[edit | edit source]

1.) Having the ending '-y' in the masculine singular (brudne - sing. M. Brudn y ):[edit | edit source]

Noun case Adjectif Nom
Nom. brudne (dirty) szklanki (glasses)
Gen. brudnych szklanek
Dat. brudnym szklankom
Acc. brudne szklanki
Ins. (z) brudnymi szklankami
Loc. (o) brudnych szklankach

2.) Having '-i' ending in the sing. masculine (wysokie - sing. m. wysoki):[edit | edit source]

Noun case Adjective Noun
Nom. wysokie (tall) drzewa (trees)
Gen. wysokich drzew
Dat. wysokim drzewom
Acc. wysokie drzewa
Ins. (z) wysokimi drzewami
Loc. (o) wysokich drzewach

Comparative Adjectives[edit | edit source]

The main rule for comparing adjectives in Polish is that the adjective takes "-szy" at the end for the comparative and "Naj-" as a prefix and "-szy" at the end for the superlative. 

However, the formation of the comparative is sometimes more difficult, because in the stem of the adjective (the part between the prefix and the end) several alternations can occur, letters change, some disappear and some new letters appear. 

Examples[edit | edit source]

Positive Comparative Superlative
ładny ładniejszy najładniejszy
gruby (gros) grubszy najgrubszy
jasny (clair) jaśniejszy najjaśniejszy
drogi (cher) droższy najdroższy

Some general rules:

  • If an adjective ends with "by, dy, (c) hy, ky, ry, ty", and "wy" in comparison the letter before 'y' does not change and the adjective takes the ending "-szy" in instead of "-y", ex: stary - star szy (old), blady - bl e d szy (pale).
  • Adjectives that end with "-ny" change their ending to "-niejszy", for example: ładny - ład niejszy , ważny - waż niejszy (important).
  • Adjectives that end with "-cy" in the comparative change the letter "c" by the letter "t", eg gorący - gorę t szy (hot).
  • Adjectives that end with "-ły" change their ending to "-lszy" in the comparative, eg: biały - bie l szy (white).
  • Adjectives that end with "-pi" take the same ending as the first rule "-szy", eg: głupi - głup szy
  • If an adjective ends with "-gi" or "-ki" its ending will be "-ższy" for comparison, eg długi - dłu ż szy (long).


As you can see, there too often occur alternations in the middle of the adjective ("the stem" before the end). They are similar to those you have already discussed when creating the plural or for the declension in noun cases:

  • "a" becomes "e" as in 'blady - bl e dszy'.
  • "ą" "becomes" ę "" as in 'gorący - gor ę tszy'.

There are adjectives of which comparative and superlative cannot be created, for example, blogi (happy). We cannot say "błoższy". In such cases, we have to use the comparative or superslative form of the adverb 'bardzo' (very), which is 'bardziej' and 'najbardziej' (increasingly translated). For example: "bardziej blogi" (happier) and "najbardziej blogi" (happiest).

Irregular Comparative Adjectives[edit | edit source]

In Polish, like in almost every language, there occur cases of adjectives with irregular comparative and superlative forms. Here are some most popular examples (I listed only the comparative, because the superlative form is exactly the same, just 'naj-' at the beginning): In Polish, as in almost all languages, there are cases of adjectives with irregular comparative and superlative forms. Here are some popular examples (I listed only the comparative, because the superlative form is exactly the same, just with "Naj-" at the start):

Positive Comparative
duży (tall) większy
mały (small) mniejszy
zły (bad) gorszy
dobry (good) lepszy

Examples[edit | edit source]

Adjectives in Polish[edit | edit source]

ENGLISH POLISH PRONUNCIATION IN

ENGLISH

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

big (m) / duży (m) / dou zheh grande / 
big (f) duża (f) dou zhah grande (fem)
other (m) / inne (m) / ihn neh outro /
other (f) inna (f) ihn nah outra
large (m) / duży (m) / dou zheh largo /
large (f) duża (f) dou zhah larga
heavy (m) / ciężki (m) / chehns keh pesado /
heavy (f) ciężka (f) chehns kah pesada
small (m) / mały (m) / mah ou eh pequeno /
small (f) mała (f.) mah ou ah pequena
short (m) / krótki (m) / kroot keh curto /
short (f) krótka (f) kroot kah curta
thin (m) / cienki (m) / chehn keh magro /
thin (f) cienka (f) chehn kah magra
good (m) / dobry (m.) / doh breh bom /
good (f) dobra (f) doh brah boa
dry (m) / suchy (m) / sou heh seco /
dry (f) sucha (f) sou hah seca
dirty (m) / brudny (m.) / brood neh sujo /
dirty (f) brudna (f) brood nah suja
wet (m) / mokry (m) / moh kreh úmido /
wet (f) mokra (f) moh krah úmida
correct (m) / poprawny (m) / poh prahv neh correto /
correct (f) poprawna (f) poh prahv nah correta
old (m) / stary (m.) / stah reh velho /
old (f) stara (f) stah rah velha
new (m) / nowy (m) / noh veh novo /
new (f) nowa (f) noh vah nova
full (m) / pełny (m) / peh ou neh cheio /
full (f) pełna (f) peh ou nah cheia
cold (m) / zimny (m) / zhihm neh frio /
cold (f) zimna (f) zhihm nah fria
warm (m) / ciepły (m.) / cheh pou eh quente /
warm (f) ciepła (f) cheh pou ah quente (fem)

Some cases[edit | edit source]

Polish adjective declines depending on case, number and gender.

Declination of mały
Case Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Person-masculine Other genders
Nominative mały mała małe mali małe
Genitive małego małej małego małych
Dative małemu małemu małym
Accusative mały/małego małą małe małe małe
Instrumental małym małym małymi
Locative małej małych
Vocative mały mała małe mali małe
Declination of letni
Case Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Person-masculine Other genders
Nominative letni letnia letnie letni letnie
Genitive letniego letniej letniego letnich
Dative letniemu letniemu letnim
Accusative letni/letniego letn letnie letnie letnie
Instrumental letnim letnim letnimi
Locative letniej letnich
Vocative letni letnia letnie letni letnie
Declination of wielki
Case Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Person-masculine Other genders
Nominative wielki wielka wielkie wielcy wielkie
Genitive wielkiego wielkiej wielkiego wielkich
Dative wielkiemu wielkiemu wielkim
Accusative wielki/wielkiego wielką wielkie wielkie wielkie
Instrumental wielkim wielkim wielkimi
Locative wielkiej wielkich
Vocative wielki wielka wielkie wielcy wielkie

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]